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Author : Paul K. Kerr,Mary Beth D. Nikitin,Mark Holt
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 37 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : OCLC:1039274728
Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2012-10-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781437989366
Author : Congressional Research Congressional Research Service
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2014-12-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1505587212
U.S. civil nuclear cooperation agreements ("123" agreements), which are bilateral agreements with other governments or multilateral organizations, have several important goals, including promoting the U.S. nuclear industry, which is increasingly dependent on foreign customers and suppliers, and preventing nuclear proliferation. Increased international interest in nuclear power has generated concern that additional countries may obtain fuel-making technology that could also be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. Ensuring the peaceful use of transferred nuclear technology has long been a major U.S. objective, and Congress has played a key role. For example, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, which amended the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954, added new requirements for nuclear cooperation with the United States. Moreover, the United States has been a longtime proponent of restrictive international nuclear export policies. In recent years, some observers and Members of Congress have advocated that the United States adopt new conditions for civil nuclear cooperation. These would include requiring potential recipients of U.S. civil nuclear technology to forgo fuel-making enrichment and reprocessing technologies and to bring into force an Additional Protocol to their International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreements. Such protocols augment the IAEA's legal authority to inspect nuclear facilities. The near-term proliferation threat posed by civil nuclear commerce, particularly reactor transfers, is far from clear: All but three states (India, Israel, and Pakistan, all of which have nuclear weapons) are parties to the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT); all legitimate transfers of nuclear technology to NPT non-nuclear-weapon states are subject to IAEA safeguards; and no country with comprehensive safeguards in place and a record in good standing with the IAEA has used declared nuclear facilities to produce fissile material for weapons. Further, the international community has multiple mechanisms to dissuade countries from developing domestic enrichment or reprocessing facilities. States such as India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan did acquire enrichment or reprocessing technology, but did so either clandestinely or prior to the establishment of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) in the mid-1970s.
Author : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Agreements for Cooperation
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 1975
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : STANFORD:36105021063172
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S. Trade with China
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : China
ISBN : STANFORD:36105062995506
Author : Paul Kerr
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 50 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2013-01-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1482075873
India, which has not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and does not have International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all of its nuclear material, exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device in 1974, convincing the world of the need for greater restrictions on nuclear trade. The United States created the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as a direct response to India's test, halted nuclear exports to India a few years later, and worked to convince other states to do the same. India tested nuclear weapons again in 1998. However, President Bush announced July 18, 2005, he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies," in the context of a broader partnership with India. U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries is governed by the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954 (P.L. 95-242). However, P.L. 109-401, which President Bush signed into law on December 18, 2006, allows the President to waive several provisions of the AEA. On September 10, 2008, President Bush submitted to Congress, in addition to other required documents, a written determination that P.L. 109-401's requirements for U.S. nuclear cooperation with India to proceed had been met. President Bush signed P.L. 110-369, which approved the agreement, into law October 8, 2008. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and India's then-External Affairs Minister Shri Pranab Mukherjee signed the agreement two days later, and it entered into force December 6, 2008. Additionally, the United States and India signed a subsequent arrangement in July 2010 which governs "arrangements and procedures under which" India may reprocess U.S.-origin nuclear fuel in two new national reprocessing facilities, which New Delhi has not yet constructed. The NSG, at the behest of the Bush Administration, agreed in September 2008 to exempt India from some of its export guidelines. That decision has effectively left decisions regarding nuclear commerce with India almost entirely up to individual governments. Since the NSG decision, India has concluded numerous nuclear cooperation agreements with foreign suppliers. However, U.S. companies have not yet started nuclear trade with India and may be reluctant to do so if New Delhi does not resolve concerns regarding its policies on liability for nuclear reactor operators and suppliers. Taking a step to resolve such concerns, India signed the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage, which has not yet entered into force, October 27, 2010. However, many observers have argued that Indian nuclear liability legislation adopted in August 2010 is inconsistent with the Convention. The Obama Administration has continued with the Bush Administration's policy regarding civil nuclear cooperation with India. According to a November 8, 2010, White House fact sheet, the United States "intends to support India's full membership" in the NSG, as well as other multilateral export control regimes.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Special Subcommittee on U.S.-Pacific Rim Trade
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : China
ISBN : PSU:000010596579
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Electronic government information
ISBN : STANFORD:36105050420194
Author : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Agreements for Cooperation
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1965
Category : Defense (Civil procedure)
ISBN : UCAL:$B642375
Considers amendments to agreements with Indonesia, Spain, and Switzerland concerning civilian use of nuclear energy.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 86 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Law
ISBN : UOM:39015089028347
Author : United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Subcommittee on Agreements for Cooperation
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Nuclear weapons information, American
ISBN : UIUC:30112119799390
Author : United States Senate,Committee on Foreign Relations (senate),United States Congress
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 118 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2020-01-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1655346342
U.S.-Indian nuclear energy cooperation: security and nonproliferation implications: hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, November 2, 2005.
Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 7 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : OCLC:318690697
In order for the United States to engage in civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act (AEA). The AEA also provides for exemptions to these requirements, export control licensing procedures, and criteria for terminating cooperation. Congressional review is required for section 123 agreements; the AEA establishes special "fast track" parliamentary procedures by which Congress may act on a proposed agreement.
Author : Paul K. Kerr
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2010-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1437929540
This is a print-on-demand publication. Contents: (1) India¿s Nuclear Coop¿n. with the U.S., and with Other Countries; (2) Global Partnership; (3) Issues for Consideration: Impact on U.S. Non-Proliferation Policies: Iran; Restricting Enrichment and Reprocessing; Impact on the Nonproliferation Regime: U.S. NPT Article I Obligations/Aiding India¿s Nuclear Arsenal; (4) Steps Required by P.L. 109-401: India-IAEA Discussions/Domestic Opposition; India¿s Safeguards Agree.; Declaration of Nuclear Facilities; Atomic Energy Act and Consultations with Congress; Export Licensing; (5) Issues for Congress: The Nuclear Coop¿n. Agree.; Sensitive Nuclear Technol. Transfers; Nuclear Testing; Right of Return; (7) P.L. 110-369 -- Key Provisions.
Author : The CSIS Commission on Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 87 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-07-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781442225121
America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles, failure to find a permanent repository for high-level nuclear waste, reactions to the Fukushima accident in Japan, and other factors are hastening the day when existing U.S. reactors become uneconomic. The decline of the U.S. nuclear energy industry could be much more rapid than policy makers and stakeholders anticipate. China, India, Russia, and others plan on adding nuclear technology to their mix, furthering the spread of nuclear materials around the globe. U.S. companies must meet a significant share of this demand for nuclear technology, but U.S. firms are currently at a competitive disadvantage due to restrictive and otherwise unsupportive export policies. Without a strong commercial presence in new markets, America’s ability to influence nonproliferation policies and nuclear safety behaviors worldwide is bound to diminish. The United States cannot afford to become irrelevant in a new nuclear age.
