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In the present volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology well known experts describe the actions of different xanthines with a focus on caffeine and theophylline. A special chapter is devoted to theobromine, an active component of chocolate, the actions of which are less well characterized. This book also presents the pharmacology of one xanthine derivative, propentofylline, as an example of a xanthine that has gone through extensive development for a novel therapeutic area.
Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research
Author : Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 172 pages File Size : 44,7 Mb Release : 2002-01-07 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309082587
Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance by Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research Pdf
This report from the Committee on Military Nutrition Research reviews the history of caffeine usage, the metabolism of caffeine, and its physiological effects. The effects of caffeine on physical performance, cognitive function and alertness, and alleviation of sleep deprivation impairments are discussed in light of recent scientific literature. The impact of caffeine consumption on various aspects of health, including cardiovascular disease, reproduction, bone mineral density, and fluid homeostasis are reviewed. The behavioral effects of caffeine are also discussed, including the effect of caffeine on reaction to stress, withdrawal effects, and detrimental effects of high intakes. The amounts of caffeine found to enhance vigilance and reaction time consistently are reviewed and recommendations are made with respect to amounts of caffeine appropriate for maintaining alertness of military personnel during field operations. Recommendations are also provided on the need for appropriate labeling of caffeine-containing supplements, and education of military personnel on the use of these supplements. A brief review of some alternatives to caffeine is also provided.
Author : H. C. Andersson,Helena Hallström,Bengt A. Kihlman Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers Page : 390 pages File Size : 40,5 Mb Release : 2004 Category : Medical ISBN : 9789289310987
Intake of caffeine and other methylxanthines during pregnancy and risk for adverse effects in pregnant women and their foetuses by H. C. Andersson,Helena Hallström,Bengt A. Kihlman Pdf
The first part of the report deals with occurrence of methylxanthines in foods, beverages, and medicines, and estimates of caffeine intake. In addition, a short review of the pharmacological and toxicological actions of caffeine is given. The second and main part of the report reviews available information from epidemiological studies on the potential health hazards to the human foetus associated with parental intake during pregnancy of caffeine and related methylxanthines in foods, beverages and medicines. The studied adverse effects are influence on fertility, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation, pre-term delivery, foetal growth retardation, foetal behaviour and effects on neonates, infants and young children. The conclusion of the report demonstrates the need for limiting caffeine exposure during pregnancy. The Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation (NNT) recognizes that the human exposure to caffeine and related compounds causes a spectrum of pharmacological effects, for instance cardiovascular, renal, neurological and behavioural effects. The increasing use of caffeine and related methylxanthines in various foods and beverages consumed by children and adolescents cause concern. NNT recommends that a full hazard characterization of caffeine and related methylxanthines should be performed with the aim to reach a conclusion about the upper safe level of intake of these compounds.
Methylxanthines and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Airways Disease by J.F. Costello,P.J. Piper Pdf
This is a technically detailed state-of-the-art text on phosphodiesterase inhibition and the practical applications of theophylline and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors in asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease. It contains important new information on the mechanisms of drug action and on the inhibition of individual isoenzymes of the phosphodiesterase enzyme family as a potentially useful, safe, and non-toxic approach to asthma therapy.
Caffeine-found in tea, coffee, mate, cola beverages, cocoa, and chocolate products-is an integral part of the diet of many people. Caffeine answers questions for a broad range of readers interested in the effects beverages and foods containing this dietary methylxanthine have on human health, nutrition, and physiological functioning. The composition, processing, consumption, health effects, and epidemiological correlations of caffeine are examined in detail. It is often said that too much caffeine is "bad for you." How much is too much? Get the facts on consumption of caffeine-containing products with this authoritative text. Chapters 1 and 2 offer an introductory, concise overview of the chemistry and analysis of methylxanthines. In Chapters 3 through 8, each natural product-tea, coffee, mate, and cocoa and chocolate products-is described in terms of botany, cultivation, processing, composition, and consumption patterns. Consumption of caffeine is also examined in detail in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 provides an easy-to-read overview of the basic physiology and biochemistry of caffeine. The ergogenic, cognitive, and emotional effects of caffeine are discussed in Chapters 11 and 12. Chapters 13 through 16 deal with specific health effects-serum cholesterol, cancer and fibrocystic breast disease, calcium and bone health, and human reproduction. For physicians, nutritionists, other health professionals, food scientists, and everyone interested in the effects of caffeine on the human body, Caffeine is a convenient, single-source reference.
Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and the Brain by Astrid Nehlig Pdf
Coffee, tea, and chocolate are among the most frequently consumed products in the world. The pleasure that many experience from these edibles is accompanied by a range of favorable and adverse effects on the brain that have been the focus of a wealth of recent research. Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and the Brain presents new information on the
Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world but how does the production influence chemistry and quality? This book covers coffee production, quality and chemistry from the plant to the cup. Written by an international collection of contributors in the field who concentrate on coffee research, it is edited expertly to ensure quality of content, consistency and organization across the chapters. Aimed at advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers and accompanied by a sister volume covering how health is influenced by the consumption of coffee, these titles provide an impactful and accessible guide to the current research in the field.
Nursing Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy! by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pdf
Written in the award-winning Incredibly Easy! style, this book presents everything the nurse and nursing student needs to know about how drugs act and interact in the treatment of disease. The book focuses on mechanisms of drug action; details specific drugs by pharmacologic class; reviews the nursing process related to each drug category for all body systems, plus pain medications, anti-infective drugs, and cancer drugs; and highlights potentially dangerous interactions, including drug-herb interactions. This thoroughly updated Second edition includes the most current NANDA diagnoses. New chapters cover genitourinary drugs and drugs to treat fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Obesity drugs have been added to the gastrointestinal drugs chapter.
Analytical Methods in the Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Elements in Food by Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron,Agnieszka Zgoła-Grześkowiak,Tomasz Grześkowiak,Akula Ramakrishna Pdf
Most bioactive compounds have antioxidant activity, particularly tocochromanols, phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), methylxantines and capsaicinoids. Some of these compounds have also other properties important for human health. For example, vitamin E protects against oxidative stress, but it is also known for its “non-antioxidant” functions, including cell signalling and antiproliferation. Selenium compounds and indoleamins are the components of the antioxidant enzymes. Selenium makes vitamin E acquisition easier and controls its physiological functions. In taking part in enzymatic reactions and protecting the cell against free radicals, selenium shows immunomodulative, antiphlogistic, and antiviral activity. Capsaicinoids possess not only antioxidant, but also antibacterial, analgesic, weight-reducing and thermoregulation properties. Studies have also demonstrated their gastroprotective and anticancer properties. Analytical Methods in the Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Elements in Food explores both the influence of particular compounds on human health and the methods used for their determination. Chapters describe various aspects of food and plant analysis, including chromatographic and non‐chromatographic approaches as well as hyphenated techniques. Readers of this book will gain a comprehensive understanding of the important groups of bioactive compounds relevant to human health.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 532 pages File Size : 48,7 Mb Release : 1991 Category : Cooking ISBN : UOM:39015021505147
Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Pdf
Reports the deliberations of a working group convened to evaluate the strength of evidence linking the drinking of coffee, tea, and mate to the development of human cancer. Separate evaluations are also provided for caffeine, theophylline theobromine and methylglyoxal, which are chemical constituents of coffee, tea, and several other popular beverages. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates the large number of studies designed to assess the carcinogenic potential of coffee. On the basis of available data, the working group concluded that coffee is possibly carcinogenic to the human urinary bladder. Evidence further suggests that coffee may actually protect humans against cancer of the colon and rectum. The risk for breast cancer was shown, with remarkable consistency, to have no association with coffee drinking. The second monograph evaluates the carcinogenicity of black and green teas. Although available data were judged inadequate to classify tea according to its carcinogenic risk, the analysis uncovered evidence suggesting that the temperature at which tea is drunk may be a more important determinant of risk than the chemical composition of the beverage. This observation is further supported in the monograph on mate, a South American beverage, which is usually drunk very hot following repeated addition of almost boiling water to the infusion. While mate could not be classified on the basis of available data, hot mate drinking was judged to have a probable association with the development of oesophageal and oral cancers. Evidence was inadequate to assess the carcinogenicity of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, and methylglyoxal.
Cardiovascular Teratogenicity of Catecholamines, Methylxanthines and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the Chick Embryo by Matthias Onman Cheung Pdf
The World of Caffeine by Bennett Alan Weinberg,Bonnie K. Bealer Pdf
Caffeine is the world's most popular drug! Almost all of us start our day with a jolt of caffeine from coffee, tea or cola. And many of us crave chocolate when we're stressed or depressed. Without it we're lethargic, head-achy and miserable. Why? Why do we crave caffeine? How much do we really know about our number one drug of choice? Here is the first natural, cultural, and artistic history of our favorite mood enhancer--how it was discovered, its early uses, and the unexpected parts it has played in medicine, religion, painting, poetry, learning, and love. Weinberg and Bealer tell an intriguing story of a remarkable substance that has figured prominently in the exchanges of trade and intelligence among nations and whose most common sources, coffee, tea, and chocolate, have been both promoted as productive of health and creativity and banned as corrupters of the body and mind or subverters of social order. Some Highlights From the World of Caffeine Balzac's addiction to caffeine drove him to eat coffee, as some schizophrenic patients are observed to do today, and may have killed him Mary Tuke breaks the male monopoly on tea in England in 1725 The ways caffeine functions as a smart pill Goethe's responsibility for the discovery of caffeine Did a mini Ice Age help bring coffee, tea and chocolate to popularity in Europe? What is the mystery of coffee's origin? As good as gold: the stories of how caffeine, in its various forms, was used as cash in China, Africa, Central America and Egypt What does the civet cat have to do with the most costly coffee on earth today? The World of Caffeine is a captivating tale of art and society -- from India to Balzac to cybercafes -- and the ultimate caffeine resource.
Author : Richard J. Miller Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA Page : 375 pages File Size : 53,8 Mb Release : 2014 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780199957972
Miller takes readers on an eye-opening tour of psychotropic drugs, describing the various kinds, how they were discovered and developed, and how they have played multiple roles in virtually every culture.
Author : P. B. Dews Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 270 pages File Size : 40,6 Mb Release : 2012-12-06 Category : Medical ISBN : 9783642698231
Before the late 1970s, interest in caffeine among both the general public and the scientific community was at a relatively low level for many years, even though it was recognized that caffeine was an al most universal component of the diet. The National Coffee Associa tion was supporting a continuing program of research, some re search was being conducted by a few of the largest companies selling coffee, and an occasional university researcher became inter ested in caffeine and conducted experiments, often on effects of caf feine in very high concentration in vitro on skeletal muscle fibres or on dividing cells. Since 1978, however, there has been a mighty up surge in both public and scientific interest in caffeine. It is interest ing to note that this was prompted not by discovery of hitherto un known effects or hazards of caffeine, but by the actions of a regulatory agency, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) of the U. S. Public Health Service. The U. S. Congress passed new laws on foods and drugs in 1958. One of the provisions was for testing of food additives to assess risk to health. As it was clearly impracticable to require immediate test ing of all additives already in use, a list was drawn up of some hun dreds of additives that were generally recognized as safe (GRAS).