Induction And Deduction In The Sciences

Author : F. Stadler
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2004-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781402021961

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Induction and Deduction in the Sciences by F. Stadler Pdf

The articles in this volume deal with the main inferential methods that can be applied to different kinds of experimental evidence. These contributions - accompanied with critical comments - by renowned scholars in the field of philosophy of science aim at removing the traditional opposition between inductivists and deductivists. They explore the different methods of explanation and justification in the sciences in different contexts and with different objectives. The volume contains contributions on methods of the sciences, especially on induction, deduction, abduction, laws, probability and explanation, ranging from logic, mathematics, natural to the social sciences. They present a highly topical pluralist re-evaluation of methodological and foundational procedures and reasoning, e.g. focusing in Bayesianism and Artificial Intelligence. They document the second international conference in Vienna on "Induction and Deduction in the Sciences" as part of the Scientific Network on "Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Philosophy of Science in Europe", funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF).

Author : Constance Naden
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 1890
Category : Induction (Logic)
ISBN : STANFORD:36105005006361

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Induction and Deduction by Constance Naden Pdf

Author : Friedrich Stadler
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2004-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 140201967X

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Induction and Deduction in the Sciences by Friedrich Stadler Pdf

The articles in this volume deal with the main inferential methods that can be applied to different kinds of experimental evidence. These contributions - accompanied with critical comments - by renowned scholars in the field of philosophy of science aim at removing the traditional opposition between inductivists and deductivists. They explore the different methods of explanation and justification in the sciences in different contexts and with different objectives. The volume contains contributions on methods of the sciences, especially on induction, deduction, abduction, laws, probability and explanation, ranging from logic, mathematics, natural to the social sciences. They present a highly topical pluralist re-evaluation of methodological and foundational procedures and reasoning, e.g. focusing in Bayesianism and Artificial Intelligence. They document the second international conference in Vienna on "Induction and Deduction in the Sciences" as part of the Scientific Network on "Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Philosophy of Science in Europe", funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF).

Author : William Whewell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 112 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 1849
Category : Logic
ISBN : BL:A0018079726

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Of Induction by William Whewell Pdf

Author : Erwin B. Montgomery
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2018-11-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780190912925

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Medical Reasoning by Erwin B. Montgomery Pdf

Modern medicine is one of humankind's greatest achievements.Yet today, frequent medical errors and irreproducibility in biomedical research suggest that tremendous challenges beset it. Understanding these challenges and trying to remedy them have driven considerable and thoughtful critical analyses, but the apparent intransigence of these problems suggests a different perspective is needed. Now more than ever, when we see options and opportunities for healthcare expanding while resources are diminishing, it is extremely important that healthcare professionals practice medicine wisely. In Medical Reasoning, neurologist Erwin B. Montgomery, Jr. offers a new and vital perspective. He begins with the idea that the need for certainty in medical decision-making has been the primary driving force in medical reasoning. Doctors must routinely confront countless manifestations of symptoms, diseases, or behaviors in their patients. Therefore, either there are as many different "diseases" as there are patients or some economical set of principles and facts can be combined to explain each patient's disease. The response to this epistemic conundrum has driven medicine throughout history: the challenge is to discover principles and facts and then to develop means to apply them to each unique patient in a manner that provides certainty. This book studies the nature of medical decision making systematically and rigorously in both an analytic and historical context, addressing medicine's unique need for certainty in the face of the enormous variety of diseases and in the manifestations of the same disease in different patients. The book also examines how the social, legal, and economic circumstances in which medical decision-making occurs greatly influence the nature of medical reasoning. Medical Reasoning is essential for those at the intersection of healthcare and philosophy.

Author : P.A. Flach,Antonis Hadjiantonis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-18
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9789401706063

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Abduction and Induction by P.A. Flach,Antonis Hadjiantonis Pdf

From the very beginning of their investigation of human reasoning, philosophers have identified two other forms of reasoning, besides deduction, which we now call abduction and induction. Deduction is now fairly well understood, but abduction and induction have eluded a similar level of understanding. The papers collected here address the relationship between abduction and induction and their possible integration. The approach is sometimes philosophical, sometimes that of pure logic, and some papers adopt the more task-oriented approach of AI. The book will command the attention of philosophers, logicians, AI researchers and computer scientists in general.

Author : Robert Nola,Howard Sankey
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2014-12-18
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317493488

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Theories of Scientific Method by Robert Nola,Howard Sankey Pdf

What is it to be scientific? Is there such a thing as scientific method? And if so, how might such methods be justified? Robert Nola and Howard Sankey seek to provide answers to these fundamental questions in their exploration of the major recent theories of scientific method. Although for many scientists their understanding of method is something they just pick up in the course of being trained, Nola and Sankey argue that it is possible to be explicit about what this tacit understanding of method is, rather than leave it as some unfathomable mystery. They robustly defend the idea that there is such a thing as scientific method and show how this might be legitimated. This book begins with the question of what methodology might mean and explores the notions of values, rules and principles, before investigating how methodologists have sought to show that our scientific methods are rational. Part 2 of this book sets out some principles of inductive method and examines its alternatives including abduction, IBE, and hypothetico-deductivism. Part 3 introduces probabilistic modes of reasoning, particularly Bayesianism in its various guises, and shows how it is able to give an account of many of the values and rules of method. Part 4 considers the ideas of philosophers who have proposed distinctive theories of method such as Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn and Feyerabend and Part 5 continues this theme by considering philosophers who have proposed naturalised theories of method such as Quine, Laudan and Rescher. This book offers readers a comprehensive introduction to the idea of scientific method and a wide-ranging discussion of how historians of science, philosophers of science and scientists have grappled with the question over the last fifty years.

Author : Constance Naden
Publisher : Legare Street Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2023-07-18
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1020649739

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Induction and Deduction by Constance Naden Pdf

First published in 1890, Induction and Deduction is a collection of essays that discuss the history and philosophy of science. Constance Naden explores the nature of scientific inquiry, and provides insights into the ways in which scientific reasoning has evolved over time. Her work continues to be of value to those seeking to better understand the relationship between science and philosophy today. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Author : Ian Hacking
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 326 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2001-07-02
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 0521775019

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An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic by Ian Hacking Pdf

An introductory 2001 textbook on probability and induction written by a foremost philosopher of science.

Author : Russell K. Schutt
Publisher : SAGE Publications
Page : 750 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2018-01-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781506361215

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Investigating the Social World by Russell K. Schutt Pdf

The author is a proud sponsor of the 2020 SAGE Keith Roberts Teaching Innovations Award—enabling graduate students and early career faculty to attend the annual ASA pre-conference teaching and learning workshop. In the Ninth Edition of his leading social research text, Russell K. Schutt, an award-winning researcher and teacher, continues to make the field come alive with current, compelling examples of high quality research and the latest innovations in research methodology, along with a clear and comprehensive introduction to the logic and techniques of social science research. Through numerous hands-on exercises that promote learning by doing, Investigating the Social World helps students to understand research methods as an integrated whole. Using examples from research on contemporary social issues, the text underscores the value of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, and the need to make ethical research decisions. Investigating the Social World develops the critical skills necessary to evaluate published research, and to carry out one’s own original research. A Complete Teaching & Learning Package SAGE Premium Video Included in the interactive eBook! SAGE Premium Video tools and resources boost comprehension and bolster analysis. Interactive eBook Includes access to multimedia tools and much more! Save when you bundle the interactive eBook with the new edition SAGE coursepacks FREE! Easily import our quality instructor and student resource content, including resources from ASA’s TRAILS, into your school’s learning management system (LMS) and save time. SAGE edge FREE online resources for students that make learning easier. SPSS Student Software Package Investigating the Social World with SAGE IBM® SPSS® Statistics v24.0 Student Version and SAVE! – Bundle ISBN: 978-1-5443-3426-4

Author : Karen Glaser
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2014-10-17
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781443870085

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Inductive or Deductive? by Karen Glaser Pdf

This book presents a longitudinal, quasi-experimental classroom study into the effects of inductive and deductive instruction on the acquisition of pragmatic competence in adult English-as-a-Foreign-Language learners. Set within the explicit teaching paradigm, it presents the first systematic analysis of the contrast between inductive and deductive teaching methods in instructional pragmatics. Two learner groups were taught about disagreement and offer refusal, and their pragmatic skills were...

Author : Aksel Tjora
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2018-08-06
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351396950

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Qualitative Research as Stepwise-Deductive Induction by Aksel Tjora Pdf

This book provides thorough guidance on various forms of data generation and analysis, presenting a model for the research process in which detailed data analysis and generalization through the development of concepts are central. Based on an inductive principle, which begins with raw data and moves towards concepts or theories through incremental deductive feedback loops, the ‘stepwise-deductive induction’ approach advanced by the author focuses on the analysis phase in research. Concentrating on creativity, structuring of analytical work, and collaborative development of generic knowledge, it seeks to enable researchers to extend their insight of a subject area without having personally to study all the data generated throughout a project. A constructive alternative to Grounded Theory, the approach advanced here is centred on qualitative research that aims at developing concepts, models, or theories on basis of a gradual paradigm to reduce complexity. As such, it will appeal to scholars and students across the social sciences with interests in methods and the analysis of qualitative data of various kinds.

Author : Ilkka Niiniluoto
Publisher : Springer
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2018-10-24
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783319991573

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Truth-Seeking by Abduction by Ilkka Niiniluoto Pdf

This book examines the philosophical conception of abductive reasoning as developed by Charles S. Peirce, the founder of American pragmatism. It explores the historical and systematic connections of Peirce's original ideas and debates about their interpretations. Abduction is understood in a broad sense which covers the discovery and pursuit of hypotheses and inference to the best explanation. The analysis presents fresh insights into this notion of reasoning, which derives from effects to causes or from surprising observations to explanatory theories. The author outlines some logical and AI approaches to abduction as well as studies various kinds of inverse problems in astronomy, physics, medicine, biology, and human sciences to provide examples of retroductions and abductions. The discussion covers also everyday examples with the implication of this notion in detective stories, one of Peirce’s own favorite themes. The author uses Bayesian probabilities to argue that explanatory abduction is a method of confirmation. He uses his own account of truth approximation to reformulate abduction as inference which leads to the truthlikeness of its conclusion. This allows a powerful abductive defense of scientific realism. This up-to-date survey and defense of the Peircean view of abduction may very well help researchers, students, and philosophers better understand the logic of truth-seeking.

Author : Hugh G. Gauch
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 458 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521017084

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Scientific Method in Practice by Hugh G. Gauch Pdf

This textbook will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the scientific method.

Author : Mark Zegarelli
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2006-11-29
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780471799412

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Logic For Dummies by Mark Zegarelli Pdf

A straightforward guide to logic concepts Logic concepts are more mainstream than you may realize. There’s logic every place you look and in almost everything you do, from deciding which shirt to buy to asking your boss for a raise, and even to watching television, where themes of such shows as CSI and Numbers incorporate a variety of logistical studies. Logic For Dummies explains a vast array of logical concepts and processes in easy-to-understand language that make everything clear to you, whether you’re a college student of a student of life. You’ll find out about: Formal Logic Syllogisms Constructing proofs and refutations Propositional and predicate logic Modal and fuzzy logic Symbolic logic Deductive and inductive reasoning Logic For Dummies tracks an introductory logic course at the college level. Concrete, real-world examples help you understand each concept you encounter, while fully worked out proofs and fun logic problems encourage you students to apply what you’ve learned.