Lignocellulosic Biomass To Value Added Products

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Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products

Mihir Kumar Purkait,Dibyajyoti Haldar
Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value Added Products Book PDF

Author : Mihir Kumar Purkait,Dibyajyoti Haldar
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 242 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128235911

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Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products by Mihir Kumar Purkait,Dibyajyoti Haldar Pdf

Lignocellulosic Biomass to Value-Added Products: Fundamental Strategies and Technological Advancements focuses on fundamental and advanced topics surrounding technologies for the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass. Each and every concept related to the utilization of biomass in the process of conversion is elaborately explained, with importance given to minute details. Advanced level technologies involved in the conversion of biomass into biofuels, like bioethanol and biobutanol, are addressed, along with the process of pyrolysis. Readers of this book will become fully acquainted with the field of lignocellulosic conversion, from its basics to current research accomplishments. The uniqueness of the book lies in the fact that it covers each and every topic related to biomass and its conversion into value-added products. Technologies involved in the major areas of pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation are explained precisely. Additional emphasis is given to the analytical part, especially the established protocols for rapid and accurate quantification of total sugars obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Includes chapters arranged in a flow-through manner Discusses mechanistic insights in different phenomena using colorful figures for quick understanding Provides the most up-to-date information on all aspects of the conversion of individual components of lignocellulosic biomass

Valorization of Biomass to Value-Added Commodities

Michael O. Daramola,Augustine O. Ayeni
Valorization of Biomass to Value Added Commodities Book PDF

Author : Michael O. Daramola,Augustine O. Ayeni
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 594 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2020-04-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783030380328

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Valorization of Biomass to Value-Added Commodities by Michael O. Daramola,Augustine O. Ayeni Pdf

This book presents the most up-to-date technologies for the transformation of biomass into valuable fuels, chemicals, materials, and products. It provides comprehensive coverage of the characterization and fractionation of various types of biomass and details the many challenges that are currently encountered during this process. Divided into two sections, this book discusses timely topics such as the characterization of biomass feedstock, pretreatment and fractionation of biomass, and describes the process for conversion of biomass to value-added commodities. The authors bring biomass transformational strategies that are yet to be explored to the forefront, making this innovative book useful for graduate students and researchers in academia, government, and industry.

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production

Pratima Bajpai
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production Book PDF

Author : Pratima Bajpai
Publisher : Springer
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2016-03-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9811006865

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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production by Pratima Bajpai Pdf

The book describes the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biomass-to-biofuel conversion processes, which is an important step in increasing ethanol production for biofuels. It also highlights the main challenges and suggests possible ways to make these technologies feasible for the biofuel industry. The biological conversion of cellulosic biomass into bioethanol is based on the chemical and biological breakdown of biomass into aqueous sugars, for example using hydrolytic enzymes. The fermentable sugars can then be further processed into ethanol or other advanced biofuels. Pretreatment is required to break down the lignin structure and disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose so that the acids or enzymes can easily access and hydrolyze the cellulose. Pre-treatment can be the most expensive process in converting biomass to fuel, but there is great potential for improving the efficiency and lowering costs through further research and development. This book is aimed at academics and industrial practitioners who are interested in the higher production of ethanol for biofuels.

Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Anuj Chandel,Silvio Silverio Da Silva
Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Book PDF

Author : Anuj Chandel,Silvio Silverio Da Silva
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2013-05-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789535111191

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Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Anuj Chandel,Silvio Silverio Da Silva Pdf

This book provides important aspects of sustainable degradation of lignocellulosic biomass which has a pivotal role for the economic production of several value-added products and biofuels with safe environment. Different pretreatment techniques and enzymatic hydrolysis process along with the characterization of cell wall components have been discussed broadly. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: This book comprehensively covers the improvement in methodologies for the biomass pretreatment, hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown into fermentable sugars, the analytical methods for biomass characterization, and bioconversion of cellulosics into biofuels. In addition, mechanistic analysis of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been discussed in details, highlighting key factors influencing these processes at industrial scale.

Extremophilic Microbial Processing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuels, Value-Added Products, and Usable Power

Rajesh K. Sani,Navanietha Krishnaraj Rathinam
Extremophilic Microbial Processing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuels Value Added Products and Usable Power Book PDF

Author : Rajesh K. Sani,Navanietha Krishnaraj Rathinam
Publisher : Springer
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2018-07-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319744599

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Extremophilic Microbial Processing of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Biofuels, Value-Added Products, and Usable Power by Rajesh K. Sani,Navanietha Krishnaraj Rathinam Pdf

This book presents a review and in-depth analyses of improved biotechnological processes emphasizing critical aspects and challenges of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into biofuels and value-added products especially using extremophiles and recombinant microorganisms. The book specifically comprises extremophilic production of liquid and gaseous biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, and biogas) as well as value added products (e.g. single cell protein, hydrocarbons, lipids, exopolysaccharides, and polyhydroxyalkanoates). The book also provides the knowledge on how to develop safe, more efficient, sustainable, and economical integrated processes for enhanced conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to liquid and gaseous biofuels. Finally the book describes how to perform the techno-economical and life-cycle assessments of new integrated processes involving extremophiles. These modeling exercises are critical in addressing any deficiencies associated with the demonstration of an integrated biofuels and value-added products production process at pilot scale as well as demonstration on the commercialization scale.

Recent Advances in Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Biofuels and Value Added Chemicals within the Biorefinery Concept

Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho,Leonora Rios de Souza Moreira,Eduardo de Aquino Ximenes,Cristiane Sanchez Farinas
Recent Advances in Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Biofuels and Value Added Chemicals within the Biorefinery Concept Book PDF

Author : Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho,Leonora Rios de Souza Moreira,Eduardo de Aquino Ximenes,Cristiane Sanchez Farinas
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2020-05-19
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128182239

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Recent Advances in Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Biofuels and Value Added Chemicals within the Biorefinery Concept by Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filho,Leonora Rios de Souza Moreira,Eduardo de Aquino Ximenes,Cristiane Sanchez Farinas Pdf

Recent Advances in Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Biofuels and Value Added Chemicals within the Biorefinery Concept covers the latest developments on biorefineries, along with their potential use for the transformation of residues into a broad range of more valuable products. Within this context, the book discusses the enzymatic conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass to generate fuels and other products in a unified approach. It focuses on new approaches to increase enzymatic production by microorganisms, the action of microbial inhibitors, and strategies for their removal. Furthermore, it outlines the benefits of this integrated approach for generating value-added products and the benefits to social and economic aspects, circular bio economy, HUBs and perspectives. Covers the mechanisms of enzymatic conversion of biomass into value-added products Discusses bioproducts derived from lignocellulose and their applications Includes discussions on design, development and the technologies needed for the sustainable manufacture of materials and chemicals Offers a techno-economic evaluation of biorefineries for integrated sustainability assessments Discusses the socioeconomic and cultural-economic perspectives of the lignocellulosic biorefinery Presents a virtual biorefinery as an integrated approach to evaluate the lignocellulose production chain

Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery

S.I. Mussatto
Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery Book PDF

Author : S.I. Mussatto
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 674 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2016-02-18
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128025611

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Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock Based Biorefinery by S.I. Mussatto Pdf

Biomass Fractionation Technologies for a Lignocellulosic Feedstock-based Biorefinery reviews the extensive research and tremendous scientific and technological developments that have occurred in the area of biorefinering, including industrial processes and product development using ‘green technologies’, often referred as white biotechnology. As there is a huge need for new design concepts for modern biorefineries as an alternative and amendment to industrial crude oil and gas refineries, this book presents the most important topics related to biomass fractionation, including advances, challenges, and perspectives, all with references to current literature for further study. Presented in 26 chapters by international field specialists, each chapter consists of review text that comprises the most recent advances, challenges, and perspectives for each fractionation technique. The book is an indispensable reference for all professionals, students, and workers involved in biomass biorefinery, assisting them in establishing efficient and economically viable process technologies for biomass fractionation. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment processes and technologies for biomass Reviews numerous valuable products from lignocellulose Discusses integration of processes for complete biomass conversion with minimum waste generation Identifies the research gaps in scale-up Presents an indispensable reference for all professionals, students, and workers involved in biomass biorefinery, assisting them in establishing efficient and economically viable process technologies for biomass fractionation

Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products

Inamuddin,Anish Khan
Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products Book PDF

Author : Inamuddin,Anish Khan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 391 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2021-04-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030618377

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Sustainable Bioconversion of Waste to Value Added Products by Inamuddin,Anish Khan Pdf

This edited book discusses various processes of feedstocks bioconversion such as bioconversion of food waste, human manure, industrial waste, beverage waste, kitchen waste, organic waste, fruit and vegetable, poultry waste, solid waste, agro-industrial waste, cow dung, steroid, lignocellulosic residue, biomass, natural gas etc. Nowadays, the industrial revolution and urbanization have made human life comfortable. However, this requires excess usage of natural resources starting from food and food products, to energy resources, materials as well as chemicals. The excess use of natural resources for human comfort is expected to high fuel prices, decline natural resources as well as cause a huge hike in the cost of raw materials. These factors are pushing researchers to grow environmentally friendly processes and techniques based on inexpensive and sustainable feedstock to accomplish such worldwide targets. Bioconversion, otherwise called biotransformation, is the change of natural materials, for example, plant or animal waste, into usable items or energy sources by microorganisms. Bioconversion is an environmentally friendly benevolent choice to supplant the well-established chemical procedures utilized these days for the production of chemicals and fuels. A variety of alternatives advancements are being considered and are directly accessible to acquire diverse valuable end-products through bioprocesses. This book discusses in detail the process and techniques of bioconversion by focusing on the organic feedstock of animal and plant origin. It brings solutions to the bioconversion of various feedstock into value-added products.

Waste Valorization for Value-added Products

Vinay Kumar,Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana,Neha Sharma
Waste Valorization for Value added Products Book PDF

Author : Vinay Kumar,Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana,Neha Sharma
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2023-10-23
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789815123081

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Waste Valorization for Value-added Products by Vinay Kumar,Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana,Neha Sharma Pdf

This volume is a comprehensive compilation of reviews that show how various waste products can be used to produce useful products. Thirteen chapters highlight the following topics: - applications of plant-derived and fruit waste for value-added product formation; - fuel and chemical production from lignin - food waste bioconversion to high-value products - organic residues valorization for value-added chemicals - valorization of waste plastics to produce fuels and chemicals - food valorization for bioplastic production and concepts of circular economy in the valorization process. Chapters are written in an organized and strategic manner and also include the references from recent years. It will help students and researchers to quickly learn about modern waste valorization practices and advance their knowledge on the subject. The book is suitable as a reference for courses in environmental science, chemical engineering and agriculture. It also serves as a guide for trainees, managers and readers involved in waste management, sustainability and value-added product supply chains.

Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products

Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang
Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value Added Products Book PDF

Author : Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 791 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-04-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527348763

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Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products by Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang Pdf

Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products An instructive and up-to-date pretreatment and industrial applications of oil producing plants Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products is a two-volume set that delivers a comprehensive exploration of oil producing plants, from their availability to their pretreatment, bioenergy generation, chemical generation, bioproduct generation, and economic impact. The distinguished team of editors has included a wide variety of highly instructive resources written by leading contributors to the field. This set explores the current and future potential of bioenergy production to address the energy and climate crisis, as well as the technologies used to produce materials like biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biochar, fuel pellets, and biohydrogen. It also discusses the production of biobased chemicals, including bio-oil, biosurfactants, catanionic surfactants, glycerol, biovanillin, bioplastic, and plant-oil based polyurethanes. Concluding with an insightful analysis of the economic effects of oil producing plants, the set also offers readers: A thorough introduction to the availability of oil producing plants, including palm oil, castor oil, jatropha, nyamplung, and coconut A comprehensive exploration of the pretreatment of oil producing plants, including the physical, chemical and biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Practical discussion of the generation of bioenergy, including biogas generation in the palm oil mill and biodiesel production techniques using jatropha In-depth examinations of the generation of biobased chemicals, including those produced from the tobacco plant Perfect for researchers and industry practitioners involved with the biorefinery of oil producing plants, Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products also belongs in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and microbiology.

Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Pratima Bajpai
Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Book PDF

Author : Pratima Bajpai
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2021-08-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811640131

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Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Pratima Bajpai Pdf

This book focuses on the properties of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and recent advances in their application in lignocellulosic biomass processing. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels, biochemicals and other value-added products has attracted global attention because it is a readily available, inexpensive and renewable resource. However, in order for biomass technologies to be commercially viable, biomass recalcitrance needs to be cost-effectively reduced. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new ‘green' solvents that have the high potential for biomass processing thanks to their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, and easy recycling and reuse. After an overview of the current lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, the book discusses the synthesis and physiochemical properties of DESs, as well as key findings on the effects of DES on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin solubilization, biomass pretreatment and biomass crystallinity. It then addresses the enzymatic hydrolysis performance of DES-pretreated solids, compatibility of DESs with enzymes and microorganisms, and the recycling potential of DESs. Lastly, it compares DESs with ionic liquids, and examines the challenges and opportunities relating to extending the use of DESs in lignocellulosic processing.

Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies

Avinash P. Ingle,Anuj Kumar Chandel,Silvio Silverio da Silva
Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies Book PDF

Author : Avinash P. Ingle,Anuj Kumar Chandel,Silvio Silverio da Silva
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2020-04-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119568827

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Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies by Avinash P. Ingle,Anuj Kumar Chandel,Silvio Silverio da Silva Pdf

A text to the advances and development of novel technologies in the production of high-value products from economically viable raw materials Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologiesis an essential guide to the most recent advances and developments of novel technologies in the production of various high-value products from economically viable raw materials. Written by a team of experts on the topic, the book covers important topics specifically on production of economical and sustainable products such as various biofuels, organic acids, enzymes, biopigments, biosurfactants, etc. The book highlights the important aspects of lignocellulosic biorefining including structure, function, and chemical composition of the plant cell wall and reviews the details about the various components present in the lignocellulosic biomass and their characterizations. The authors explore the various approaches available for processing lignocellulosic biomass into second generation sugars and focus on the possibilities of utilization of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Each chapter includes a range of clear, informative tables and figures, and contains relevant references of published articles. This important text: Provides cutting-edge information on the recent developments in lignocellulose biorefinery Reviews production of various economically important and sustainable products, such as biofuels, organic acids, biopigments, and biosurfactants Highlights several broad-ranging areas of recent advances in the utilization of a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks Provides a valuable, authoritative reference for anyone interested in the topic Written for post-graduate students and researchers in disciplines such as biotechnology, bioengineering, forestry, agriculture, and chemical industry, Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies is an authoritative and updated guide to the knowledge about various biorefining technologies.

Hemicellulose Biorefinery: A Sustainable Solution for Value Addition to Bio-Based Products and Bioenergy

Michel Brienzo
Hemicellulose Biorefinery A Sustainable Solution for Value Addition to Bio Based Products and Bioenergy Book PDF

Author : Michel Brienzo
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 508 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2022-01-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811636820

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Hemicellulose Biorefinery: A Sustainable Solution for Value Addition to Bio-Based Products and Bioenergy by Michel Brienzo Pdf

This edited book provides knowledge about hemicelluloses biorefinery approaching production life cycle, circular economy, and valorization by obtaining value-added bioproducts and bioenergy. A special focus is dedicated to chemical and biochemical compounds produced from the hemicelluloses derivatives platform. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides located into plant cell wall, with diverse chemical structures and properties. It is the second most spread organic polymer on nature and found in vast lignocellulosic materials from agro and industrial wastes, therefore, hemicelluloses are considered as abundant and renewable raw material/feedstock. Biorefinery concept contributes to hemicelluloses production associated with biomass industrial processes. Hemicelluloses are alternative sources of sugars for renewable fuels and as platform for chemicals production. This book reviews chemical processes for sugar production and degradation, obtaining of intermediate and final products, and challenges for pentose fermentation. Aspects of hemicelluloses chain chemical and enzymatic modifications are presented with focus on physicochemical properties improvement for bioplastic and biomaterial approaches. Hemicelluloses are presented as sources for advanced materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical uses, and as hydrogel for chemical and medicine deliveries. An interdisciplinary approach is needed to cover all the processes involving hemicelluloses, its conversion into final and intermediate value-added compounds, and bioenergy production. Covering this context, this book is of interest to teachers, students, researchers, and scientists dedicated to biomass valorization. This book is a knowledge source of basic aspects to advanced processing and application for graduate students, particularly. Besides, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate students (from different courses) with a deep interest in biomass and waste conversion, valorization, and chemical products from hemicelluloses

Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products

Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang
Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value Added Products Book PDF

Author : Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 791 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783527830763

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Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products by Suraini Abd-Aziz,Misri Gozan,Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim,Lai-Yee Phang Pdf

Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products An instructive and up-to-date pretreatment and industrial applications of oil producing plants Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products is a two-volume set that delivers a comprehensive exploration of oil producing plants, from their availability to their pretreatment, bioenergy generation, chemical generation, bioproduct generation, and economic impact. The distinguished team of editors has included a wide variety of highly instructive resources written by leading contributors to the field. This set explores the current and future potential of bioenergy production to address the energy and climate crisis, as well as the technologies used to produce materials like biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biochar, fuel pellets, and biohydrogen. It also discusses the production of biobased chemicals, including bio-oil, biosurfactants, catanionic surfactants, glycerol, biovanillin, bioplastic, and plant-oil based polyurethanes. Concluding with an insightful analysis of the economic effects of oil producing plants, the set also offers readers: A thorough introduction to the availability of oil producing plants, including palm oil, castor oil, jatropha, nyamplung, and coconut A comprehensive exploration of the pretreatment of oil producing plants, including the physical, chemical and biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass Practical discussion of the generation of bioenergy, including biogas generation in the palm oil mill and biodiesel production techniques using jatropha In-depth examinations of the generation of biobased chemicals, including those produced from the tobacco plant Perfect for researchers and industry practitioners involved with the biorefinery of oil producing plants, Biorefinery of Oil Producing Plants for Value-Added Products also belongs in the libraries of undergraduate and graduate students studying agriculture, chemistry, engineering, and microbiology.

Agricultural Waste to Value-Added Products

Remya Neelancherry,Bin Gao,Alberto Wisniewski Jr
Agricultural Waste to Value Added Products Book PDF

Author : Remya Neelancherry,Bin Gao,Alberto Wisniewski Jr
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 426 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2024-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789819944729

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Agricultural Waste to Value-Added Products by Remya Neelancherry,Bin Gao,Alberto Wisniewski Jr Pdf

This edited book provides a comprehensive review of the current agricultural waste disposal techniques focusing on the ongoing research in the production of various agro waste-derived value-added products. Further topic includes the techno-economic aspects in up-scaling the technology from lab scale to commercial/pilot scale. Sustainable waste management and alternative renewable energy sources are the most important requirements in this era of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Agricultural waste, which is one of the major contributors to overall waste production, has the ability to be an essential source of renewable energy and other valuable products. The ongoing research and technical advancements in agro-waste treatment lead to the efficient conversion of waste into different value-added products. This book is of primary interest to academicians, researchers, scientists and engineers working in the field of agro-residue management, and biomass to bio-energy conversion technologies. Also, the book serves as reading material for students of Environmental Engineering/Civil and Environmental Engineering and Agricultural Engineering. Rural Management authorities, Industrial and Government policy-making agencies may also find it useful read.