Law And Regulation Of Commercial Mining Of Minerals In Outer Space
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Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space by Ricky Lee Pdf
This monograph addresses the legal and policy issues relating to the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. It begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required, followed by a risk analysis of a commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such projects to be financed. This is followed by a discussion of the principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the common heritage of mankind doctrine. The monograph then attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise to create a new regulatory regime.
Space Mining and Its Regulation by Ram S. Jakhu,Joseph N. Pelton,Yaw Otu Mankata Nyampong Pdf
This book addresses the complex technical challenges presented by remote space mining in terms of robotics, remote power systems, space transport, IT and communications systems, and more. It also addresses the difficult oversight and regulatory issues that face states and non-state enterprises that would take on the perilous task of obtaining natural resources from the Moon and asteroids. An increasing number of countries are becoming involved in space-related activities that were previously carried out primarily by the United States and the USSR (now the Russian Federation). How these regulatory endeavors might be handled in international treaties, standards, codes of conduct or other means have become a truly international political issue. And there is yet another issue. In the past, space activities traditionally fell under the exclusive domain of government. But the last few years have seen the emergence of the private sector of "space entrepreneurs." This poses many challenges for the pre-existing governance regimes and state-based conceptions of international law. This book examines the adequacies and ambiguities in treaty provisions and national laws and in currently accepted practices involving the growing exploration and exploitation of space-based natural resources.
Space Resource Utilization: A View from an Emerging Space Faring Nation by Annette Froehlich Pdf
The book speaks to the need for a regulatory framework with regards to space resource utilization. In doing so, significant elements of the subject matter have been explored, taking into account the different phases of a space mission and the perspectives of the various actors and participants in the space arena. The book tackles the subject matter from a number of angles. An analysis of the current national and international governance frameworks is performed, with regards to resource extraction and utilization in space. The view of established and emerging space nations is analyzed next, specifically with extraction and utilization in mind, and in light of the new United State (US) Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (CSLCA) of 2015. A brief analysis of the various budgets allocated to space exploration is given.
Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space by Ricky Lee Pdf
This monograph addresses the legal and policy issues relating to the commercial exploitation of natural resources in outer space. It begins by establishing the economic necessity and technical feasibility of space mining today, an estimate of the financial commitments required, followed by a risk analysis of a commercial mining venture in space, identifying the economic and legal risks. This leads to the recognition that the legal risks must be minimised to enable such projects to be financed. This is followed by a discussion of the principles of international space law, particularly dealing with state responsibility and international liability, as well as some of the issues arising from space mining activities. Much detail is devoted to the analysis of the content of the common heritage of mankind doctrine. The monograph then attempts to balance such interests in creating a legal and policy compromise to create a new regulatory regime.
U. S. Interpretation of International Space Policies Regarding Commercial Resource Acquisitions - Evolving Space Laws and Treaties, Legalizing Commercial Space Mining on the Moon and Asteroids by U. S. Military,Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Government Pdf
Within the next 5 to 10 years commercial corporations will begin exploratory mining operations on asteroids orbiting the earth. While this is a huge leap forward in human development and technological advancement, current national regulation and law providing mining rights in space do not exist. International treaties and recognized space law, in regards to commercial collection and exploitation of resources, is vague and leaves a great deal to interpretation. The purpose of this comparative case study is to determine how the US interprets what is known as 'Common Access Areas, ' or those areas outside of national jurisdictional authority, in regards to commercial mining operations. The study is meant to identify if legal precedent exists in similar areas that will either allow the U.S. to continue commercial mining in space without international clarification, or if precedent indicates that international accord must met. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION * Overview * Primary Research Question * Secondary Research Questions * Assumptions * Definitions * Limitations * Delimitations * Conclusion * CHAPTER 2 TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE: A LOOK INTO THE CONTINUATION OF EVOLVING SPACE LAW * Common vs Civil Law: Discrepancies within the International Law Framework * Common Law Tradition * Civil Law Tradition * The Need for Analogies in Developing International Law * Foundations of Space Law * Law of the Sea and UNCLOS * Antarctic Treaty * Current Space Laws * National Space Laws * International Space Treaties * Treaty on Principles Governing Activities of States * Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts * Convention on International Liability * Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies * Why Space Mining * Proposed Laws * CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * Preliminary Steps in Research Design * Knowledge Claims * Strategy * Qualitative, Quantitative, or Mixed Methods Approach * Design * Data Collection Methods * Data Analysis Methods * Fact * Theory * CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS REGARDING U.S. PRECEDENCE OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES WITHIN AREAS OF COMMON ACCESS * Presentation of Analysis: Survey Demographics * Common Heritage of Mankind, Similar Principles, and What Has Been Adopted by the U.S. * Secondary Research Question 1 * Facts * Theory * U.S. Actions Establishing, or Denying, Precedence for the Allowance of Space Mining * Secondary Research Question 2 * Facts * The High Seas * Antarctica * Space * Theory * High Seas * Space * Secondary Research Question 3 * Fact * Theory * The ASTEROIDS Act * Secondary Research Question 4 * Possible International Response to U.S. Pursuance of Legalizing Commercial Space Mining * Secondary Research Question 5 * Fact * Theory * Summary * CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS * Interpretation of Results * Common Heritage of Mankind, Similar Principles, and What Has Been Adopted by the U.S. * U.S. Actions Establishing, or Denying, Precedence for the Allowance of Space Mining * High Seas * Antarctica * Section Summary * The ASTEROIDS Act and What It Does, and Does Not, Do * International Response to U.S. Pursuance of Legalizing Commercial Space Mining * Areas for Further Study * Conclusion
The thawing Antarctic continent offers living space and marine and mineral resources that were previously inaccessible. This book discusses how revisiting the Antarctic Treaty System and dividing up the continent preemptively could spare the world serious conflict. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements—collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)—regulate the seventh continent, which is the only continent without a native human population. The main treaty within the ATS came into force in 1961 and suspended all territorial claims in Antarctica. The Antarctic Environmental Protocol followed in 1998 and prohibited any minerals exploitation in the continent. With this prohibition up for review in 2048, this book asks whether the Antarctic Treaty can continue to protect Antarctica. Doaa Abdel-Motaal—an expert on environmental issues who has traveled through the Arctic and Antarctic—explains that the international community must urgently turn its attention to examining how to divide up the thawing continent in a peaceful manner. She discusses why the Antarctic Treaty is unlikely to be an adequate measure in the face of international competition for invaluable resources in the 21st century. She argues that factors such as global warming, the growth in climate refugees that the world is about to witness, and the increasingly critical quest for energy resources will make the Antarctic continent a highly sought-after objective. Readers will come to appreciate that what has likely protected Antarctica so far was not the Antarctic Treaty but the continent's harsh climate and isolation. With Antarctica potentially becoming habitable only a few decades from now, revisiting the Antarctic Treaty in favor of an orderly division of the continent is likely to be the best plan for avoiding costly conflict.
The Space Race was a rivalry of the twentieth century between two great Super Powers in the Cold War, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA), aimed at achieving the highest positions in space flight capabilities. It derives from the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race that followed the Second World War. The technological advantage needed to quickly achieve milestones in space flight was considered essential for national security and combined with the symbolism and ideology to time. The Space Race led to pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes to the Moon, Venus and Mars, and human space flights in low Earth orbit and the Moon.
The Exploitation of Natural Resources of the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies by Fabio Tronchetti Pdf
The purpose of this book is to propose a legal regime to govern the exploitation of natural resources of the moon and other celestial bodies. Considering, on the one side, the interest shown by states and private operators to extract and use extraterrestrial natural resources and, on the other, the absence of specific rules dealing with such an option, the establishment of a legal framework to regulate the exploitation of natural resources of the moon and other celestial bodies is needed so as to ensure its peaceful, safe and orderly development.
The Conquest of Space by Vasil Teigens,Peter Skalfist,Daniel Mikelsten Pdf
Although its roots lie in early rocket technologies and the international tensions that followed World War II, the space race began after the Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. The space race became an important part of the cultural and technological rivalry between the USSR and the United States during the Cold War. Modern space exploration is reaching unbelievable areas. Mars is the focal point of space exploration. In the long term, there are tentative plans for manned orbital and landing missions to the Moon and Mars, establishing scientific outposts that will then give way to permanent and self-sufficient settlements. Additional exploration will potentially involve expeditions and settlements on other planets and their moons, as well as the establishment of mining and fueling outposts, particularly in the asteroid belt. Physical exploration outside the solar system will be robotic in the foreseeable future.
International Space Law and Space Laws of the United States by Mirmina, Steve,Schenewerk, Caryn Pdf
International Space Law and Space Laws of the United States provides helpful practice tips for representing clients and doing business in today's commercial space industry, as well as important coverage of the essentials of Space Law. Each chapter explores a nuanced space law issue and concludes with review questions. Written by two Georgetown Space Law professors who are also Space Law practitioners, this book is valuable for students of Space Law as well as practitioners.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production Publisher : Unknown Page : 376 pages File Size : 41,7 Mb Release : 1989 Category : Mines and mineral resources ISBN : LOC:00018410904
Mining Laws of 1872 and 1989 by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Mineral Resources Development and Production Pdf
Originally published in 1987, John D. Leshy presents this scholarly study of the 1872 Mining Law as a legal treatise and history of mining in the West from the point of view of mineral exploration and production. This mining law governed the United States mining practice yet had never been changed. The Mining Law attempts to highlight the role of policy and government as well as the more obscure elements of the law which complicated mining practice in the eighties. This title will be of interest to students of Environmental Studies and policy makers.
Outer Space: Law, Policy and Governance by Anonim Pdf
In the wake of the euphoria consequent to the Soviet space forays and the US landing on the moon, innovative space law evolved rather rapidly in just two decades and then came a stalemate. In this hasty growth of nascent space law, some gaps remained, some inadvertently due to lack of vision and some deliberately, due to lack of consensus or because half-baked concepts remained pending till the achievement of a better understanding of space phenomena or development of supportive technology. These issues have since started jumping to centre-stage and this book falls in this niche of deficiencies. A few challenges and unresolved contingencies that stare us in the face, needing to be addressed suitably, are space jurisprudence in jus cogens of space law, pointers on policy issues for India, hesitancy to incorporate international cooperation in domestic space statutes, futility of reiteration of the Convention Law in International Codes of Conduct as soft law adjuncts, absence of a legal regimen governing mining on asteroids by private enterprises, explication of the concept of Common Heritage of Mankind and modalities for sharing of benefits between nations, procedure for nomination of an astronaut as an envoy of mankind in space by name or designation to avoid confusion in the eventuality of multiple astronauts of multiple nationalities, all being at one place at the same time, et al. This book is a modest effort to help resolve issues in that direction.
Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy by Günter Tiess,Tapan Majumder,Peter Cameron Pdf
This Encyclopedia provides a cutting-edge, up-to-date reference source on mineral and energy policies around the world. It offers information on GDP, population, investment scenarios and current environmental regulations in over one hundred thirty countries from 13 geographic regions around the world. It covers topics such as geo-conservation, deep mining technology as well as rare earth, green technology and international organizations that are actively involved in minerals and energy through exploration, arbitration, marketing and investment. Topical entries are presented alphabetically with extensive cross-referencing to ensure user-friendly reading. This Encyclopedia presents the work of more than 20 section editors and more than 100 international experts in the fields of mineral and energy policies. It is designed as a essential resource for researchers, students, libraries, industry, governments, and international organizations and presents a wealth of insights and guidance for corporate planning regarding exploration and financial investments, as well as for venture capitalist and international funding bodies. As such, it provides an indispensable point of reference for future research on mineral and energy policy.