Learning Causality In A Complex World

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Learning Causality in a Complex World

Tina A. Grotzer
Learning Causality in a Complex World Book PDF

Author : Tina A. Grotzer
Publisher : R&L Education
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2012-06-28
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781610488655

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Learning Causality in a Complex World by Tina A. Grotzer Pdf

What do children’s interactions on the playground have to do with foreign policy? How does science understanding in middle school relate to environmental disasters in third world countries? The causal patterns that we detect and how we act upon them pervade every aspect of our lives. These skills will only become more important in the future as our world becomes more global and more interconnected. Yet we aren’t very skilled at thinking about causality. Research shows that instead we rely on limiting default assumptions that can lead to poor choices in a complex world. What can we do about it? This book offers ways to become aware of these patterns and to reframe our thinking to become more effective learners and citizens of the world. Through examples and accessible explanations, it offers a causal curriculum to enable more effective learning so that we can put the power of better causal understanding to work for ourselves and the next generation— for today and tomorrow.

Generative Complexity in a Complex Generative World

Ton Jörg
Generative Complexity in a Complex Generative World Book PDF

Author : Ton Jörg
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2021-11-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030904098

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Generative Complexity in a Complex Generative World by Ton Jörg Pdf

This book introduces a refreshing approach to twenty-first-century scientific approach in an age, which is also known as the Century of Complexity. It deals with the deep problem of complexity, being operative from the bottom-up. The current lack of understanding of complexity has led scholars into the so-called embarrassment of complexity. A long overdue paradigm shift is necessary to address complexity as generative complexity and brings readers to the edge of a scientific revolution: that is, a generative revolution in the Century of Complexity. The book offers a radical shift of paradigm from the paradigm of simplifying into the new generative paradigm of complexifying about processes that develop from the bottom-up. The book links complex generative reality with a corresponding radical new generative nature of order and explores new fronts in science. This book explores innovative concepts of interaction, of causality, of the unit of study, and of reality itself and enables readers to see complexity as generative, emergent complexity as being operative from the bottom-up. The book discusses and suggests solutions for the problem of complexity in this Century of Complexity. The author provides a new understanding of complexity based on a generative flux of forces and relations. The book aims to bring about a fundamental and foundational change in how we view and ‘do’ science for an interdisciplinary audience of academics ranging from social science and humanities to economy and biology.

Complex Dynamical Systems in Education

Matthijs Koopmans,Dimitrios Stamovlasis
Complex Dynamical Systems in Education Book PDF

Author : Matthijs Koopmans,Dimitrios Stamovlasis
Publisher : Springer
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2016-02-19
Category : Education
ISBN : 9783319275772

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Complex Dynamical Systems in Education by Matthijs Koopmans,Dimitrios Stamovlasis Pdf

This book capitalizes on the developments in dynamical systems and education by presenting some of the most recent advances in this area in seventeen non-overlapping chapters. The first half of the book discusses the conceptual framework of complex dynamical systems and its applicability to educational processes. The second half presents a set of empirical studies that that illustrate the use of various research methodologies to investigate complex dynamical processes in education, and help the reader appreciate what we learn about dynamical processes in education from using these approaches.

The Effect

Nick Huntington-Klein
The Effect Book PDF

Author : Nick Huntington-Klein
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 646 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000509144

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The Effect by Nick Huntington-Klein Pdf

Extensive code examples in R, Stata, and Python Chapters on overlooked topics in econometrics classes: heterogeneous treatment effects, simulation and power analysis, new cutting-edge methods, and uncomfortable ignored assumptions An easy-to-read conversational tone Up-to-date coverage of methods with fast-moving literatures like difference-in-differences

The Book of Why

Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
The Book of Why Book PDF

Author : Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
Publisher : Basic Books
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2018-05-15
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780465097616

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The Book of Why by Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie Pdf

A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality -- the study of cause and effect -- on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.

Fostering Understanding of Complex Systems in Biology Education

Orit Ben Zvi Assaraf,Marie-Christine P. J. Knippels
Fostering Understanding of Complex Systems in Biology Education Book PDF

Author : Orit Ben Zvi Assaraf,Marie-Christine P. J. Knippels
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2022-05-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030981440

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Fostering Understanding of Complex Systems in Biology Education by Orit Ben Zvi Assaraf,Marie-Christine P. J. Knippels Pdf

This book synthesizes a wealth of international research on the critical topic of ‘fostering understanding of complex systems in biology education’. Complex systems are prevalent in many scientific fields, and at all scales, from the micro scale of a single cell or molecule to complex systems at the macro scale such as ecosystems. Understanding the complexity of natural systems can be extremely challenging, though crucial for an adequate understanding of what they are and how they work. The term “systems thinking” has become synonymous with developing a coherent understanding of complex biological processes and phenomena. For researchers and educators alike, understanding how students’ systems thinking develops is an essential prerequisite to develop and maintain pedagogical scaffolding that facilitates students’ ability to fully understand the system’s complexity. To that end, this book provides researchers and teachers with key insights from the current research community on how to support learners systems thinking in secondary and higher education. Each chapter in the book elaborates on different theoretical and methodological frameworks pertaining to complexity in biology education and a variety of biological topics are included from genetics, photosynthesis, and the carbon cycle to ecology and climate change. Specific attention is paid to design elements of computer-based learning environments to understand complexity in biology education.

Causal Models

Steven Sloman
Causal Models Book PDF

Author : Steven Sloman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2005-07-28
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198040378

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Causal Models by Steven Sloman Pdf

Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation.

Causal Inference

Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins
Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2019-07-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1420076167

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Causal Inference by Miquel A. Hernan,James M. Robins Pdf

The application of causal inference methods is growing exponentially in fields that deal with observational data. Written by pioneers in the field, this practical book presents an authoritative yet accessible overview of the methods and applications of causal inference. With a wide range of detailed, worked examples using real epidemiologic data as well as software for replicating the analyses, the text provides a thorough introduction to the basics of the theory for non-time-varying treatments and the generalization to complex longitudinal data.

Elements of Causal Inference

Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Elements of Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-29
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262037310

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Elements of Causal Inference by Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf Pdf

A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

Targeted Learning in Data Science

Mark J. van der Laan,Sherri Rose
Targeted Learning in Data Science Book PDF

Author : Mark J. van der Laan,Sherri Rose
Publisher : Springer
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2018-03-28
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9783319653044

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Targeted Learning in Data Science by Mark J. van der Laan,Sherri Rose Pdf

This textbook for graduate students in statistics, data science, and public health deals with the practical challenges that come with big, complex, and dynamic data. It presents a scientific roadmap to translate real-world data science applications into formal statistical estimation problems by using the general template of targeted maximum likelihood estimators. These targeted machine learning algorithms estimate quantities of interest while still providing valid inference. Targeted learning methods within data science area critical component for solving scientific problems in the modern age. The techniques can answer complex questions including optimal rules for assigning treatment based on longitudinal data with time-dependent confounding, as well as other estimands in dependent data structures, such as networks. Included in Targeted Learning in Data Science are demonstrations with soft ware packages and real data sets that present a case that targeted learning is crucial for the next generation of statisticians and data scientists. Th is book is a sequel to the first textbook on machine learning for causal inference, Targeted Learning, published in 2011. Mark van der Laan, PhD, is Jiann-Ping Hsu/Karl E. Peace Professor of Biostatistics and Statistics at UC Berkeley. His research interests include statistical methods in genomics, survival analysis, censored data, machine learning, semiparametric models, causal inference, and targeted learning. Dr. van der Laan received the 2004 Mortimer Spiegelman Award, the 2005 Van Dantzig Award, the 2005 COPSS Snedecor Award, the 2005 COPSS Presidential Award, and has graduated over 40 PhD students in biostatistics and statistics. Sherri Rose, PhD, is Associate Professor of Health Care Policy (Biostatistics) at Harvard Medical School. Her work is centered on developing and integrating innovative statistical approaches to advance human health. Dr. Rose’s methodological research focuses on nonparametric machine learning for causal inference and prediction. She co-leads the Health Policy Data Science Lab and currently serves as an associate editor for the Journal of the American Statistical Association and Biostatistics.

Cognitive Development in Museum Settings

David M. Sobel,Jennifer L. Jipson
Cognitive Development in Museum Settings Book PDF

Author : David M. Sobel,Jennifer L. Jipson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 250 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2015-10-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317358459

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Cognitive Development in Museum Settings by David M. Sobel,Jennifer L. Jipson Pdf

Researchers in cognitive development are gaining new insights into the ways in which children learn about the world. At the same time, there has been increased recognition of the important role that visits to informal learning institutions plays in supporting learning. Research and practice pursuits typically unfold independently and often with different goals and methods, making it difficult to make meaningful connections between laboratory research in cognitive development and practices in informal education. Recently, groundbreaking partnerships between researchers and practitioners have resulted in innovative strategies for linking findings in cognitive development together with goals critical to museum practitioners, such as exhibit evaluation and design. Cognitive Development in Museum Settings offers an account of ways in which researchers in cognitive development partner with museum practitioners. Each chapter describes a partnership between academic researchers and museum practitioners and details their collaboration, the important research that has resulted from their partnership, and the benefits and challenges of maintaining their relationship. This approach illustrates cutting-edge developmental science, but also considers how researcher-practitioner interactions affect research outcomes and provide insight to questions common to practitioners. In addition, each set of researchers and practitioners discusses issues brought up by the partnership by posing questions concerning research-practice partnerships and research evidence, considering whether and how cognitive development research conducted in museum settings aligns with larger disciplinary interests in that field, and examining to what extent museum practitioners benefit from applying research on the development of cognitive processes to their educational practices.

Future Wise

David Perkins
Future Wise Book PDF

Author : David Perkins
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2014-08-04
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781118844083

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Future Wise by David Perkins Pdf

How to teach big understandings and the ideas that matter most Everyone has an opinion about education, and teachers face pressures from Common Core content standards, high-stakes testing, and countless other directions. But how do we know what today's learners will really need to know in the future? Future Wise: Educating Our Children for a Changing World is a toolkit for approaching that question with new insight. There is no one answer to the question of what's worth teaching, but with the tools in this book, you'll be one step closer to constructing a curriculum that prepares students for whatever situations they might face in the future. K-12 teachers and administrators play a crucial role in building a thriving society. David Perkins, founding member and co-director of Project Zero at Harvard's Graduate School of Education, argues that curriculum is one of the most important elements of making students ready for the world of tomorrow. In Future Wise, you'll learn concepts, curriculum criteria, and techniques for prioritizing content so you can guide students toward the big understandings that matter. Understand how learners use knowledge in life after graduation Learn strategies for teaching critical thinking and addressing big questions Identify top priorities when it comes to disciplines and content areas Gain curriculum design skills that make the most of learning across the years of education Future Wise presents a brand new framework for thinking about education. Curriculum can be one of the hardest things for teachers and administrators to change, but David Perkins shows that only by reimagining what we teach can we lead students down the road to functional knowledge. Future Wise is the practical guidebook you need to embark on this important quest.

Approaches and Strategies in Next Generation Science Learning

Khine, Myint Swe
Approaches and Strategies in Next Generation Science Learning Book PDF

Author : Khine, Myint Swe
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 383 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2013-01-31
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781466628106

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Approaches and Strategies in Next Generation Science Learning by Khine, Myint Swe Pdf

Approaches and Strategies in Next Generation Science Learning examines the challenges involved in the development of modern curriculum models, teaching strategies, and assessments in science education in order to prepare future students in the 21st century economies. This comprehensive collection of research brings together science educators, researchers and administrators interested in enhancing the teaching and learning of next generation science.

Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Realities in Education

Dejian Liu,Chris Dede,Ronghuai Huang,John Richards
Virtual Augmented and Mixed Realities in Education Book PDF

Author : Dejian Liu,Chris Dede,Ronghuai Huang,John Richards
Publisher : Springer
Page : 247 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2017-11-13
Category : Education
ISBN : 9789811054907

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Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Realities in Education by Dejian Liu,Chris Dede,Ronghuai Huang,John Richards Pdf

This book describes the current state of the art of various types of immersive learning: in research, in practice, and in the marketplace. It discusses advanced approaches in the design and development for various forms of immersive learning environments, and also the emerging innovations in assessment and research in the field. In addition, it demonstrates the opportunities and challenges in implementing advances in VR and immersion at scale in formal and informal learning. We are living in a time of rapid advances in terms of both the capabilities and the cost of virtual reality, multi-user virtual environments, and various forms of mixed reality. These new media potentially offer extraordinary opportunities for enhancing both motivation and learning across a range of subject areas, student developmental levels, and educational settings. With the development of practical and affordable virtual reality and mixed reality, people now have the chance to experience immersive learning both in classrooms and informally in homes, libraries, and community centers. The book appeals to a broad readership including teachers, administrators, scholars, policy makers, instructional designers, evaluators and industry leaders.

STEM Education

Information Resources Management Association
STEM Education Book PDF

Author : Information Resources Management Association
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 1800 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2014-12-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781466673649

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STEM Education by Information Resources Management Association Pdf

"This reference brings together an impressive array of research on the development of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics curricula at all educational levels"--Provided by publisher.