Interpreting Health Benefits And Risks

Author : Erik Rifkin,Andrew Lazris
Publisher : Springer
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2014-11-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783319115443

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Interpreting Health Benefits and Risks by Erik Rifkin,Andrew Lazris Pdf

This timely guide to communication in patient-centered medicine argues for greater clarity in explaining health risks versus benefits of an array of screening tests, procedures, and drug regimens. It reviews the growing trend toward patients' involvement in their own care, particularly in terms of chronic conditions, and details approaches physicians can use to prepare patients (and themselves) for collaborative decision-making based on informed choices and clear, meaningful knowledge. Chapters apply this lens to a wide range of common interventions as contentious as estrogen replacement therapy and antibiotics, and as widely prescribed as the daily aspirin and the annual physical. With this goal in mind, the authors also introduce an innovative decision-making tool that translates risks and benefits into a clear graphic format for fewer chances of miscommunication or misunderstanding. Among the topics covered: Involving the patient in decision making. Towards a universal decision aid. BRCT: the Benefit/Risk Characterization Theater. Breast Cancer Screening—Mammograms. Prostate Cancer Screening. Colon cancer screening with colonoscopy. Screening for and treating dementia. Statins, cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. Physicians in family and internal medicine will find Interpreting Health Benefits and Risks: A Practical Guide to Facilitate Doctor- Patient Communication a valuable resource for communicating with patients and new possibilities for working toward their better health and health education. This book considers several common and important situations where faulty decision-making makes overtreatment a serious risk. Clear, fair, referenced, and useful information is provided. And a powerful intuitive technique is introduced which allows patient and doctor to talk as equals as they work together in the exam room. The authors emphasize that some patients who have been fully educated will still accept high risks of harm for a small chance of avoiding premature death. But as this book is accepted and its ideas and technique are extended, I feel sure that net harm to patients will be curtailed. And what is more, the integrity of the decision-making process will be improved. —Thomas Finucane, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Author : Andy Lazris,Erik Rifkin
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 131 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2021-08-13
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030745219

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Utilizing Effective Risk Communication in COVID-19 by Andy Lazris,Erik Rifkin Pdf

This book demonstrates how a novel decision-aid, called a Benefit-Risk Characterization Theater (BRCT), can be used to: · Significantly improve accurate communication of health risks from exposure to COVID-19; and · Assess how to best contain and control COVID-19. To date, there have been far-reaching ramifications based on ineffective risk communication when clarifying these health endpoints. A BRCT is a familiar, theatrical chart representation of 1,000 people, with the risks and benefits shown by blackened seats. Since health outcomes can easily be put into such a chart, we show how BRCTs can be used objectively by professionals, the media and lay people. It allows characterization and communication of health benefits and risks of COVID-19 treatment and containment in an undemanding and straightforward way. BRCTs have been successfully used to assist patients in determining: · Their level of acceptable risk of various medical interventions; · If the benefits of intervention outweigh the risks; · Who should make the final decision regarding medical intervention; and · Whether the decision is evidence-based. Written by experts in the field, this book fills in a gap in communication between the medical community, the public and patients. It also provides an area of expertise in communication that is beneficial for medical providers and medical students.

Author : Erik Rifkin,Edward Bouwer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 242 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2007-09-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780387485720

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The Illusion of Certainty by Erik Rifkin,Edward Bouwer Pdf

This book provides an understanding and appreciation of the risk assessment process and the ability to objectively interpret health risk values. Included is an explanation of the uncertainty inherent in the assessment of risks as well as an explanation of how the communication and characterization of risks can dramatically alter the perception of those risks. Case studies illustrate the strengths and limitations of characterizing certain risks. Using the accepted risk assessment paradigm proposed by the National Research Council, these case studies illustrate which risk values have merit and why other assessments fail to meet basic criteria.

Author : Andy Lazris
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 263 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2016-06-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781501703867

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Curing Medicare by Andy Lazris Pdf

Andy Lazris, MD, is a practicing primary care physician who experiences the effects of Medicare policy on a daily basis. As a result, he believes that the way we care for our elderly has taken a wrong turn and that Medicare is complicit in creating the very problems it seeks to solve. Aging is not a disease to be cured; it is a life stage to be lived. Lazris argues that aggressive treatments cannot change that fact but only get in the way and decrease quality of life. Unfortunately, Medicare’s payment structure and rules deprive the elderly of the chance to pursue less aggressive care, which often yields the most humane and effective results. Medicare encourages and will pay more readily for hospitalization than for palliative and home care. It encourages and pays for high-tech assaults on disease rather than for the primary care that can make a real difference in the lives of the elderly. Lazris offers straightforward solutions to ensure Medicare’s solvency through sensible cost-effective plans that do not restrict patient choice or negate the doctor-patient relationship. Using both data and personal stories, he shows how Medicare needs to change in structure and purpose as the population ages, the physician pool becomes more specialized, and new medical technology becomes available. Curing Medicare demonstrates which medical interventions (medicines, tests, procedures) work and which can be harmful in many common conditions in the elderly; the harms and benefits of hospitalization; the current culture of long-term care; and how Medicare often promotes care that is ineffective, expensive, and contrary to what many elderly patients and their families really want.

Author : Les Irwig
Publisher : Judy Irwig
Page : 255 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9781905140176

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Smart Health Choices by Les Irwig Pdf

Every day we make decisions about our health - some big and some small. What we eat, how we live and even where we live can affect our health. But how can we be sure that the advice we are given about these important matters is right for us? This book will provide you with the right tools for assessing health advice.

Author : Erik Rifkin,Edward Bouwer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2007-09-14
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 0387751653

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The Illusion of Certainty by Erik Rifkin,Edward Bouwer Pdf

This book provides an understanding and appreciation of the risk assessment process and the ability to objectively interpret health risk values. Included is an explanation of the uncertainty inherent in the assessment of risks as well as an explanation of how the communication and characterization of risks can dramatically alter the perception of those risks. Case studies illustrate the strengths and limitations of characterizing certain risks. Using the accepted risk assessment paradigm proposed by the National Research Council, these case studies illustrate which risk values have merit and why other assessments fail to meet basic criteria.

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Clinical Research Involving Children
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 445 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2004-07-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309133388

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Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research Involving Children by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Clinical Research Involving Children Pdf

In recent decades, advances in biomedical research have helped save or lengthen the lives of children around the world. With improved therapies, child and adolescent mortality rates have decreased significantly in the last half century. Despite these advances, pediatricians and others argue that children have not shared equally with adults in biomedical advances. Even though we want children to benefit from the dramatic and accelerating rate of progress in medical care that has been fueled by scientific research, we do not want to place children at risk of being harmed by participating in clinical studies. Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research Involving Children considers the necessities and challenges of this type of research and reviews the ethical and legal standards for conducting it. It also considers problems with the interpretation and application of these standards and conduct, concluding that while children should not be excluded from potentially beneficial clinical studies, some research that is ethically permissible for adults is not acceptable for children, who usually do not have the legal capacity or maturity to make informed decisions about research participation. The book looks at the need for appropriate pediatric expertise at all stages of the design, review, and conduct of a research project to effectively implement policies to protect children. It argues persuasively that a robust system for protecting human research participants in general is a necessary foundation for protecting child research participants in particular.

Author : David A. Savitz
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2003-06-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780190283100

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Interpreting Epidemiologic Evidence by David A. Savitz Pdf

Evaluating the strength or persuasiveness of epidemiologic evidence is inherently challenging, both for those new to the field and for experienced researchers. There are a myriad of potential biases to consider, but little guidance about how to asses the likely impact on study results. This book offers a strategy for assessing epidemiologic research findings, explicitly describing the goals and products of epidemiologic research in order to better evaluate it successes and limitations. The focus throughout is on practical tools for making optimal use of available data to assess whether hypothesized biases are operative and to anticipate concerns at the point of study design in order to ensure that needed information is generated. Specific tools for assessing the presence and impact of selection bias in both cohort and case-control studies, bias from non-response, confounding, exposure measurement error, disease measurement error, and random error are identified and evaluated. The potential value of each approach as well as its limitations are discussed, using examples from the published literature. Such information should help those who generate and interpret epidemiologic research to apply methodological principles more effectively to substantive issues, leading to a more accurate appraisal of the current evidence and greater clarity about research needs.

Author : Dilip Ghosh,Shantanu Das,Debasis Bagchi,R.B. Smarta
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 616 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2016-04-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781439862698

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Innovation in Healthy and Functional Foods by Dilip Ghosh,Shantanu Das,Debasis Bagchi,R.B. Smarta Pdf

The focus of food science and technology has shifted from previous goals of improving food safety and enhancing food taste toward providing healthy and functional foods. Today's consumers desire foods that go beyond basic nutrition-foods capable of promoting better health, or even playing a disease-prevention role. To meet this need for innovation,

Author : Jessica Webster,Caroline Sanders,Susan Ricci,Theresa Kyle,Susan Carmen
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Page : 3845 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2019-08-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781975102067

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Canadian Maternity and Pediatric Nursing by Jessica Webster,Caroline Sanders,Susan Ricci,Theresa Kyle,Susan Carmen Pdf

Canadian Maternity and Pediatric Nursing prepares your students for safe and effective maternity and pediatric nursing practice. The content provides the student with essential information to care for women and their families, to assist them to make the right choices safely, intelligently, and with confidence.

Author : Eric G. Reichard,Fred S. Hauchman,Ana María Sancha F.
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Drinking water
ISBN : 1901502112

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Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Drinking Water Risk Assessment and Management by Eric G. Reichard,Fred S. Hauchman,Ana María Sancha F. Pdf

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction Benefits from Decreasing Tropospheric Ozone Exposure
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2008-07-21
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309177856

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Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction Benefits from Decreasing Tropospheric Ozone Exposure Pdf

In light of recent evidence on the relationship of ozone to mortality and questions about its implications for benefit analysis, the Environmental Protection Agency asked the National Research Council to establish a committee of experts to evaluate independently the contributions of recent epidemiologic studies to understanding the size of the ozone-mortality effect in the context of benefit analysis. The committee was also asked to assess methods for estimating how much a reduction in short-term exposure to ozone would reduce premature deaths, to assess methods for estimating associated increases in life expectancy, and to assess methods for estimating the monetary value of the reduced risk of premature death and increased life expectancy in the context of health-benefits analysis. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution details the committee's findings and posits several recommendations to address these issues.

Author : Thomas W. Carter
Publisher : Nova Publishers
Page : 146 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1594547610

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Safe Drinking Water Act and Its Interpretation by Thomas W. Carter Pdf

Key drinking water issues include problems caused by specific contaminants, such as the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), perchlorate, and lead, as well as the related issue of the appropriate federal role in providing financial assistance for water infrastructure projects. Congress last reauthorised the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1996, and although funding authority for most SDWA programs expired in FY2003, broad reauthorization efforts are not expected as EPA, states, and water utilities remain busy implementing the requirements of the 1996 amendments. Concerns about perchlorate in drinking water also have returned to the congressional agenda, after the past Congress enacted several provisions on this issue. H.R. 213 has been introduced to require EPA to set a drinking water standard for perchlorate in 2007, and a January 2005 National Academy of Sciences report on the health effects of perchlorate has increased oversight interest in perchlorate regulatory activities at EPA. Concerns over the security of the nation's drinking water supplies were addressed by the 107th Congress through the Bioterrorism Preparedness Act (P.L. 107-188), which amended SDWA to require community water systems to conduct vulnerability assessments and prepare emergency response plans. Subsequent congressional action has involved oversight and funding of water security assessment and planning efforts and research. An ongoing SDWA issue involves the growing cost and complexity of drinking water standards and the ability of water systems, especially small, rural systems, to comply with standards. The issue of the cost of drinking water standards, particularly the new arsenic standard, has merged with the larger debate over the federal role in assisting communities with financing drinking water infrastructure - an issue that has become more challenging in a time of tightened budgets. Congress authorized a drinking water state revolving fund (DWSRF) program in 1996 to help communities finance projects needed to meet standards. For FY2005, Congress provided $843 million for the DWSRF program, and the President has requested $850 million for FY2006. Notwithstanding this program, studies show that a large funding gap exists and will grow as SDWA requirements increase and infrastructure ages.

Author : Filip Mussen,Sam Salek,Stuart Walker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2009-08-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780470748121

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Benefit-Risk Appraisal of Medicines by Filip Mussen,Sam Salek,Stuart Walker Pdf

Benefit-risk assessment is at the centre of the approval process for every new medicine. The ability to assess the risks of a new medicine accurately and to balance these against the benefits the medicine could bring is critical for every regulatory authority and pharmaceutical company. Despite this there are very few tried and tested evaluative models currently available. The authors of this book have developed a new, pioneering tool for the assessment of benefits and risks for new medicines in development. This model utilises a multi-criteria decision analysis which involves selecting, scoring and weighting key benefit and risk attributes and leads to an overall appraisal of benefits and risks of medicines. Benefit-Risk Appraisal of Medicines establishes the background and criteria required to assess benefit and risk in general and reviews the current practices by regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry, including those models currently available. It outlines the development and evaluation of the authors’ new model and analyses the implications of its implementation. Describes an innovative, systematic model which leads to transparent and responsible benefit-risk decision making Contributes important ideas to the debate on benefit-risk appraisal Provides a future framework for benefit-risk appraisal of medicines Benefit-Risk Appraisal of Medicines covers the entire process from the discovery of new medicines to their marketing and is ideal for all those who work in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authorities,, as well as post-graduate students of pharmaceutical medicine and clinical pharmacology.

Author : Dianne Berry
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2004-05-16
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780335224265

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Risk, Communication & Health Psychology by Dianne Berry Pdf

"...this text...will become a reference for years to come." Health Expectations This is the first book to clearly assess the increasingly important area of communication of risk in the health sector. We are moving away from the days when paternalistic doctors managed healthcare without involving patients in decision making. With the current emphasis on patient empowerment and shared decision making, patients want and need reliable, comprehensive and understandable information about their conditions and treatment. In order to make informed decisions, the people concerned must understand the risks and benefits associated with possible treatments. But the challenge for health professionals is how best to communicate this complex medical information to diverse audiences. The book examines: Risk: defining and explaining how the term is used by different disciplines, how its meanings have changed over time and how the general public understand it Health communication and the effects on health behaviours Effective risk communication to individuals and the wider public Effectiveness of patient information leaflets, and strategies for improving oral and written health communications The cognitive and emotional issues at stake for patients in understanding risk and health information The use of new technologies in risk and health communication Ethical issues, and the future of risk communication Using examples from disciplines including psychology, sociology, health, medicine, pharmacy, statistics and business and management, this book is key reading for students who need to understand the effect of risk in health psychology as well as for health professionals interested in doctor-patient communication, informed consent and patient welfare.