How Policies Make Citizens

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How Policies Make Citizens

Andrea Louise Campbell
How Policies Make Citizens Book PDF

Author : Andrea Louise Campbell
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2011-10-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781400841318

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How Policies Make Citizens by Andrea Louise Campbell Pdf

Some groups participate in politics more than others. Why? And does it matter for policy outcomes? In this richly detailed and fluidly written book, Andrea Campbell argues that democratic participation and public policy powerfully reinforce each other. Through a case study of senior citizens in the United States and their political activity around Social Security, she shows how highly participatory groups get their policy preferences fulfilled, and how public policy itself helps create political inequality. Using a wealth of unique survey and historical data, Campbell shows how the development of Social Security helped transform seniors from the most beleaguered to the most politically active age group. Thus empowered, seniors actively defend their programs from proposed threats, shaping policy outcomes. The participatory effects are strongest for low-income seniors, who are most dependent on Social Security. The program thus reduces political inequality within the senior population--a laudable effect--while increasing inequality between seniors and younger citizens. A brief look across policies shows that program effects are not always positive. Welfare recipients are even less participatory than their modest socioeconomic backgrounds would imply, because of the demeaning and disenfranchising process of proving eligibility. Campbell concludes that program design profoundly shapes the nature of democratic citizenship. And proposed policies--such as Social Security privatization--must be evaluated for both their economic and political effects, because the very quality of democratic government is influenced by the kinds of policies it chooses.

Public Policy for Democracy

Helen Ingram,Steven Rathgeb Smith
Public Policy for Democracy Book PDF

Author : Helen Ingram,Steven Rathgeb Smith
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2011-04-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0815717725

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Public Policy for Democracy by Helen Ingram,Steven Rathgeb Smith Pdf

A fundamental rethinking is under way about the roles of government, citizens, and community organizations in public policy. Can government be reconstructed to make public policies more responsive to citizens and thus more effective? This challenge is apparent in the activist policy agenda of the Clinton administration, which supports national service programs, government-voluntary collaborations, and community-based development projects. Public Policy for Democracy is an important and timely contribution to the current discussion of how to get people more involved in their own governance. In this book, contributors urge policymakers and policy analysts to promote a more vigorous and inclusive democracy by incorporating concerns about citizenship in their craft, rather than strictly emphasizing efficiency and effectiveness. The authors provide insight into how the social construction of politics affects the recipients of the policies and the public in general. They call attention to how policies reinforce negative stereotypes of some groups, such as welfare recipients, and often lead to political alienation and withdrawal. In addition, they discuss how polices using "clinical reason"—a term borrowed from medicine and used as a way to classify people—are increasingly applied to nonmedical situations, such as domestic violence, to restrict individual power and legitimacy. The authors argue that much needs to be done by the government itself to improve policy design and empower all citizens to participate in the democratic process. They identify concrete strategies for policymakers to enhance the role of citizens without sacrificing program effectiveness.

Citizens as Partners Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making

OECD
Citizens as Partners Information Consultation and Public Participation in Policy Making Book PDF

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2001-10-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9264195564

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Citizens as Partners Information, Consultation and Public Participation in Policy-Making by OECD Pdf

This book examines a wide range of country experiences, offers examples of good practice, highlights innovative approaches and identifies promising tools (including new information technologies)for engaging citizens in policy making. It proposes a set of ten guiding principles.

We the People

Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
We the People Book PDF

Author : Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
Publisher : W. W. Norton
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2018-12-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0393679578

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We the People by Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert Pdf

With fresh insight from new co-author Andrea Campbell, We the People, Twelfth Edition, once again sets the standard for showing students how government impacts their lives and why it matters who participates. Campbell relates true, personal stories of how government affects ordinary citizens. This focus is reinforced by the book's signature "Who Are Americans?" and "Who Participates?" features which motivate critical thinking about how Americans experience and shape politics. Learning goals ensure that students maintain consistent focus on core concepts in the text, in its companion InQuizitive learning tool, and in supporting critical-thinking exercises.

Citizens By Degree

Deondra Rose
Citizens By Degree Book PDF

Author : Deondra Rose
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2018-01-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780190650971

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Citizens By Degree by Deondra Rose Pdf

Since the mid-twentieth century, the United States has seen a striking shift in the gender dynamics of higher educational attainment as women have come to earn college degrees at higher rates than men. Women have also made significant strides in terms of socioeconomic status and political engagement. What explains the progress that American women have made since the 1960s? While many point to the feminist movement as the critical turning point, this book makes the case that women's movement toward first class citizenship has been shaped not only by important societal changes, but also by the actions of lawmakers who used a combination of redistributive and regulatory higher education policies to enhance women's incorporation into their roles as American citizens. Examining the development and impact of the National Defense Education Act of 1958, the Higher Education Act of 1965, and Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments, this book argues that higher education policies represent a crucial-though largely overlooked-factor shaping the progress that women have made. By significantly expanding women's access to college, they helped to pave the way for women to surpass men as the recipients of bachelor's degrees, while also empowering them to become more economically independent, socially integrated, politically engaged members of the American citizenry. In addition to helping to bring into greater focus our understanding of how Southern Democrats shaped U.S. social policy development during the mid-twentieth century, this analysis recognizes federal higher education policy as an indispensible component of the American welfare state.

Making Constituencies

Lisa Jane Disch
Making Constituencies Book PDF

Author : Lisa Jane Disch
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780226804477

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Making Constituencies by Lisa Jane Disch Pdf

Public division is not new; in fact, it is the lifeblood of politics, and political representatives have constructed divisions throughout history to mobilize constituencies. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the idea of a divided United States has become commonplace. In the wake of the 2020 election, some commentators warned that the American public was the most divided it has been since the Civil War. Political scientists, political theorists, and public intellectuals have suggested that uninformed, misinformed, and disinformed voters are at the root of this division. Some are simply unwilling to accept facts or science, which makes them easy targets for elite manipulation. It also creates a grass-roots political culture that discourages cross-partisan collaboration in Washington. Yet, manipulation of voters is not as grave a threat to democracy in America as many scholars and pundits make it out to be. The greater threat comes from a picture that partisans use to rally their supporters: that of an America sorted into opposing camps so deeply rooted that they cannot be shaken loose and remade. Making Constituencies proposes a new theory of representation as mobilization to argue that divisions like these are not inherent in society, but created, and political representatives of all kinds forge and deploy them to cultivate constituencies.

We the People

Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea L. Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
We the People Book PDF

Author : Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea L. Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
Publisher : W. W. Norton
Page : 896 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2018-12-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0393679594

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We the People by Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea L. Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert Pdf

Politics is relevant and participation matters--now more than ever

The Submerged State

Suzanne Mettler
The Submerged State Book PDF

Author : Suzanne Mettler
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2011-08-31
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780226521664

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The Submerged State by Suzanne Mettler Pdf

“Keep your government hands off my Medicare!” Such comments spotlight a central question animating Suzanne Mettler’s provocative and timely book: why are many Americans unaware of government social benefits and so hostile to them in principle, even though they receive them? The Obama administration has been roundly criticized for its inability to convey how much it has accomplished for ordinary citizens. Mettler argues that this difficulty is not merely a failure of communication; rather it is endemic to the formidable presence of the “submerged state.” In recent decades, federal policymakers have increasingly shunned the outright disbursing of benefits to individuals and families and favored instead less visible and more indirect incentives and subsidies, from tax breaks to payments for services to private companies. These submerged policies, Mettler shows, obscure the role of government and exaggerate that of the market. As a result, citizens are unaware not only of the benefits they receive, but of the massive advantages given to powerful interests, such as insurance companies and the financial industry. Neither do they realize that the policies of the submerged state shower their largest benefits on the most affluent Americans, exacerbating inequality. Mettler analyzes three Obama reforms—student aid, tax relief, and health care—to reveal the submerged state and its consequences, demonstrating how structurally difficult it is to enact policy reforms and even to obtain public recognition for achieving them. She concludes with recommendations for reform to help make hidden policies more visible and governance more comprehensible to all Americans. The sad truth is that many American citizens do not know how major social programs work—or even whether they benefit from them. Suzanne Mettler’s important new book will bring government policies back to the surface and encourage citizens to reclaim their voice in the political process.

We the People

Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea Louise Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
We the People Book PDF

Author : Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea Louise Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2018-12-19
Category : Civics
ISBN : 0393679632

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We the People by Benjamin Ginsberg,Theodore J. Lowi,Andrea Louise Campbell,Margaret Weir,Caroline J. Tolbert Pdf

Politics is relevant and participation matters--now more than ever

The Making of Citizens

David Buckingham
The Making of Citizens Book PDF

Author : David Buckingham
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2002-01-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781134610570

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The Making of Citizens by David Buckingham Pdf

Based on research conducted in Britain and the US, The Making of Citizens traces the dynamic complexities of young people's interpretations of news, and their judgements about the ways in which key social and political issues are represented. Rather than bemoaning young people's ignorance, he argues that we need to rethink what counts as political understanding in contemporary societies, suggesting that we need forms of factual reporting that will engage more effectively with young people's changing perceptions of themselves as citizens. The Making of Citizens provides a significant contribution to the study of media audiences and a timely intervention in contemporary debates about citizenship and political education.

Soldiers to Citizens

Suzanne Mettler
Soldiers to Citizens Book PDF

Author : Suzanne Mettler
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 279 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2005-09-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780198039983

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Soldiers to Citizens by Suzanne Mettler Pdf

"A hell of a gift, an opportunity." "Magnanimous." "One of the greatest advantages I ever experienced." These are the voices of World War II veterans, lavishing praise on their beloved G.I. Bill. Transcending boundaries of class and race, the Bill enabled a sizable portion of the hallowed "greatest generation" to gain vocational training or to attend college or graduate school at government expense. Its beneficiaries had grown up during the Depression, living in tenements and cold-water flats, on farms and in small towns across the nation, most of them expecting that they would one day work in the same kinds of jobs as their fathers. Then the G.I. Bill came along, and changed everything. They experienced its provisions as inclusive, fair, and tremendously effective in providing the deeply held American value of social opportunity, the chance to improve one's circumstances. They become chefs and custom builders, teachers and electricians, engineers and college professors. But the G.I. Bill fueled not only the development of the middle class: it also revitalized American democracy. Americans who came of age during World War II joined fraternal groups and neighborhood and community organizations and took part in politics at rates that made the postwar era the twentieth century's civic "golden age." Drawing on extensive interviews and surveys with hundreds of members of the "greatest generation," Suzanne Mettler finds that by treating veterans as first-class citizens and in granting advanced education, the Bill inspired them to become the active participants thanks to whom memberships in civic organizations soared and levels of political activity peaked. Mettler probes how this landmark law produced such a civic renaissance. Most fundamentally, she discovers, it communicated to veterans that government was for and about people like them, and they responded in turn. In our current age of rising inequality and declining civic engagement, Soldiers to Citizens offers critical lessons about how public programs can make a difference.

It’s the Government, Stupid

Dowding, Keith
It s the Government Stupid Book PDF

Author : Dowding, Keith
Publisher : Bristol University Press
Page : 210 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2020-09-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781529206388

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It’s the Government, Stupid by Dowding, Keith Pdf

Governments have developed a convenient habit of blaming social problems on their citizens, placing too much emphasis on personal responsibility and pursuing policies to ‘nudge’ their citizens to better behaviour. Keith Dowding shows that, in fact, responsibility for many of our biggest social crises – including homelessness, gun crime, obesity, drug addiction and problem gambling – should be laid at the feet of politicians. He calls for us to stop scapegoating fellow citizens and to demand more from our governments, who have the real power and responsibility to alleviate social problems and bring about lasting change.

Making Politics Work for Development

World Bank
Making Politics Work for Development Book PDF

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 278 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2016-07-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464807749

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Making Politics Work for Development by World Bank Pdf

Governments fail to provide the public goods needed for development when its leaders knowingly and deliberately ignore sound technical advice or are unable to follow it, despite the best of intentions, because of political constraints. This report focuses on two forces—citizen engagement and transparency—that hold the key to solving government failures by shaping how political markets function. Citizens are not only queueing at voting booths, but are also taking to the streets and using diverse media to pressure, sanction and select the leaders who wield power within government, including by entering as contenders for leadership. This political engagement can function in highly nuanced ways within the same formal institutional context and across the political spectrum, from autocracies to democracies. Unhealthy political engagement, when leaders are selected and sanctioned on the basis of their provision of private benefits rather than public goods, gives rise to government failures. The solutions to these failures lie in fostering healthy political engagement within any institutional context, and not in circumventing or suppressing it. Transparency, which is citizen access to publicly available information about the actions of those in government, and the consequences of these actions, can play a crucial role by nourishing political engagement.

Dividing Citizens

Suzanne Mettler
Dividing Citizens Book PDF

Author : Suzanne Mettler
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 258 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2018-09-05
Category : History
ISBN : 9781501728822

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Dividing Citizens by Suzanne Mettler Pdf

The New Deal was not the same deal for men and women—a finding strikingly demonstrated in Dividing Citizens. Rich with implications for current debates over citizenship and welfare policy, this book provides a detailed historical account of how governing institutions and public policies shape social status and civic life. In her examination of the impact of New Deal social and labor policies on the organization and character of American citizenship, Suzanne Mettler offers an incisive analysis of the formation and implementation of the pillars of the modern welfare state: the Social Security Act, including Old Age and Survivors' Insurance, Old Age Assistance, Unemployment Insurance, and Aid to Dependent Children (later known simply as "welfare"), as well as the Fair Labor Standards Act, which guaranteed the minimum wage. Mettler draws on the methods of historical-institutionalists to develop a "structured governance" approach to her analysis of the New Deal. She shows how the new welfare state institutionalized gender politically, most clearly by incorporating men, particularly white men, into nationally administered policies and consigning women to more variable state-run programs. Differential incorporation of citizens, in turn, prompted different types of participation in politics. These gender-specific consequences were the outcome of a complex interplay of institutional dynamics, political imperatives, and the unintended consequences of policy implementation actions. By tracing the subtle and complicated political dynamics that emerged with New Deal policies, Mettler sounds a cautionary note as we once again negotiate the bounds of American federalism and public policy.

Population Policy and Reproduction in Singapore

Shirley Hsiao-Li Sun
Population Policy and Reproduction in Singapore Book PDF

Author : Shirley Hsiao-Li Sun
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 210 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2012-07-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781136507816

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Population Policy and Reproduction in Singapore by Shirley Hsiao-Li Sun Pdf

This book examines the relationship between population policies and individual reproductive decisions in low-fertility contexts. Using the case study of Singapore, it demonstrates that the effectiveness of population policy is a function of competing notions of citizenship, and the gap between seemingly neutral policy incentives and the perceived and experienced disparate effects. Drawing on a substantial number of personal interviews and focus groups, the book analyzes the developmental welfare state’s overarching emphasis of citizen responsibility, and examines population policies that reinforce social inequalities and ignore cultural diversity. These factors combine to undermine elaborate state policy efforts in encouraging citizens’ biological reproduction. The book goes on to argue that in order to facilitate positive fertility decisions, the state needs to modify the “economic production at all cost” approach and pay much more attention to the importance of social rights. This suggests that the Singapore government might profitably approach the phenomenon of very low fertility with major initiatives similar to those of other advanced industrialized societies. This book offers a significant contribution to the literature on social policy, East Asian and Southeast Asian studies.