Hunter Gatherers Of The Congo Basin

Author : Barry S. Hewlett
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 557 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351514118

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Hunter-Gatherers of the Congo Basin by Barry S. Hewlett Pdf

The forest foragers of the Congo Basin, known collectively as "Pygmies," are the largest and most diverse group of active hunter-gatherers remaining in the world. At least fifteen different ethno-linguistic groups exist in the Congo Basin with a total population of 250,000 to 350,000 individuals. Extensive knowledge about these groups has accumulated in the last forty years, but readers have been forced to piece together what is known from many sources. French, Japanese, American, and British researchers have conducted the majority of the research; each national research group has its own academic traditions, history, and publications. Here, leading academic authorities from diverse national traditions summarize recent research on forest hunter-gatherers. The volume explores the diversity and uniformity of Congo Basin hunter-gatherer life by providing detailed but accessible overviews of recent research. It represents the first book in over twenty-five years to provide a comprehensive and holistic overview of African forest hunter-gatherers. Chapters discuss the cultural variation in characteristic features of Congo Basin hunter-gatherer life, such as their yodeled polyphonic music, pronounced egalitarianism, multiple-child caregiving, and complex relations with neighboring farming groups. Other contributors address theoretical issues, such as why Pygmies are short, how tropical forest hunter-gatherers live without the carbohydrates they receive from neighboring farmers, and how hunter-gatherer children learn to share so extensively.

Author : Colin M. Turnbull
Publisher : Pantianos Classics
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2020-02-27
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 1789872065

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The Forest People: Africa's Pygmy Tribes Along the Congo River - Their Hunter-Gatherer Culture, Village Customs and Bond with Nature by Colin M. Turnbull Pdf

In the 1950s, anthropologist Colin Turnbull lived among the pygmies of the Congo river for three years - this is his account of life among the tribespeople. Adventurous as a young man, at the time he moved to the Congo Turnbull already had several years' experience of Africa and its rural cultures. Seeking to shed insight on the pygmy peoples for a wider audience, he sought a home in one of the villages and introduced himself to the locals. Quickly becoming popular in the locality for his courtesy and respectful manners, Turnbull kept a diary and took photographs of the locals, noting their customs and dynamics as a tribal community. The interplay between males and females of the tribe are detailed, with rivalries and conflicts between the younger pygmies. Marriage and the duties therein define the tribe, with complex customs existing between existing and prospective couples. As the tribes live as hunter gatherers, it is necessary for a number of men to be skilled in gathering meat, fruits and vegetables, together with honeycomb - a substance prized by the pygmies for its deliciousness. Turnbull does not bog down his narrative in academic jargon or complex nuance; rather we find an informal, at times even casual, account of life in a forest tribe. We receive a sense of the personalities and priorities accorded; this readability undoubtedly helps us better comprehend the pygmies' lives.

Author : John Beauclerk
Publisher : Oxfam Pub
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Social Science
ISBN : STANFORD:36105070157230

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Hunters and Gatherers in Central Africa by John Beauclerk Pdf

Examines the traditional economy of indigenous forest communities in the Zaire Basin, and the pressure put on it by commercial interests, competing cultivators, and national governments.

Author : Victoria Reyes-García,Aili Pyhälä
Publisher : Springer
Page : 282 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2016-11-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9783319422718

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Hunter-gatherers in a Changing World by Victoria Reyes-García,Aili Pyhälä Pdf

This book compiles a collection of case studies analysing drivers of and responses to change amongst contemporary hunter-gatherers. Contemporary hunter-gatherers’ livelihoods are examined from perspectives ranging from historical legacy to environmental change, and from changes in national economic, political and legal systems to more broad-scale and universal notions of globalization and acculturation. Far from the commonly held romantic view that hunter-gatherers continue to exist as isolated populations living a traditional lifestyle in harmony with the environment, contemporary hunter-gatherers – like many rural communities around the world - face a number of relatively new ecological and social challenges to which they are pressed to adapt. Contemporary hunter-gatherer societies are increasingly and rapidly being affected by Global Changes, related both to biophysical Earth systems (i.e., changes in climate, biodiversity and natural resources, and water availability), and to social systems (i.e. demographic transitions, sedentarisation, integration into the market economy, and all the socio-cultural change that these and other factors trigger). Chapter 10 of this book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Author : Hideaki Terashima,Barry S. Hewlett
Publisher : Springer
Page : 314 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2016-10-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9784431559979

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Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers by Hideaki Terashima,Barry S. Hewlett Pdf

This is the first book to examine social learning and innovation in hunter–gatherers from around the world. More is known about social learning in chimpanzees and nonhuman primates than is known about social learning in hunter–gatherers, a way of life that characterized most of human history. The book describes diverse patterns of learning and teaching behaviors in contemporary hunter–gatherers from the perspectives of cultural anthropology, ecological anthropology, biological anthropology, and developmental psychology. The book addresses several theoretical issues including the learning hypothesis which suggests that the fate of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the last glacial period might have been due to the differences in learning ability. It has been unequivocally claimed that social learning is intrinsically important for human beings; however, the characteristics of human learning remain under a dense fog despite innumerable studies with children from urban–industrial cultures. Controversy continues on problems such as: do hunter–gatherers teach? If so, what types of teaching occur, who does it, how often, under what contexts, and so on. The book explores the most basic and intrinsic aspects of social learning as well as the foundation of innovative activities in everyday activities of contemporary hunter–gatherer people across the earth. The book examines how hunter-gatherer core values, such as gender and age egalitarianism and extensive sharing of food and childcare are transmitted and acquired by children. Chapters are grouped into five sections: 1) theoretical perspectives of learning in hunter–gatherers, 2) modes and processes of social learning in hunter–gatherers, 3) innovation and cumulative culture, 4) play and other cultural contexts of social learning and innovation, 5) biological contexts of learning and innovation. Ideas and concepts based on the data gathered through an intensive fieldwork by the authors will give much insight into the mechanisms and meanings of learning and education in modern humans.

Author : Vicki Cummings,Peter Jordan,Marek Zvelebil
Publisher : Oxford Handbooks
Page : 1361 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : History
ISBN : 9780199551224

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The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers by Vicki Cummings,Peter Jordan,Marek Zvelebil Pdf

For more than a century, the study of hunting and gathering societies has been central to the development of both archaeology and anthropology as academic disciplines, and has also generated widespread public interest and debate. This book provides a comprehensive review of hunter-gatherer studies to date, including critical engagements with older debates, new theoretical perspectives, and renewed obligations for greater engagement between researchers and indigenous communities.

Author : Alan Barnard
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2020-05-26
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781000190267

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Hunter-Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology by Alan Barnard Pdf

The study of hunter-gatherers has had a profound impact on thinking about human nature and about the nature of society. The subject has especially influenced ideas on social evolution and on the development of human culture. Anthropologists and archaeologists continue to investigate living hunter-gatherers and the remains of past hunter-gatherer societies in the hope of unearthing the secrets of our ancestors and learning something of the natural existence of humankind. Hunter-Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology provides a definitive overview of hunter-gatherer historiography, from the earliest anthropological writings through to the present day. What can early visions of the hunter-gatherer tell us about the societies that generated them? How do diverse national traditions, such as American, Russian and Japanese, manifest themselves in hunter-gatherer research? What is the most up-to-date thinking on the subject and how does it reflect current trends within the social sciences? This book provides a much-needed overview of the history of thought on one of science's most intriguing subjects. It will serve as a landmark text for anthropologists, archaeologists and students researching anthropological theory or the history of social anthropology and related disciplines.

Author : Thomas Gibson,Kenneth Sillander
Publisher : Far Eastern Publications
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Anarchism
ISBN : 0938692941

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Anarchic Solidarity by Thomas Gibson,Kenneth Sillander Pdf

"This volume analyzes a group of Southeast Asian societies that have in common a mode of sociality that maximizes personal autonomy, political egalitarianism, and inclusive forms of social solidarity. Their members make their livings as nomadic hunter-gatherers, shifting cultivators, sea nomads, and peasants embedded in market economies. While political anarchy and radical equality appear in many societies as utopian ideals, these societies provide examples of actually existing, viable forms of "anarchy." This book documents the mechanisms that enable these societies to maintain their life-ways and suggests some moral and political lessons that those who appreciate them might apply to their own societies"--Back cover.

Author : Cornelius N. Grove
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 279 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2023-01-30
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781475862904

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How Other Children Learn by Cornelius N. Grove Pdf

To gain comparative insights into middle-class Americans’ child-related values and practices, Grove’s How Other Children Learn examines children’s learning and parents’ parenting in five traditional societies. Such societies are those have not been affected by “modern” – urban, industrial – values and ways of life. They are found in small villages and camps where people engage daily with their natural surroundings and have little or no experience of formal classroom instruction. The five societies are the Aka hunter-gatherers of Africa, the Quechua of highland Peru, the Navajo of the U.S. Southwest, the village Arabs of the Levant, and the Hindu villagers of India. Each society has its own chapter, which overviews that society’s background and context, then probes adults’ mindsets and strategies regarding children’s learning and socialization for adulthood. The book concludes with two summary chapters that draw broadly on anthropologists’ findings about many traditional societies and offer examples from the five societies discussed earlier. The first reveals why children in traditional societies willingly carry out family responsibilities and suggests how American parents can attain similar outcomes. The second contrasts our middle-class patterns of child-rearing with traditional societies’ ways of enabling children to learn and grow into contributing family and community members.

Author : Mathieu Charbonneau
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2024-03-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262378383

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The Evolution of Techniques by Mathieu Charbonneau Pdf

A novel, interdisciplinary exploration of the relative contributions of rigidity and flexibility in the adoption, maintenance, and evolution of technical traditions. Techniques can either be used in rigid, stereotypical ways or in flexibly adaptive ways, or in some combination of the two. The Evolution of Techniques, edited by Mathieu Charbonneau, addresses the impacts of both flexibility and rigidity on how techniques are used, transformed, and reconstructed, at varying social and temporal scales. The multidisciplinary contributors demonstrate the important role of the varied learning contexts and social configurations involved in the transmission, use, and evolution of techniques. They explore the diversity of cognitive, behavioral, sociocultural, and ecological mechanisms that promote and constrain technical flexibility and rigidity, proposing a deeper picture of the enablers of, and obstacles to, technical transmission and change. In line with the extended evolutionary synthesis, the book proposes a more inclusive and materially grounded conception of technical evolution in terms of promiscuous, dynamic, and multidirectional causal processes. Offering new evidence and novel theoretical perspectives, the contributors deploy a diversity of methods, including ethnographies, field and laboratory experiments, cladistics and phylogenetic tree building, historiography, and philosophical analysis. Examples of the wide range of topics covered include field experiments with potters from five cultures, stability and change in Paleolithic toolmaking, why children lack flexibility when making tools, and cultural techniques in nonhuman animals. The volume’s three thematic sections are: · Timescales of technical rigidity and flexibility · Rigid copying to flexible reconstruction · Exogenous factors of technical rigidity and flexibility The volume closes with a discussion by philosopher Kim Sterelny. Contributors Rita Astuti, Adam Howell Boyette, Blandine Bril, Josep Call, Mathieu Charbonneau, Arianna Curioni, Nicola Cutting, Bert De Munck, György Gergely, Anne-Lise Goujon, Ildikó Király, Catherine Lara, Sébastien Manem, Luke McEllin, Helena Miton, Giulio Ongaro, Sarah Pope-Caldwell, Valentine Roux, Manon Schweinfurth, Dan Sperber, Kim Sterelny, Dietrich Stout, James W. A. Strachan, Sadie Tenpas

Author : Cécile Garcia,Dora Biro,Francine L. Dolins,Karline Janmaat,Sandrine Prat
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 138 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2023-05-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9782832522516

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Cognition, foraging, and energetics in extant and extinct primates by Cécile Garcia,Dora Biro,Francine L. Dolins,Karline Janmaat,Sandrine Prat Pdf

Author : Robert K. Hitchcock,William A. Lovis,Robert Whallon
Publisher : Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press
Page : 387 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2011-12-31
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781938770203

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Information and Its Role in Hunter-Gatherer Bands by Robert K. Hitchcock,William A. Lovis,Robert Whallon Pdf

Information and its Role in Hunter-Gatherer Bands explores the question of how information, broadly conceived, is acquired, stored, circulated, and utilized in small-scale hunter-gatherer societies, or bands. Given the nature of this question, the volume brings together a group of scholars from multiple disciplines, including archaeology, ethnography, linguistics, and evolutionary ecology. Each of these specialties deals with the question of information in different ways and with different sets of data given different primacy. The fundamental goal of the volume is to bridge disciplines and subdisciplines, open discussion, and see if some common ground-either theoretical perspectives, general principles, or methodologies-can be developed upon which to build future research on the role of information in hunter-gatherer bands.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Africa
ISBN : UOM:39015075718968

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African Study Monographs by Anonim Pdf

Author : Barry S. Hewlett,Michael E. Lamb
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
Page : 486 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2024-06-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780202366661

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Hunter-gatherer Childhoods by Barry S. Hewlett,Michael E. Lamb Pdf

In the vast anthropological literature devoted to hunter-gatherer societies, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the place of hunter-gatherer children. Children often represent 40 percent of hunter-gatherer populations, thus nearly half the population is omitted from most hunter-gatherer ethnographies and research. This volume is designed to bridge the gap in our understanding of the daily lives, knowledge, and development of hunter-gatherer children. The twenty-six contributors to Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods use three general but complementary theoretical approaches--evolutionary, developmental, cultural--in their presentations of new and insightful ethnographic data. For instance, the authors employ these theoretical orientations to provide the first systematic studies of hunter-gatherer children's hunting, play, infant care by children, weaning and expressions of grief. The chapters focus on understanding the daily life experiences of children, and their views and feelings about their lives and cultural change. Chapters address some of the following questions: why does childhood exist, who cares for hunter-gatherer children, what are the characteristic features of hunter-gatherer children's development and what are the impacts of culture change on hunter-gatherer child care? The book is divided into five parts. The first section provides historical, theoretical and conceptual framework for the volume; the second section examines data to test competing hypotheses regarding why childhood is particularly long in humans; the third section expands on the second section by looking at who cares for hunter-gatherer children; the fourth section explores several developmental issues such as weaning, play and loss of loved ones; and, the final section examines the impact of sedentism and schools on hunter-gatherer children. This pioneering volume will help to stimulate further research and scholarship on hunter-gatherer childhoods, thereby advancing our understanding of the way of life that characterized most of human history and of the processes that may have shaped both human development and human evolution. Barry S. Hewlett is professor of anthropology at Washington State University, Vancouver. Michael E. Lamb is professor of psychology in the social sciences, Cambridge University.

Author : Andrew Whiten
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199608966

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Culture Evolves by Andrew Whiten Pdf

Culture shapes vast swathes of our lives and has allowed the human species to dominate the planet in an evolutionarily unique way. This book is unique in focusing on the evolutionary continuities in culture, providing an interdisciplinary exploration of culture, written by leading authorities from the biological and cognitive sciences.