Impacts Of Covid 19 On Myanmar S Agri Food System Evidence Base And Policy Implications

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Impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s agri-food system: Evidence base and policy implications

Researchers of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University
Impacts of COVID 19 on Myanmar s agri food system Evidence base and policy implications Book PDF

Author : Researchers of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2020-10-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Impacts of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s agri-food system: Evidence base and policy implications by Researchers of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University Pdf

Between April and October 2020, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Michigan State University (MSU), with support from the United States Agency of International Development (USAID) and the Livelihoods and Food Security Fund (LIFT), have undertaken analyses of secondary data combined with regular telephone surveys of actors at all stages of Myanmar’s agri-food system in order to better understand the impacts of COVID-19 on the system. These analyses show that the volume of agribusiness has slowed considerably in Myanmar since COVID-19 restrictions were put in place. There is lower demand from farmers for agricultural inputs and mechanization services and lower volumes of produce traded, especially exports to neighboring countries whose borders are closed. All actors in the agri-food system are facing liquidity constraints and experiencing increased difficulties in both borrowing and recovering loans.

Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University
Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID 19 crisis Lessons from India s lockdown Book PDF

Author : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 6 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2020-04-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Maintaining food and nutrition security in Myanmar during the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons from India’s lockdown by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),Michigan State University Pdf

The recent sudden imposition of a stringent 21-day lockdown in India in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the food security of many vulnerable Indians. These impacts highlight the many challenges that this kind of anti-COVID intervention can pose in other settings where the labor force is mostly informally employed with poor job security and low wages, and where the agri-food systems is similarly informal with widespread use of open-air markets. Myanmar is such a setting. India’s chastening experience with food security during its lockdown suggests the following actions would be imperative for maintaining food security in Myanmar: • Allow the free movement of all goods. A stable and reliable agri-food system requires free movements of a wide range of food products (including micronutrient-rich fruits, vegetables and animal-sourced foods) as well as essential non-food goods. • Monitor food markets and agricultural value chains as closely as possible to address problems when they do arise. • Reduce risk of COVID-19 contagion by improving hygiene in Myanmar’s food markets. • Issue clear directives to police, military, and local authorities not to impede the movement of goods. The Government of Myanmar should learn from the mistakes made in India and other developing countries. We must recognize that basic food and nutrition security must be maintained at all times through this complex health and socioeconomic crisis.

Beyond emergency relief: What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Beyond emergency relief What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2022-02-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Beyond emergency relief: What will it take to ensure a resilient recovery for agriculture and the rural economy of Myanmar by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

The recent history of rural economic transformation in Myanmar and the effects of COVID-19 and the military coup in February 2021 provide important lessons for the design and implementation of plans to help the country recover from these scourges. The impoverishment of farming communities in Myanmar during decades of socialist military rule, beginning in the 1960s until the turn of the century, led to an outflux of migrants to neighboring countries. As the country opened up to foreign investment through economic reforms initiated in 2011, rural wages surged and farm mechanization services expanded rapidly. Together with increased remittance flows from migrants, higher rural household incomes drove growth in a wide range of non-farm service enterprises. Nevertheless, agricultural growth was low and most crop subsectors stagnated due to underlying and unresolved structural constraints such as poor infrastructure and inequality in land access. As in many other countries in Asia, border closures and lockdowns instituted to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in early 2020 resulted in widespread employment and income losses. The Myanmar government pro-actively sought to mitigate the impacts through expanded credit to farmers and businesses. By the end of 2020, Myanmar was beginning to recover from the economic stresses of COVID-19. However, the February 2021 military coup resulted in a far more severe economic downturn than COVID-19 due to the collapse of the financial system, the massive resignations by public sector employees, and the prolonged movement restrictions. Coup-induced state failure greatly magnified the health and economic consequences of COVID-19 in terms of poverty, food insecurity, and stalled economic transformation. This paper uses a combination of macro, meso, and micro-level analyses to measure the impacts of COVID-19 and state failure on rural economic transformation through the lens of the agri-food system, and to draw lessons for policies to support broad-based and resilient economic recovery.

Community perceptions of the agricultural impacts of Myanmar’s health and political crises: Insights from the National COVID 19 Community Survey – September 2021

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Community perceptions of the agricultural impacts of Myanmar s health and political crises Insights from the National COVID 19 Community Survey September 2021 Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 6 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2021-11-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Community perceptions of the agricultural impacts of Myanmar’s health and political crises: Insights from the National COVID 19 Community Survey – September 2021 by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Key findings Forty-two percent of farming communities experienced lower agricultural production than normal in the past 12 months, mainly due to drought and pests. Forty-four percent of farming communities reported greater difficulties in selling agricultural products than usual. Low crop price was the most frequently reported disruption. There are pressing concerns for the upcoming monsoon season harvest. Inorganic fertilizer prices are skyrocketing–compound fertilizer prices increased 56 percent in September 2021 compared to September 2020 while urea prices increased 72 percent compared to last year. About one-third of farming communities hired fewer agricultural wage workers this year compared to last year, with 46 percent reporting that this was mainly due to financial problems. For the current monsoon season, 45 percent of farming communities expect overall agricultural production will be lower than that of last year. Recommended actions Implement measures such as input subsidies, vouchers, or agricultural grants to limit the impact of the price increases of fertilizers and other inputs on agricultural production. As farming communities risk falling into vicious cycles of income loss, financial support is urgently needed to avoid long-lasting impacts of the crises on the agricultural performance of affected communities. Social protection is urgently needed in rural areas, including food/cash for work schemes to offset lower demand for agricultural labor.

COVID-19 impacts on smallholder farmers in Northern Shan State in Myanmar

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
COVID 19 impacts on smallholder farmers in Northern Shan State in Myanmar Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251348826

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COVID-19 impacts on smallholder farmers in Northern Shan State in Myanmar by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

Report on how the first wave of COVID-19 impacted on smallholder farmers in northern Shan State in Myanmar. The study examines the interactions of reduced border trade, remittances and contracted labour markets on household food security, nutrition and land tenure. In turn, tenure insecurity in rural areas may deepen the effects of COVID-19, as most rural people struggle to sustain their livelihoods through access to land and other natural resources. This is relevant as many ethnic groups in northern Shan State continue to manage their land through customary tenure systems that are not fully recognized by state authorities.

Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - June 2020 survey round

Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham
Monitoring the impact of COVID 19 in Myanmar Agricultural input retailers June 2020 survey round Book PDF

Author : Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - June 2020 survey round by Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham Pdf

Agricultural input retailers play a key role in Myanmar’s agri-food system by supplying farmers with fertilizer, seed, pesticides, and other inputs necessary for successful harvests. Because farm-level input use is an important driver of yields for all major food crops, shocks to the input retail sector have major implications for the welfare of rural households, as well as for their food security. This policy note presents results from round two of a five-round phone survey of agricultural input retailers. Our purpose is to provide data and insights to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation (MOALI) and other agricultural sector stakeholders to assist them in better understanding COVID-19 related shocks to Myanmar’s agricultural input retailers. The round one results emphasized (i) widespread disruptions from the COVID-19 to both input supply and demand, (ii) higher transportation costs leading to higher input prices, and (iii) dramatically lower revenue expectations for retailers in 2020 compared to 2019.1 This note builds on the round one results by (i) exploring the effects of the COVID-19 crisis since the first-round interviews, (ii) tracking sales changes since the first round of the survey, and (iii) providing more detailed information on retailer credit and transportation.

The continuous rise - during economic growth, the COVID-19 Pandemic, and conflict - in the adoption of labor-saving agricultural technologies in Myanmar: Evidence and implications

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
The continuous rise during economic growth the COVID 19 Pandemic and conflict in the adoption of labor saving agricultural technologies in Myanmar Evidence and implications Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2023-09-27
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The continuous rise - during economic growth, the COVID-19 Pandemic, and conflict - in the adoption of labor-saving agricultural technologies in Myanmar: Evidence and implications by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

After decades of isolationism and economic stagnation, Myanmar opened its economy in the beginning of the 2010s, leading to rapid economic growth (Myanmar’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was almost 50 percent larger in 2020 than in 2011). But the COVID-19 health crisis that started in 2020 and a military coup in the beginning of 2021 – and the subsequent increase in conflicts, forced displacements, and migration – dramatically reversed that outlook, with Myanmar’s GDP in 2022 estimated to be 13 percent smaller than three years earlier. The agricultural sector also changed accordingly during this period.

Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - Synopsis of results from five survey rounds through late July 2020

Goeb, Joseph,Synt, Nang Lun Kham,Zu, A. Myint,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.
Monitoring the impact of COVID 19 in Myanmar Agricultural input retailers Synopsis of results from five survey rounds through late July 2020 Book PDF

Author : Goeb, Joseph,Synt, Nang Lun Kham,Zu, A. Myint,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 8 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2020-10-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers - Synopsis of results from five survey rounds through late July 2020 by Goeb, Joseph,Synt, Nang Lun Kham,Zu, A. Myint,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K. Pdf

Agricultural input retailers play a key role in Myanmar’s agri-food system by supplying farmers with fertilizer, seed, pesticides, and other inputs necessary for successful harvests. Because farm-level input use is an important driver of yields for all major food crops, shocks from the COVID-19 crisis to the input retail sector have major implications for rural household welfare as well as food security. In this policy note, we present results and analysis on the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on agricultural input retailers from a five-round telephone panel survey of between 150 and 200 retailers in Shan, Kachin, Bago, Ayeyarwady, Sagaing, and Mandalay that was implemented every two weeks from mid-May to late July 2020. 1 The objective of this survey was to provide data and insights to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation (MOALI) and agricultural sector stakeholders so that they better understand the nature of COVID-19 related shocks to Myanmar’s agricultural input retailers. Previous policy notes2 mostly focused on the survey rounds individually, tracking the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on agricultural input retailers as they were happening. In this note, we take a more comprehensive approach by looking back over all five survey rounds to understand how the effects of the COVID-19 crisis evolved over time. In particular, this note presents results from May 2020 through July 2020 across the five survey rounds on (i) disruptions caused by the COVID-19 crisis, (ii) responses to these disruptions, (iii) sales of fertilizer, maize seed, vegetable seed, and pesticides, and (iv) input retailers’ employees and hired labor.

Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - May 2020 survey round

Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham
Monitoring the impact of COVID 19 in Myanmar Agricultural commodity traders May 2020 survey round Book PDF

Author : Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar: Agricultural commodity traders - May 2020 survey round by Goeb, Joseph,Boughton, Duncan,Maredia, Mywish K.,Zu, A. Myint,Synt, Nang Lun Kham Pdf

Crop traders comprise the mid-stream of Myanmar’s food supply chain. They form important links between farms and food processors, exporters, and other downstream actors. Because they are close to the farmgate on the supply chain – many purchase agricultural commodities directly from farmers – any additional challenges to traders presented by the COVID-19 crisis and corresponding policy responses have important implications for the crop marketing channels farmers use and for the prices they receive for their crops. Further, challenges or changes to crop trading will have effects on the food system downstream and, ultimately, on consumers. Traders either carry out or facilitate the sales, transport, and purchases of raw agricultural commodities. Thus, they may be negatively affected by the travel and transport restrictions imposed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 as well as other policy measures that restrict exports or affect food retail channels to consumers. This research note seeks to help the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI) of the Government of Myanmar and agricultural sector stakeholders understand the effects of recent COVID-19 shocks on Myanmar’s agri-food marketing system through the perspective of crop traders. We conducted a phone survey with 154 crop traders to understand the challenges of COVID-19 shocks to both their upstream and downstream operations, (ii) learn about adaptations and changes they are making in response to those challenges, and (iii) track recent (two weeks) and longer-term (last year) changes in the buying and selling prices of the commodities they trade.

Livelihood resilience and the agrifood system in Myanmar: Implications for agriculture and a rural development strategy in a time of crisis

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Livelihood resilience and the agrifood system in Myanmar Implications for agriculture and a rural development strategy in a time of crisis Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 18 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2023-08-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Livelihood resilience and the agrifood system in Myanmar: Implications for agriculture and a rural development strategy in a time of crisis by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Myanmar’s agrifood system has proven surprisingly resilient in the face of multiple crises—COVID 19, the military coup, economic mismanagement, global price instability, and widespread conflict—with respect to production and exports. Household welfare has not been resilient, however. High rates of inflation, especially food price inflation, have resulted in dietary degradation across all house hold groups, especially those dependent on casual wage labor. Among household members, young children experience the highest rates of inadequate dietary quality. Expanded social protection to improve access to better-quality diets for vulnerable households and individuals is therefore needed. Beyond the current political crisis, increased public and private investment in a more efficient and dynamic agrifood system should be a high priority. This will help drive down poverty rates and ensure access to healthy diets in the near term, while laying the foundation for sustained growth and structural transformation of the economy.

Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Maize farmers – Monsoon season phone surveys

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Monitoring the agri food system in Myanmar Maize farmers Monsoon season phone surveys Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2021-10-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Maize farmers – Monsoon season phone surveys by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

To understand the effects of recent economic and political disruptions on Myanmar’s maize farmers during the monsoon season, we conducted two telephone surveys with 1,178 farmers in July and September 2021. Key Findings There were widespread disruptions throughout the 2021 monsoon season: 11 percent of respondents were displaced by violence in July, and most farmers had had enforced transportation restrictions in their village tracts (58 percent) and their townships (84 percent). Seventy percent of farmers expect these restrictions to affect their monsoon marketing. Two-thirds of respondents received farm credit for inputs in the 2021 monsoon season, an increase of 3 percentage points relative to 2020, and average credit values increased slightly. Most credit was provided by traders (27 percent receiving), which may be unique to maize production as there are broader credit declines in other parts of the country and maize prices have increased in 2021. Additionally, exports to Thailand have been robust. High fertilizer prices will likely lead to a decline in application rates as 63 percent of farmers reported reduced input use, which will negatively affect yields. Median maize farm sizes fell by one acre in 2021 relative to 2020, though average maize acreages were stable. Pest incidence rates (72 percent reporting problems), especially for fall armyworm (45 percent), were high in July, posing another threat to production. There was a decline in access to formal extension services, particularly for information provided by input companies and government extension agents. Farmers increasingly turned to neighbors for agricultural advice.

Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers – September 2021 survey round

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Monitoring the agri food system in Myanmar Agricultural input retailers September 2021 survey round Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2021-10-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Agricultural input retailers – September 2021 survey round by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

To understand the effects of COVID-19 and political instability on Myanmar’s agricultural input sector, a phone survey of 123 input retailers throughout the country was conducted in September 2021. Key findings: Input prices, especially fertilizer, have soared compared to a year ago due to a combination of higher international prices, depreciation of the Myanmar Kyat, and higher freight and domestic transport costs. Faced with price increases of 76 percent on average for compound fertilizer and 132 percent for urea (compared to a year ago), farmers reduced their purchases by 38 percent and 42 percent, respectively. If the decline in fertilizer sales is extended to all of Myanmar, estimated monsoon crop production may fall by 8 percent to 12 percent, equivalent to between $670 million and $1 billion at 2017 prices. Recommendations: The post-monsoon cropping season will be an important opportunity to partially compensate for lower monsoon season production. There is no indication that international fertilizer prices will fall significantly before planting time, however. A combination of temporary fertilizer subsidies and expanded seasonal credit will likely be necessary to encourage farmers to increase crop production.

Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Mechanization service providers – July 2021 survey round

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Monitoring the agri food system in Myanmar Mechanization service providers July 2021 survey round Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 10 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2021-09-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Mechanization service providers – July 2021 survey round by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Mechanization service providers (MSPs) in Myanmar were originally interviewed by telephone in summer 2020, fall 2020, and June 2021, covering mostly combine-harvester service providers (CHSPs) and tractor service providers (TSPs), to determine how their businesses were being affected by COVID-19 related restrictions and political instability. The results of those surveys were published in Myanmar Strategy Support Program Policy Notes 07, 12, 17, 39, 43 and 59 respectively. To trace the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the current political and social conditions on their economic activities, a seventh phone survey of MSPs was conducted in late July 2021. This note reports on the results of the seventh survey as well as on some trends from earlier surveys.

Community perceptions of the economic impacts of Myanmar’s health and political crises: Insights from the National COVID-19 Community Survey – September 2021

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Community perceptions of the economic impacts of Myanmar s health and political crises Insights from the National COVID 19 Community Survey September 2021 Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Community perceptions of the economic impacts of Myanmar’s health and political crises: Insights from the National COVID-19 Community Survey – September 2021 by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Key findings ▪ Ninety-two percent of urban communities and 90 percent of rural communities experienced a decline in income of at least 20 percent compared to a year before due to lower income from both non-farm employment and crop farming. ▪ Compared to data collected in 2020 survey rounds, we see a shift towards reduction in food expenditures and selling agricultural and non-agricultural assets in 2021. Fifty-four percent of communities reduced food expenditure to cope with declining income in September 2021, compared to 17 percent in September 2020. ▪ Twenty-seven percent of communities experienced closed banks and 12 percent of communities reported cash shortage at their local ATMs.

Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Rice millers – November 2021 survey round

Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Monitoring the agri food system in Myanmar Rice millers November 2021 survey round Book PDF

Author : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2022-01-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Monitoring the agri-food system in Myanmar: Rice millers – November 2021 survey round by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Pdf

Rice mills are the primary link in the rice value chain between farmers and consumers. Therefore, it is critical to monitor milling shocks as they will affect both farmers' incomes and urban rice prices. Since June 2020, we have monitored the impact of COVID-19 and political instability on rice millers in Myanmar and this is the tenth Research Note in the series. In this Research Note, we present evidence from interviews with 392 rice millers conducted in November 2021 in Myanmar’s three major rice-growing regions–Ayeyarwady, Bago, and Yangon. We present evidence of the current situation in relation to previous survey rounds, including 1) disruptions in milling caused by the political and health crises; 2) changes in operations such as throughput, paddy and rice storage, and working capital; 3) reasons for expected throughput changes in the 2021 monsoon harvest season; and 4) prices of paddy, rice, and byproducts.