Language As A Scientific Tool

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Language as a Scientific Tool

Miles MacLeod,Rocío G. Sumillera,Jan Surman,Ekaterina Smirnova
Language as a Scientific Tool Book PDF

Author : Miles MacLeod,Rocío G. Sumillera,Jan Surman,Ekaterina Smirnova
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-29
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317327509

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Language as a Scientific Tool by Miles MacLeod,Rocío G. Sumillera,Jan Surman,Ekaterina Smirnova Pdf

Language is the most essential medium of scientific activity. Many historians, sociologists and science studies scholars have investigated scientific language for this reason, but only few have examined those cases where language itself has become an object of scientific discussion. Over the centuries scientists have sought to control, refine and engineer language for various epistemological, communicative and nationalistic purposes. This book seeks to explore cases in the history of science in which questions or concerns with language have bubbled to the surface in scientific discourse. This opens a window into the particular ways in which scientists have conceived of and construed language as the central medium of their activity across different cultural contexts and places, and the clashes and tensions that have manifested their many attempts to engineer it to both preserve and enrich its function. The subject of language draws out many topics that have mostly been neglected in the history of science, such as the connection between the emergence of national languages and the development of science within national settings, and allows us to connect together historical episodes from many understudied cultural and linguistic venues such as Eastern European and medieval Hebrew science.

Language as a Scientific Tool

Miles MacLeod
Language as a Scientific Tool Book PDF

Author : Miles MacLeod
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : History
ISBN : 1315657252

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Language as a Scientific Tool by Miles MacLeod Pdf

Language is the most essential medium of scientific activity. Many historians, sociologists and science studies scholars have investigated scientific language for this reason, but only few have examined those cases where language itself has become an object of scientific discussion. Over the centuries scientists have sought to control, refine and engineer language for various epistemological, communicative and nationalistic purposes. This book seeks to explore cases in the history of science in which questions or concerns with language have bubbled to the surface in scientific discourse. This opens a window into the particular ways in which scientists have conceived of and construed language as the central medium of their activity across different cultural contexts and places, and the clashes and tensions that have manifested their many attempts to engineer it to both preserve and enrich its function. The subject of language draws out many topics that have mostly been neglected in the history of science, such as the connection between the emergence of national languages and the development of science within national settings, and allows us to connect together historical episodes from many understudied cultural and linguistic venues such as Eastern European and medieval Hebrew science.

Language

Daniel Everett
Language Book PDF

Author : Daniel Everett
Publisher : Profile Books
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2012-03-22
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781847654151

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Language by Daniel Everett Pdf

Like other tools, language was invented, can be reinvented or lost, and shows significant variation across cultures. It's as essential to survival as fire - and, like fire, is found in all human societies. Language presents the bold and controversial idea that language is not an innate component of the brain, as has been famously argued by Chomsky and Pinker. Rather, it's a cultural tool which varies much more across different societies than the innateness view suggests. Fusing adventure, anthropology, linguistics and psychology, and drawing on Everett's pioneering research with the Amazonian Pirahs, Language argues that language is embedded within - and is inseparable from - its specific culture. This book is like a fire that will generate much light. And much heat.

Language

Daniel L. Everett
Language Book PDF

Author : Daniel L. Everett
Publisher : Vintage
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2012-03-13
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780307907028

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Language by Daniel L. Everett Pdf

A bold and provocative study that presents language not as an innate component of the brain—as most linguists do—but as an essential tool unique to each culture worldwide. For years, the prevailing opinion among academics has been that language is embedded in our genes, existing as an innate and instinctual part of us. But linguist Daniel Everett argues that, like other tools, language was invented by humans and can be reinvented or lost. He shows how the evolution of different language forms—that is, different grammar—reflects how language is influenced by human societies and experiences, and how it expresses their great variety. For example, the Amazonian Pirahã put words together in ways that violate our long-held under-standing of how language works, and Pirahã grammar expresses complex ideas very differently than English grammar does. Drawing on the Wari’ language of Brazil, Everett explains that speakers of all languages, in constructing their stories, omit things that all members of the culture understand. In addition, Everett discusses how some cultures can get by without words for numbers or counting, without verbs for “to say” or “to give,” illustrating how the very nature of what’s important in a language is culturally determined. Combining anthropology, primatology, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and his own pioneering—and adventurous—research with the Amazonian Pirahã, and using insights from many different languages and cultures, Everett gives us an unprecedented elucidation of this society-defined nature of language. In doing so, he also gives us a new understanding of how we think and who we are.

Strategy Tools as Symbolic Objects in Managerial Language Games

Dragan Djurić
Strategy Tools as Symbolic Objects in Managerial Language Games Book PDF

Author : Dragan Djurić
Publisher : Springer
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2015-04-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783658096656

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Strategy Tools as Symbolic Objects in Managerial Language Games by Dragan Djurić Pdf

Dragan Djurić looks at strategy tools from a process-ontological worldview as proposed by the Process Organization Studies discourse. Building on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy he understands science and management as language games thereby developing a view of strategy tools as objects with both an ontological and a symbolic function. This perspective is contrasted with the traditional understanding of strategy tools as ‘technologies of rationality’ as well as with the practice-based view of strategy tools as ‘boundary objects’.

Recent Tools for Computer- and Mobile-Assisted Foreign Language Learning

Andujar, Alberto
Recent Tools for Computer and Mobile Assisted Foreign Language Learning Book PDF

Author : Andujar, Alberto
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 378 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2019-10-25
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781799810995

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Recent Tools for Computer- and Mobile-Assisted Foreign Language Learning by Andujar, Alberto Pdf

The use of technological tools to foster language development has led to advances in language methodologies and changed the approach towards language instruction. The tendency towards developing more autonomous learners has emphasized the need for technological tools that could contribute to this shift in foreign language learning. Computer-assisted language learning and mobile-assisted language learning have greatly collaborated to foster language instruction out of the classroom environment, offering possibilities for distance learning and expanding in-class time. Recent Tools for Computer- and Mobile-Assisted Foreign Language Learning is a scholarly research book that explores current strategies for foreign language learning through the use of technology and introduces new technological tools and evaluates existing ones that foster language development. Highlighting a wide array of topics such as gamification, mobile technologies, and virtual reality, this book is essential for language educators, educational software developers, IT consultants, K-20 institutions, principals, professionals, academicians, researchers, curriculum designers, and students.

Language vs. Reality

N.J. Enfield
Language vs Reality Book PDF

Author : N.J. Enfield
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 309 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2022-03-29
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780262046619

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Language vs. Reality by N.J. Enfield Pdf

A fascinating examination of how we are both played by language and made by language: the science underlying the bugs and features of humankind’s greatest invention. Language is said to be humankind’s greatest accomplishment. But what is language actually good for? It performs poorly at representing reality. It is a constant source of distraction, misdirection, and overshadowing. In fact, N. J. Enfield notes, language is far better at persuasion than it is at objectively capturing the facts of experience. Language cannot create or change physical reality, but it can do the next best thing: reframe and invert our view of the world. In Language vs. Reality, Enfield explains why language is bad for scientists (who are bound by reality) but good for lawyers (who want to win their cases), why it can be dangerous when it falls into the wrong hands, and why it deserves our deepest respect. Enfield offers a lively exploration of the science underlying the bugs and features of language. He examines the tenuous relationship between language and reality; details the array of effects language has on our memory, attention, and reasoning; and describes how these varied effects power narratives and storytelling as well as political spin and conspiracy theories. Why should we care what language is good for? Enfield, who has spent twenty years at the cutting edge of language research, argues that understanding how language works is crucial to tackling our most pressing challenges, including human cognitive bias, media spin, the “post-truth” problem, persuasion, the role of words in our thinking, and much more.

How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention

Daniel L. Everett
How Language Began The Story of Humanity s Greatest Invention Book PDF

Author : Daniel L. Everett
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2017-11-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780871404770

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How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention by Daniel L. Everett Pdf

How Language Began revolutionizes our understanding of the one tool that has allowed us to become the "lords of the planet." Mankind has a distinct advantage over other terrestrial species: we talk to one another. But how did we acquire the most advanced form of communication on Earth? Daniel L. Everett, a “bombshell” linguist and “instant folk hero” (Tom Wolfe, Harper’s), provides in this sweeping history a comprehensive examination of the evolutionary story of language, from the earliest speaking attempts by hominids to the more than seven thousand languages that exist today. Although fossil hunters and linguists have brought us closer to unearthing the true origins of language, Daniel Everett’s discoveries have upended the contemporary linguistic world, reverberating far beyond academic circles. While conducting field research in the Amazonian rainforest, Everett came across an age-old language nestled amongst a tribe of hunter-gatherers. Challenging long-standing principles in the field, Everett now builds on the theory that language was not intrinsic to our species. In order to truly understand its origins, a more interdisciplinary approach is needed—one that accounts as much for our propensity for culture as it does our biological makeup. Language began, Everett theorizes, with Homo Erectus, who catalyzed words through culturally invented symbols. Early humans, as their brains grew larger, incorporated gestures and voice intonations to communicate, all of which built on each other for 60,000 generations. Tracing crucial shifts and developments across the ages, Everett breaks down every component of speech, from harnessing control of more than a hundred respiratory muscles in the larynx and diaphragm, to mastering the use of the tongue. Moving on from biology to execution, Everett explores why elements such as grammar and storytelling are not nearly as critical to language as one might suspect. In the book’s final section, Cultural Evolution of Language, Everett takes the ever-debated “language gap” to task, delving into the chasm that separates “us” from “the animals.” He approaches the subject from various disciplines, including anthropology, neuroscience, and archaeology, to reveal that it was social complexity, as well as cultural, physiological, and neurological superiority, that allowed humans—with our clawless hands, breakable bones, and soft skin—to become the apex predator. How Language Began ultimately explains what we know, what we’d like to know, and what we likely never will know about how humans went from mere communication to language. Based on nearly forty years of fieldwork, Everett debunks long-held theories by some of history’s greatest thinkers, from Plato to Chomsky. The result is an invaluable study of what makes us human.

Changing Minds Changing Tools

Vsevolod Kapatsinski
Changing Minds Changing Tools Book PDF

Author : Vsevolod Kapatsinski
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2018-07-24
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262037860

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Changing Minds Changing Tools by Vsevolod Kapatsinski Pdf

A book that uses domain-general learning theory to explain recurrent trajectories of language change. In this book, Vsevolod Kapatsinski argues that language acquisition—often approached as an isolated domain, subject to its own laws and mechanisms—is simply learning, subject to the same laws as learning in other domains and well described by associative models. Synthesizing research in domain-general learning theory as it relates to language acquisition, Kapatsinski argues that the way minds change as a result of experience can help explain how languages change over time and can predict the likely directions of language change—which in turn predicts what kinds of structures we find in the languages of the world. What we know about how we learn (the core question of learning theory) can help us understand why languages are the way they are (the core question of theoretical linguistics). Taking a dynamic, usage-based perspective, Kapatsinski focuses on diachronic universals, recurrent pathways of language change, rather than synchronic universals, properties that all languages share. Topics include associative approaches to learning and the neural implementation of the proposed mechanisms; selective attention; units of language; a comparison of associative and Bayesian approaches to learning; representation in the mind of visual and auditory experience; the production of new words and new forms of words; and automatization of repeated action sequences. This approach brings us closer to understanding why languages are the way they are, Kapatsinski contends, than approaches premised on innate knowledge of language universals and the language acquisition device.

Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution

Kathleen R. Gibson,Kathleen Rita Gibson,Tim Ingold
Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Book PDF

Author : Kathleen R. Gibson,Kathleen Rita Gibson,Tim Ingold
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 506 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Computers
ISBN : 052148541X

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Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution by Kathleen R. Gibson,Kathleen Rita Gibson,Tim Ingold Pdf

Looks at how humans have evolved complex behaviours such as language and culture.

Natural Language Processing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Management Association, Information Resources
Natural Language Processing Concepts Methodologies Tools and Applications Book PDF

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 1704 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2019-11-01
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781799809524

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Natural Language Processing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by Management Association, Information Resources Pdf

As technology continues to become more sophisticated, a computer’s ability to understand, interpret, and manipulate natural language is also accelerating. Persistent research in the field of natural language processing enables an understanding of the world around us, in addition to opportunities for manmade computing to mirror natural language processes that have existed for centuries. Natural Language Processing: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source on the latest concepts, processes, and techniques for communication between computers and humans. Highlighting a range of topics such as machine learning, computational linguistics, and semantic analysis, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for computer engineers, computer and software developers, IT professionals, academicians, researchers, and upper-level students seeking current research on the latest trends in the field of natural language processing.

The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management

Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker,Bradley McDonnell,Eve Koller,Lauren B. Collister
The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management Book PDF

Author : Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker,Bradley McDonnell,Eve Koller,Lauren B. Collister
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 687 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2022-01-18
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9780262045261

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The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management by Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker,Bradley McDonnell,Eve Koller,Lauren B. Collister Pdf

A guide to principles and methods for the management, archiving, sharing, and citing of linguistic research data, especially digital data. "Doing language science" depends on collecting, transcribing, annotating, analyzing, storing, and sharing linguistic research data. This volume offers a guide to linguistic data management, engaging with current trends toward the transformation of linguistics into a more data-driven and reproducible scientific endeavor. It offers both principles and methods, presenting the conceptual foundations of linguistic data management and a series of case studies, each of which demonstrates a concrete application of abstract principles in a current practice. In part 1, contributors bring together knowledge from information science, archiving, and data stewardship relevant to linguistic data management. Topics covered include implementation principles, archiving data, finding and using datasets, and the valuation of time and effort involved in data management. Part 2 presents snapshots of practices across various subfields, with each chapter presenting a unique data management project with generalizable guidance for researchers. The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management is an essential addition to the toolkit of every linguist, guiding researchers toward making their data FAIR: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable.

Semantics and Cultural Change in the British Enlightenment: New Words and Old

Carey McIntosh
Semantics and Cultural Change in the British Enlightenment New Words and Old Book PDF

Author : Carey McIntosh
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2020-05-18
Category : History
ISBN : 9789004430631

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Semantics and Cultural Change in the British Enlightenment: New Words and Old by Carey McIntosh Pdf

A study of English semantics during the Enlightenment. New words 1650–1800 reflect the new middle-class culture of sociability, commerce, and science. Old mostly obsolete words illuminate the realities of working-class life, exhausting labor, dirt, outrageous sexism, magic, horses, bizarre food.

Cutting-Edge Language and Literacy Tools for Students on the Autism Spectrum

Beals, Katharine P.
Cutting Edge Language and Literacy Tools for Students on the Autism Spectrum Book PDF

Author : Beals, Katharine P.
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2022-06-24
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781799894445

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Cutting-Edge Language and Literacy Tools for Students on the Autism Spectrum by Beals, Katharine P. Pdf

Providing all students, particularly those with learning disabilities, with the skills necessary to succeed in school and, by extension, the real world is vital in today’s educational landscape. Due to this need, innovative language and literacy tools have been developed to support these students in their learning endeavors and ensure they are receiving the best education possible. Cutting-Edge Language and Literacy Tools for Students on the Autism Spectrum covers the root causes of the language and learning challenges in autism, their consequences for language acquisition and literacy, and a variety of tools and strategies for addressing them, from teaching technologies to assistive technologies. Drawing on what the most current evidence shows about the nature of autism and which therapies and technologies are most successful, the book reviews the efficacy of existing language therapies, literacy strategies, and assistive technologies. Covering topics such as speech deficits, language learning, comprehension, and assistive communication tools, this reference work is ideal for clinicians, behavioral specialists, speech-language pathologists, special educators, researchers, academicians, practitioners, scholars, educators, and students.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Management Association, Information Resources
Computer Assisted Language Learning Concepts Methodologies Tools and Applications Book PDF

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 2194 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2019-01-04
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781522576648

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Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by Management Association, Information Resources Pdf

In a diverse society, the ability to cross communication barriers is critical to the success of any individual personally, professionally, and academically. With the constant acceleration of course programs and technology, educators are continually being challenged to develop and implement creative methods for engaging English-speaking and non-English-speaking learners. Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that examines the relationship between language education and technology and the potential for curriculum enhancements through the use of mobile technologies, flipped instruction, and language-learning software. This multi-volume book is geared toward educators, researchers, academics, linguists, and upper-level students seeking relevant research on the improvement of language education through the use of technology.