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Author : Thomas P. Morley
Publisher : Springfield, Ill. : Thomas
Page : 90 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Brain death
ISBN : UOM:39015003226720
Author : James L. Bernat,Richard Beresford
Publisher : Newnes
Page : 467 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780444535047
Advances in our understanding of the brain and rapid advances in the medical practice of neurology are creating questions and concerns from an ethical and legal perspective. Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology provides a detailed review of various general aspects of neuroethics, and contains chapters dealing with a vast array of specific issues such as the role of religion, the ethics of invasive neuroscience research, and the impact of potential misconduct in neurologic practice. The book focuses particular attention on problems related to palliative care, euthanasia, dementia, and neurogenetic disorders, and concludes with examinations of consciousness, personal identity, and the definition of death. This volume focuses on practices not only in North America but also in Europe and the developing world. It is a useful resource for all neuroscience and neurology professionals, researchers, students, scholars, practicing clinical neurologists, mental health professionals, and psychiatrists. A comprehensive introduction and reference on neuroethics Includes coverage of how best to understand the ethics and legal aspects of dementia, palliative care, euthanasia and neurogenetic disorders Brings clarity to issues regarding ethics and legal responsibilities in the age of rapidly evolving brain science and related clinical practice
Author : James L. Bernat
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Page : 552 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0781790603
Written by an eminent authority from the American Academy of Neurology's Committee on Ethics, Law, and Humanities, this book is an excellent text for all clinicians interested in ethical decision-making. The book features outstanding presentations on dying and palliative care, physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia, medical futility, and the relationship between ethics and the law. New chapters in this edition discuss how clinicians resolve ethical dilemmas in practice and explore ethical issues in neuroscience research. Other highlights include updated material on palliative sedation, advance directives, ICU withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy, gene therapy, the very-low-birth-weight premature infant, the developmentally disabled patient, informed consent, organizational ethics, brain death controversies, and fMRI and PET studies relating to persistent vegetative state.
Author : Grace Lee,Judy Illes,Frauke Ohl
Publisher : Springer
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2015-02-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783662448663
Behavioral neuroscience encompasses the disciplines of neurobiology and psychology to study mechanisms of behavior. This volume provides a contemporary overview of the current state of how ethics informs behavioral neuroscience research. There is dual emphasis on ethical challenges in experimental animal approaches and in clinical and nonclinical research involving human participants.
Author : James E Szalados
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2019-02-04
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780813595993
The brain represents the final frontier in medical sciences. Clinical neurosciences include the subspecialties of neurology, neurosurgery, neuro-imaging, cerebrovascular interventional specialties, neurocritical care, and the allied specialties in pharmacy and nursing. The first lens through which we see our patients is the clinical perspective; however, the complexity of neurosciences and the rapidity of the advances in these subspecialties require that clinicians not lose sight of the personhood of the patients, the professionalism required in the care of these complex patients, or the regulatory environment in which we practice. Science and technology are advancing more rapidly than regulations or the law can interpret and integrate them into a supportive or regulatory framework. Thus, morality, ethics, and the law comprise the final lens through which we approach complex patient management issues, frame our communications with patients and families, and evaluate the risks and potential benefits of new technology. Ethics and Law for Neurosciences Clinicians is written for all clinicians in the neurosciences specialties to examine and re-examine the ethical and legal implications of advances in clinical neurosciences.
Author : James A. Anderson,Marleen Eijkholt,Judy Illes
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080900
In this chapter, we use the special features of neuroimaging to illustrate research ethics issues for the clinical neurologic sciences, and focus on one particularly compelling case: studies involving first-episode schizophrenic treatment-naïve individuals (FESTNIs) (). FESTNIs are scanned prior to the administration of medication in order to control for the confounding effects of treatment. By concentrating on this program of research, we capture the distinctive ethical challenges associated with neuroimaging research overall, and foreground the issues particular to neuroimaging research involving FESTNIs that have yet to receive sufficient attention in the literature. We highlight assessment of risks and burdens, including risks associated with treatment delays and incidental findings; assessment of benefit, including direct benefit, social value, and scientific quality; subject selection; justice questions related to responsiveness and poststudy access; and, finally, issues related to consent and capacity.
Author : Robert M. Taylor
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080634
Clinical ethics is the application of ethical theories, principles, rules, and guidelines to clinical situations in medicine. Therefore, clinical ethics is analogous to clinical medicine in that general principles and concepts must be applied intelligently and thoughtfully to unique clinical circumstances. The three major ethical theories are consequentialism, whereby the consequences of an action determine whether it is ethical; deontology, whereby to be ethical is to do one’s duty, and virtue ethics, whereby ethics is a matter of cultivating appropriate virtues. In the real world of medicine, most people find that all three perspectives offer useful insights and are complementary rather than contradictory. The most common approach to clinical ethical analysis is principlism. According to principlism, the medical practitioner must attempt to uphold four important principles: respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. When these principles conflict, resolving them depends on the details of the case. Alternative approaches to medical ethics, including the primacy of beneficence, care-based ethics, feminist ethics, and narrative ethics, help to define the limitations of principlism and provide a broader perspective on medical ethics.
Author : Adam Zeman,Jan Adriaan Coebergh
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080931
Consciousness is a fundamentally important neurological capacity which is also of great relevance to ethical thinking and decision-making. The scientific basis of consciousness, and the philosophical questions raised by scientific discoveries about consciousness, have both attracted intense interest over recent decades. This chapter provides a wide-ranging review of the topic. It first considers the principal senses of “consciousness” and “self-consciousness,” acknowledging that both terms are as much colloquial as scientific: “consciousness” is used to refer first, to the waking state and second, to the contents of current experience or awareness; “self-consciousness” can be used to refer to self-perception, self-monitoring, self-recognition, the awareness of one’s own and others’ minds, and the capacity for mental time travel. Next, we review the biological basis of conscious states and conscious contents. The third section presents a taxonomy of states of altered consciousness. The fourth section reviews the major current overarching theories of consciousness. Finally we examine the main philosophic accounts of the relationship between consciousness and neural activity, emphasizing three strong but sometimes conflicting intuitions about consciousness: that it is a robust phenomenon, has a physical basis in neuronal activity, and plays a role in the control of behavior.
Author : Nicole A Vincent
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2013-03-07
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780199925605
Adopting a broadly compatibilist approach, this volume's authors argue that the behavioral and mind sciences do not threaten the moral foundations of legal responsibility. Rather, these sciences provide fresh insight into human agency and updated criteria as well as powerful diagnostic and intervention tools for assessing and altering minds.
Author : Pablo López-Silva,Luca Valera
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 177 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2022-03-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783030940324
This book offers a comprehensive analysis of philosophical, social, ethical, and legal challenges arising as a consequences of current advances in neurosciences and neurotechnology. It starts by offering an overview of fundamental concepts such as mental privacy, personal autonomy, mental integrity, and responsibility, among others. In turn, it discusses the influence of possible misuses or uncontrolled uses of neurotechnology on those concepts, and, more in general, on human rights and equality. Then, it makes some original proposals to deal with the main ethical, legal, and social problems associated to the use of neurotechnology, both in medicine and in everyday life, suggesting possible policies to protect privacy, neural data, and intimacy. Crossing the borders between humanities, natural sciences, bio-medicine, and engineering, and taking into account geographical and cultural differences, this book offers a conceptual debate around policy and decision making concerning some of the key neuroethical challenges of our times. It offers a comprehensive guide to the most important issues of neurojustice and neuroprotection, together with a set of new paradigms to face some of the most urgent neuroethical problems of our times.
Author : Paul J. Ford,Abhishek Deshpande
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080887
A clear understanding of distinctions and definitions is necessary before determining which types of surgically invasive neuroscience research should be permitted and how the experimental protocols can properly be undertaken. A failure to clarify the ethical distinctions in invasive neuroscience research hinders attempts at ethical analysis and guidance. At least four main distinctions need to be addressed: “invasiveness” as an important moral characteristic; special brain–mind-related risks; research participant selection; and ideologic interpretation of human function. Harm and not invasiveness is the metric by which to measure the ethical permissibility of research. Because of a class of harms to minds and selves, special attention should be paid to value considerations. These considerations need to be addressed by researchers, funders, and review boards to create proper safeguards from conception of research through final application of results.
Author : James L. Bernat
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080955
The definition and criterion of death have been rendered ambiguous by developments in organ support technology, particularly the positive-pressure ventilator and vasopressor medications, that uncouple the unitary loss of vital functions in death and create cases in which the brain has been destroyed while circulation and ventilation can be supported. Developing a biophilosophic analysis of the meaning of death before physicians can declare it requires four sequential steps: (1) agreement on the paradigm conditions that frame the analysis and clarify the task; (2) identifying the definition of death, which makes explicit the meaning of death that is accepted in our consensual usage of the term but that has become obscured by technology; (3) identifying the criterion of death that shows that the definition has been fulfilled, and that can be incorporated into a death statute; and (4) devising bedside tests of death for physicians to perform to satisfy the criterion. Although there is a strong consensus on death determination medical standards in countries around the world that has been enshrined into laws, and accepted by most societies and religions, there remains an active dispute among scholars on the precise definition and criterion of death.
Author : Marc Jonathan Blitz,Jan Christoph Bublitz
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-06
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9783030844943
Freedom of thought is one of the great and venerable notions of Western thought, often celebrated in philosophical texts – and described as a crucial right in American, European, and International Law, and in that of other jurisdictions. What it means more precisely is, however, anything but clear; surprisingly little writing has been devoted to it. In the past, perhaps, there has been little need for such elaboration. As one Supreme Court Justice stressed, “[f]reedom to think is absolute of its own nature” because even “the most tyrannical government is powerless to control the inward workings of the mind.” But the rise of brain scanning, cognition enhancement, and other emerging technologies make this question a more pressing one. This volume provides an interdisciplinary exploration of how freedom of thought might function as an ethical principle and as a constitutional or human right. It draws on philosophy, legal analysis, history, and reflections on neuroscience and neurotechnology to explore what respect for freedom of thought (or an individual’s cognitive liberty or autonomy) requires.
Author : Eric Racine
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080924
In this chapter, evolution of ethics and bioethics is traced to show how an abstract and individualistic paradigm was at the core of mainstream ethics prior to the advent of bioethics and applied ethics. Bioethics has transformed this individualistic paradigm because of its inherent interdisciplinarity and real-world connection. This evolution has raised questions regarding how nonabstract (e.g., experiential) and nonindividualistic (e.g., social, relational) components of ethics could be married to normative theory and ethics reflection, the latter usually not amenable to empiric research. In the first part of this chapter, pragmatism is introduced as an approach offering perspectives on the integration of social, nonindividualistic aspects of ethics, supporting the use of social science methods within ethics and neuroethics. In the second part of this chapter, using the example of disorders of consciousness, a pragmatic perspective is explored to reframe questions and help foster nonreductionistic understandings of ethical questions and ethical dilemmas. This chapter aims to generate reflections on a set of specific clinical contexts that will also stimulate a discussion on the nature of ethical approaches.
Author : Robert C. Macauley
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128080641
Perhaps no other field of medicine illustrates the ethical dilemmas occasioned by the explosion of technology more than neurology. Many dilemmas which at first appear to be ethical, however, are actually biotechnical, informational, or interpersonal in nature. For those which are, indeed, ethical, a review of existing information and acquisition of additional data can often serve to identify the proper response. When the optimal course of action remains unclear, the comprehensive, structured approach described in this chapter is both philosophically rigorous and clinically relevant. It takes into account a variety of critical considerations – including rights, duties, consequences, virtues, and similar cases – while utilizing both inductive and deductive methods. The end result is the “least bad” of available options, or, at the very least, a practical response which preserves future options and avoids crucial mistakes.
