Near East And North Africa Regional Overview Of Food Security And Nutrition 2023

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Near East and North Africa - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children’s Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children’s Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2023-12-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251382103

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Near East and North Africa - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children’s Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Pdf

The Overview presents the food security and nutrition situation in the Arab States for 2022 when the effects of the war in Ukraine and record-high food and fertilizer prices hit the region that was just recovering from the economic and social shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, hunger in the Arab States has reached its highest level since 2000. The Arab region continued to suffer from the triple burden of malnutrition: besides undernutrition, child overweight/adult obesity and micronutrient deficiencies, such as anaemia. The prevalences of overweight among children and of anaemia among women are higher than the world average. The downward trend of child stunting has slowed down, and recent high food prices might even reverse it. Furthermore, the cost of a healthy diet in the region has been increasing in recent years, and healthy diets are out of reach for almost every other person in the Arab States. The region’s deteriorating food security and nutrition situation calls for the urgent need to transform agrifood systems, making them more resilient to shocks and emerging crises, more efficient, inclusive and sustainable to reach the Sustainable Development Goal 2 targets.

Africa - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023; Law / Labor & Employment [BISAC]

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission,World Food Programme
Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023 Law Labor Employment BISAC Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission,World Food Programme
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2023-12-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251383940

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Africa - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023; Law / Labor & Employment [BISAC] by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission,World Food Programme Pdf

Africa is facing a food crisis of unprecedented proportions. Millions are expected to be at risk of worsening hunger in the near future due to the rippling effects of the war in Ukraine, which are compounding the devastating impacts that conflicts, climate variability and extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns, and the aftereffects of the COVID-19 pandemic are having on the most vulnerable. In this context, social and gender inequalities are also on the rise, with women and girls being among the most affected by these shocks. Despite efforts made in several countries, the African continent is not on track to meet the food security and nutrition targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 2 on Zero Hunger for 2030, and certainly the Malabo targets of ending hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2025. The most recent estimates show that nearly 282 million people in Africa (about 20 percent of the population) were undernourished in 2022, an increase of 57 million people since the COVID-19 pandemic began. About 868 million people were moderately or severely food-insecure and more than one-third of them – 342 million people – were severely food-insecure. The present edition of the report presents the latest analysis of the prevalence and trends in undernourishment, food insecurity, and malnutrition. In addition, it includes, for the first time, estimates of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet, which are useful indicators of people’s economic access to nutritious foods and healthy diets. The deterioration of the food security situation and the lack of progress towards the WHO global nutrition targets make it imperative for countries to step up their efforts if they are to achieve a world without hunger and malnutrition by 2030. The call for greater action remains true in view of the projected lower rate of economic growth, high general and food price inflation, and raising borrowing costs on domestic and international markets since 2022.

Near East and North Africa – Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition, 2022

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2022 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2023-03-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251377116

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Near East and North Africa – Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition, 2022 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development,United Nations Children's Fund,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia Pdf

This year’s report presents evidence that Arab States face significant challenges in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 targets related to hunger, food security, and nutrition, as undernourishment, moderate or severe food insecurity, and malnourishment are increasing. Child wasting and overweight are higher, and adult obesity is double the global average. LDCs and conflict-affected countries suffer from even more severe hunger and malnutrition, including child stunting, wasting, and women’s anaemia. The report also provides the first assessment of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which shows a growing trend in the price of nutritious diets in recent years and that more than half the Arab population cannot afford a healthy diet. The Ukraine crisis, which has triggered food shortages and increased food price inflation, further adds to the burden on the region. This year, the report focuses on how trade can enable regional food security and nutrition. Arab countries rely significantly on imports for the essential food items necessary for diverse and healthy diets that they cannot locally produce in sufficient quantities due to limited natural resource endowments. It discusses the role of trade and trade facilitation as essential enablers of all four dimensions of food security and nutrition. It also underlines how tariffs and non-tariff measures influence the economic access to food in the area. On the other hand, countries that depend on trade may become more exposed to outside shocks, as the pandemic and the Ukraine crisis have highlighted. The report assesses Arab countries’ vulnerabilities, such as import dependency and lack of supplier diversification. To reduce the exposure to such external shocks, international trade must be carefully managed, sources of imports should be diversified, and international trade relations must be expanded to include new partners and markets. The report concludes with further policy recommendations that aim for the better integration of trade into food security and nutrition policies in the region.

Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,International Fund for Agriculture Development ,United Nations International Children's Fund  ,World Food Programme ,World Health Organization ,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,International Fund for Agriculture Development ,United Nations International Children's Fund  ,World Food Programme ,World Health Organization ,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 94 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2021-06-24
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251344712

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Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2020 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,International Fund for Agriculture Development ,United Nations International Children's Fund  ,World Food Programme ,World Health Organization ,United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia Pdf

This report examines data available prior to the Covid-19 pandemic that affected the region and the world in 2020. By 2019, the Arab Region was already off track to achieve hunger and nutrition-related SDG targets by 2030. In fact, after good progress during past decades, since 2015-17 the number of undernourished people in the region has been increasing steadily. In 2019, the number of hungry people stood at 51.4 million, or 12.2 percent of the region’s population. If such trends continue, even ignoring the potential impact of Covid-19, the number of undernourished in the region will exceed 75 million people by 2030.

Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 120 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2019-03-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251311578

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Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Pdf

This year’s edition of the Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition reports that the food security situation on the continent continues to worsen. For Africa, 20.4 percent of the continent’s population – 257 million people – are undernourished, up from 19.7 in 2016 – 241 million people. In sub–Saharan Africa, there are 237 million undernourished in 2017, up from 222 million in 2016. The worsening situation in Africa is due to difficult global economic conditions and, in many countries, conflict and climate-related disasters, sometimes in combination. Economic growth slowed in 2016 due to weak commodity prices, in particular for oil and minerals. Food insecurity has worsened in countries affected by conflict, often exacerbated by drought or floods, and in Southern and Eastern Africa many countries have been adversely affected by prolonged drought. Notably, several countries have achieved sustained progress in reducing food insecurity in the face of challenging circumstances. The deterioration of the food security situation and the lack of progress towards the WHO global nutrition targets makes it imperative for countries to step up their efforts, if they are to achieve a world without hunger and malnutrition by 2030. The need for greater efforts also emerges clearly from the findings of the inaugural biennial review of progress in implementing the goals of the Malabo Declaration. In addition to specific food security and nutrition policies, this year’s report reviews four important cross-cutting topics, namely, youth employment, remittances, intraregional trade, and climate change. It highlights their interplay with the food system and their role in food security and nutrition. The thematic part of the report presents an evidence–based assessment of the threat posed by more frequent occurrences of climate extremes and rising climate variability to food security and nutrition in the region. Climate change in combination with poor development planning, poverty and environmental degradation increases the risk of a climate event becoming a disaster. A collective approach that combines climate change adaptation with disaster resilient development is an opportunity to address climate and disaster risks within the context of broader development goals.

Near East and North Africa: Regional Overview of Food Insecurity 2016

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Insecurity 2016 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2018-05-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251096482

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Near East and North Africa: Regional Overview of Food Insecurity 2016 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

Most countries in the Near East and North Africa saw a steady improvement in food security and nutrition up to the beginning of the decade. Food production was rising and undernourishment and poverty were receding. However, the situation has deteriorated since 2012, largely driven by increasing conflicts and protracted crises as well as water scarcity and climate change.

FAO publications catalogue 2023

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAO publications catalogue 2023 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2023-10-10
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251380574

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FAO publications catalogue 2023 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

This catalogue aims to improve the dissemination and outreach of FAO’s knowledge products and overall publishing programme. By providing information on its key publications in every area of FAO’s work, and catering to a range of audiences, it thereby contributes to all organizational outcomes. From statistical analysis to specialized manuals to children’s books, FAO publications cater to a diverse range of audiences. This catalogue presents a selection of FAO’s main publications, produced in 2023 or earlier, ranging from its global reports and general interest publications to numerous specialized titles. In addition to the major themes of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, it also includes thematic sections on climate change, economic and social development, and food safety and nutrition.

2017 Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2017 Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 75 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2018-04-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251301111

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2017 Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The 2017 Near East and North Africa (NENA) edition of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition comes under the theme of “building resilience for food security and nutrition in times of conflict and crisis”. The report establishes a baseline against which to measure future progress towards achieving SDG 2 on ending hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in NENA by monitoring the latest indicators for the SDG targets on hunger and food insecurity (SDG Target 2.1) and malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2). Beyond numbers, the report focuses on the fundamental factors that have driven improvements in food security and malnutrition: poverty reduction, economic growth, improvements in maternal and childhood nutrition and public health, increases in the quantity and quality of the food supply and cessation of violence. Moreover, the report brings into sharp focus the issue of conflict, which is the major driver of food insecurity in the NENA region. Food security in the NENA region is fast deteriorating, driven by conflict and leading to a widening gap in well-being between conflict and non-conflict countries. Conflicts have long-lasting impacts on the food security and nutrition of both affected and surrounding countries in the region. Not only is food security deteriorating in the conflict and spill over countries, but the high costs of perpetrating, containing, preventing and dealing with the consequences of violence undermine their ability to mitigate the decline in living standards.

Addressing food security challenges faced by Near East and North Africa region due to the conflict in Ukraine

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Addressing food security challenges faced by Near East and North Africa region due to the conflict in Ukraine Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-05-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251361412

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Addressing food security challenges faced by Near East and North Africa region due to the conflict in Ukraine by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The Russian Federation and Ukraine are among the most important producers of agricultural commodities in the world. Both countries are net exporters of agricultural products, and they both play leading supply roles in global markets of foodstuffs and fertilizers, where exportable supplies are often concentrated in a handful of countries. This concentration could expose these markets to increased vulnerability to shocks and volatility. Many countries of the NENA region are heavily dependent on imported foodstuff and fertilizers from Russia and Ukraine; and thus, the current conflict puts the region at risk of shortening of food supply from Russia and Ukraine as well as raising food prices as a result of the disturbances in post-COVID-19.

Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9789251313480

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Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The Near East and North Africa Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition provides new evidence for monitoring trends in food security and nutrition within the framework of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. The in-depth analysis of progress made against Sustainable Development Goal 2 Target 2.1 (to end hunger and ensure access to food by all) and Target 2.2 (to end all forms of malnutrition), as well as the state of micronutrient deficiencies, is complemented by a review on rural transformation policies aimed at addressing food insecurity and nutrition issues. Updated estimates shows that the food security situation on the region continues to worsen since 2011 -2013. For, the Near East and North Africa, 11% of the region’s population – 50.2 million people – are undernourished. The findings of the report showed that the failure to reduce hunger in the area is closely associated with the increase in conflict and violence in several parts of the region, as also highlighted in last year’s edition. While the prevalence of undernourishment has risen from 23 to 26 percent in conflict countries since 2011-13, it has remained stable at about 5 percent in non-conflict countries. This year’s report goes further to explore the relationship between food insecurity, economic growth and rural transformation. It demonstrates that economic growth in the Near East and North Africa region has been slow compared to other regions, and suggests that rural transformation can improve growth rates and generate decent employment through strengthening rural-urban linkages, improving agricultural productivity, and expanding the rural non-farm economy.

Armed Conflict Survey 2023

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)
Armed Conflict Survey 2023 Book PDF

Author : The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 460 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2023-12-06
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781040015445

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Armed Conflict Survey 2023 by The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Pdf

The Armed Conflict Survey 2023 provides an exhaustive review of the political, military and humanitarian dimensions of active armed conflicts globally in the period from 1 May 2022–30 June 2023. The review is complemented by a strategic analysis of regional and global drivers and conflict outlooks, providing unique insights into the geopolitical and geo-economic threads linking conflicts regionally and globally, as well as into emerging flashpoints and political risks to monitor. This edition’s regional-focused approach also includes Regional Spotlight chapters on selected key conflict trends of regional and global importance. Reflecting the growing significance of geopolitical factors in shaping current conflict trends across the world, The Armed Conflict Survey 2023 features the third edition of the IISS Armed Conflict Global Relevance Indicator, which compares the global relevance of armed con icts in terms of their geopolitical impact, as well as their human impact and intensity. This edition also includes maps, infographics, key statistics and the accompanying Chart of Armed Conflict.

Altered Destinies

Roberta Gatti,Daniel Lederman,Asif Islam,Federico Bennett,Bo Pieter Johannes Andree,Hoda Assem,Rana Lotfi,Mennatallah Mousa
Altered Destinies Book PDF

Author : Roberta Gatti,Daniel Lederman,Asif Islam,Federico Bennett,Bo Pieter Johannes Andree,Hoda Assem,Rana Lotfi,Mennatallah Mousa
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 72 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2023-04-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464819742

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Altered Destinies by Roberta Gatti,Daniel Lederman,Asif Islam,Federico Bennett,Bo Pieter Johannes Andree,Hoda Assem,Rana Lotfi,Mennatallah Mousa Pdf

Growth is forecasted to slow down for the Middle East and North Africa region. The war in Ukraine in 2022 exacerbated inflationary pressures as the world recovered from the COVID 19 pandemic-induced recession. The response by central banks to raise rates to curb inflation is slowing economic activity, while rising food prices are making it difficult for families to put meals on the table. Inflation, when it stems from food prices, hits the poor harder than the rich. Moreover, food insecurity in MENA has been rising over decades. The immediate effects of food insecurity can be a devastating loss of life, but even temporary increases in food prices can cause long-term irreversible damages, especially to children. The rise in food prices due to the war in Ukraine may have altered the destinies of thousands of children in the region, setting them on paths to limited prosperity. Food insecurity imposes challenges to a region where the state of child nutrition and health were inadequate before the shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic. The report discusses policy options and highlights the need for data to guide effective decision making.

Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought Resilience

Chizoba Chinweze
Desertification Land Degradation and Drought Resilience Book PDF

Author : Chizoba Chinweze
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2023-05-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783736967830

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Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought Resilience by Chizoba Chinweze Pdf

A growing body of research and scientific as well as local evidence has shown that climate change impacts is on the rise with its attendant risks/hazards for the land system, even as it relates to DLDD, these being exacerbated by anthropogenic factors; thus, pushing the earth system to a tipping point therefore requiring that society braze up its coping capacities to avert the impending danger. This book highlights the urgent need to move from desertification, land degradation and drought (DLDD) risk management to resilience. The aim is to provide new insight on the issues of DLDD and stir policy guide on vulnerability reduction and building adaptive capacities so as to achieve sustainable development and identify pathways to a land degradation neutral world. It is worthy to note that globally, about one fifth of earth’s land area – more than 2 billion hectares – is degraded; and this jeopardizes the livelihoods of more than 3.5 billion people, i.e., about 40% of the world population. The global population is still growing and is projected to reach 8.3 billion people by 2030. Such growth will put unprecedented pressure on the productivity of the land system from day to day.

Europe and Central Asia - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Europe and Central Asia Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 76 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2023-12-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251383650

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Europe and Central Asia - Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

The Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia for 2023 – Statistics and Trends provides a comprehensive analysis of Sustainable Development Goal 2, focusing specifically on Target 2.1 (ending hunger and ensuring universal access to food) and Target 2.2 (eradicating all forms of malnutrition). Additionally, the report evaluates progress concerning three global nutrition targets: adult obesity, exclusive breastfeeding, and low birthweight, as endorsed by the 2012 World Health Assembly. It also offers an updated analysis of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet within the Europe and Central Asia region. Recent estimates affirm that hunger prevalence remains relatively low in the ECA region. Food insecurity at moderate or severe levels is notably lower compared to global estimates. However, food insecurity levels remain significantly higher than those recorded before the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the ECA region has made significant strides in reducing undernutrition overall, some countries still exhibit relatively high rates of stunting (over 10 percent) and wasting (over 3 percent). Overall, the region is not on track in addressing childhood overweight, adult obesity, anemia among women aged 15 to 49, and exclusive breastfeeding. Healthy diets play a crucial role in safeguarding against the impacts of malnutrition, fostering improved health outcomes. Notably, in the past year, the Western Balkans experienced the highest cost for a healthy diet within the region, surpassing both the ECA and global averages. Overall, there has been an increase in the number of individuals able to afford a healthy diet over the past year, while the percentage unable to afford it remains significantly lower than the global estimate.

Africa regional overview of food security and nutrition 2020

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission
Africa regional overview of food security and nutrition 2020 Book PDF

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2021-06-29
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251344491

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Africa regional overview of food security and nutrition 2020 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,United Nations Economic Commission for Africa,African Union Commission Pdf

Africa is not on track to meeting the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 targets to end hunger and ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round and to end all forms of malnutrition. The number of hungry people on the continent has risen by 47.9 million since 2014 and now stands at 250.3 million, or nearly one-fifth of the population. The 2017, 2018 and 2019 editions of this report explain that this gradual deterioration of food security was due to conflict, weather extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns, often overlapping. A continued worsening of food security is expected also for 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to hunger, across all countries in Africa millions of people suffer from widespread micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight and obesity are emerging as significant health concerns in many countries. This report shows that the food system in Africa does not provide food at a cost that makes nutritious food affordable to a majority of the population, and this is reflected in the high disease burden associated with maternal and child malnutrition, high body-mass, micronutrient deficiencies and dietary risk factors. The report also shows that current food consumption patterns impose high health and environmental costs, which are not reflected in food prices. The findings presented in this report highlight the importance of prioritizing the transformation of food systems to ensure access to affordable and healthy diets for all, produced in a sustainable manner.