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Observations on Solar Flares by John T. Jefferies Pdf
Various aspects of solar flares such as dynamic phenomena, the relation to magnetic fields, electromagnetic radiations, particle emissions, and flare loops are discussed with attempts at classification in terms of observable effects. Discrepancies in defining the mechanisms that must exist stress the need for further observations. (Author).
Solar Flare Loops: Observations and Interpretations by Guangli Huang,Victor F. Melnikov,Haisheng Ji,Zongjun Ning Pdf
This book provides results of analysis of typical solar events, statistical analysis, the diagnostics of energetic electrons and magnetic field, as well as the global behavior of solar flaring loops such as their contraction and expansion. It pays particular attention to analyzing solar flare loops with microwave, hard X-ray, optical and EUV emissions, as well as the theories of their radiation, and electron acceleration/transport. The results concerning influence of the pitch-angle anisotropy of non-thermal electrons on their microwave and hard X-ray emissions, new spectral behaviors in X-ray and microwave bands, and results related to the contraction of flaring loops, are widely discussed in the literature of solar physics. The book is useful for graduate students and researchers in solar and space physics.
Ionospheric Effects of Solar Flares by Hermine Vloemans Pdf
Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances resulting from an interaction of the Solar Flare radiation with the constituents of the upper atmosphere constitute one of the three major aspects of ground level monitoring of solar flares -the other two being optical observations of flares, and the observations of solar bursts in radio wavelengths. SIDs, therefore, form a major part of flare monitoring programme in many observatories. Unlike the other two, however, the ionospheric effects of flares provide one major additional source of interest - the reaction of the ionospheric plasma to an impulsive ionization. The high atmosphere provides a low pressure laboratory without walls in which a host of reactions occur between electrons, ions and neutral particles. The resulting products and their distributions may bear no resemblance to those of the primary neutral constituents or their direct ionization products. The variations with the time of the day, with season and with solar activity that form the bulk of the ionospheric measurements are too slow to allow any insight into the nature of these ionospheric reactions whose lifetimes are often very short. The relaxation time of the ionospheric ionization is only a few minutes or fraction of a minute in the lower ionosphere and in the E-region and is about 30 min to an hour at 300 km. The flares provide a sudden short impulse comparable to these time scales.
Results Obtained During the Campaign for Integrated Observations of Solar Flares (CINOF) by M. A. Shea Pdf
The Campaign for Integrated Observations of Solar Flares (CINOF) was a period of extensive solar flare studies conducted 5-29 June 1972. Specific scientists were designated as CINOF coordinators to study selected events. This compilation contains seven reports: Five reports detailing solar phenomena associated with CINOF selected flares, one report detailing observations of a flare initiated shock wave propagating through the interplanetary medium, and one report on the solar particle and associated interplanetary measurements during this period.
Solar and Stellar Flares by Lyndsay Fletcher,Petr Heinzel Pdf
This volume is a collection of research articles on the subject of solar flares and flares on other cool stars, which are currently extensively studied using new ground- and space-based instruments, together with highly sophisticated numerical simulations. The collection memorializes the work of a pioneer in the study of solar physics, Professor Zdenek Švestka (1925 Prague – 2013 Bunschoten), a leading expert in the field of solar flares and the co-founder and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Solar Physics. The book contains many contributions to the conference “Solar and Stellar Flares: Observations, simulations and synergies”, held in Prague during 23 – 27 June 2014, organised in honor and memory of Professor Švestka. Originally published as Topical Issue of Solar Physics, Vol. 290, Issue 12, 2015.
ATS Observations of Sudden Increases of Total Electron Content Induced by EUV and X-ray Burst of Solar Flares by Richard Frank Donnelly,Richard Blair Fritz Pdf
ATS-satellite observations of sudden increases in total electron content (SITECs) produced by extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray bursts of solar flares are presented quantitatively and interpreted qualitatively. Large SITECs for the white-light flare of July 4, 1974, and for the large flares on July 5, September 10, and September 19, 1974, are illustrated. The time rate of change of total electron content dN (subscript)T/dt was directly compared with SFD (Sudden Frequency Deviations) measurements. The ATS-6 dN(subscript)T/dt measurements are essentially transionospheric SFD measurements. The main difference with respect to ground-based SFD measurements is that, in addition to the 100 to 200 km altitude range where ionospheric electron loss rates are high, the ATS-6 measurements also observe the low loss-rate F2 region. Because of this low ionization loss rate, dN(subscript)T/dt includes more of the slow radiation effects and proceeds to a negative decay phase much later than the ground-based SFDs.
Solar Flares and Collisions between Current-Carrying Loops by Jun-Ichi Sakai,C. de Jager Pdf
In this volume we compare modem observations of solar flares with results from recent theoretical research and simulation studies on current-carrying loops and their interaction. These topics have undergone rapid developments in the course of recent years. Observational results by X-ray monitoring and imaging spacecraft in the seventies and by dedicated imaging instrumentation in the satellites Solar Max imum Mission and Hinotori, launched 1980 and 1981, have shown the importance of X-ray imaging for understanding the ignition processes of solar flares. Such observations, in tum, stimulated theoretical studies, centered around the flux-tube concept. The classical idea that flares originate by interaction of current-carrying loops was developed and proved to be promising. Concepts on reconnection and coalescence of flux tubes were developed, and their consequences studied. The Yohkoh spacecraft, launched 1991, showed the overwhelming importance of coro nal flux tubes and their many possible ways of interaction. Subsequent and parallel theoretical studies and simulations, differentiating between the topology of interact ing fluxtubes, demonstrated that the mutual positioning and the way of interaction are important for the subsequent processes of energy release in flares and the many associated phenomena such as the expUlsion of jets and the emission of X -ray and microwave radiation. The new developments now enable researchers to understand and classify flares in a physically significant way. Various processes of accelera tion are active in and after flares on greatly varying timescales; these can now be distinguished and explained.
High-Energy Aspects of Solar Flares by A. Gordon Emslie,Brian R. Dennis,Robert P. Lin,Hugh Hudson Pdf
This edited volume describes many aspects of current research on solar flares, emphasizing recent progress in understanding their X-ray and gamma-ray emissions. Several of the chapters deal comprehensively with the problems of particle acceleration, conversion of particle energy into various forms of radiation, and the inference of physical processes from observations. Other chapters deal with the full breadth and richness of flare observations, including microflares and nanoflares. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers in solar physics and space science. Previously published in Space Science Reviews journal, Vol. 159/1-4, 2011.
Handbook of Cosmic Hazards and Planetary Defense by Joseph N. Pelton,Firooz Allahdadi Pdf
Covers in a comprehensive fashion all aspects of cosmic hazards and possible strategies for contending with these threats through a comprehensive planetary defense strategy. This handbook brings together in a single reference work a rich blend of information about the various types of cosmic threats that are posed to human civilization by asteroids, comets, bolides, meteors, solar flares and coronal mass ejections, cosmic radiation and other types of threats that are only recently beginning to be understood and studied, such as investigation of the “cracks” in the protective shield provided by the Van Allen belts and the geomagnetosphere, of matter-antimatter collisions, orbital debris and radiological or biological contamination. Some areas that are addressed involve areas about which there is a good deal of information that has been collected for many decades by multiple space missions run by many different space agencies, observatories and scientific researchers. Other areas involving research and studies that have only recently gotten underway are discussed by some of the world’s foremost experts in each of these areas, who provide up-to-date and scientifically verifiable information. Although much of the work in these various areas have been conducted by space agencies, an expanding range of work is also being carried out by observatories, by universities and other research centers, and even by private foundations and professional organizations. The purpose of this work is thus several-fold: to include the latest information and most systematic research from around the world in a single reference work; to note where there are significant gaps in knowledge where new research, spacecraft, observatories, or other initiatives are needed to fill in critical missing information; and to give the best possible information about preventative actions that might be taken against cosmic threats and identify various alternative strategies that are now under way or planned to cope with these various threats.
Research Directed Toward the Observation and Interpretation of Solar Phenomena by Howard L. DeMastus,Donald Howard Menzel Pdf
Refinements and continued operation of the combination H alpha prominence and green coronal camera provided motion pictures and daily surveys of prominences and corona. The H alpha flare patrol underwent significant improvements, and data acquisition rates were increased. Patrol observers became further engaged in both flare warning and subjective prediction services. Spectrographic observations of the solar corona and transient limb phenomena provided a continuation of routinely observed green and red coronal emission lines as well as a vast collection of special observations of bright limb phenomena. A white-light sunspot camera gave pictures of sunspots, granulation, and fine structure. Various theoretical and analysis studies were undertaken, based on the extensive patrol data, and on data from the Sacramento Peak 16-inch coronagraph and coelostat systems and their auxiliary spectrographs. (Author).
Particle Acceleration and Kinematics in Solar Flares by Markus Aschwanden Pdf
Over the last decade we entered a new exploration phase of solar flare physics, equipped with powerful spacecraft such as Yohkoh, SoHO, and TRACE that pro vide us detail-rich and high-resolution images of solar flares in soft X-rays, hard X -rays, and extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths. Moreover, the large-area and high sensitivity detectors on the Compton GRO spacecraft recorded an unprecedented number of high-energy photons from solar flares that surpasses all detected high energy sources taken together from the rest of the universe, for which CGRO was mainly designed to explore. However, morphological descriptions of these beau tiful pictures and statistical catalogs of these huge archives of solar data would not convey us much understanding of the underlying physics, if we would not set out to quantify physical parameters from these data and would not subject these measurements to theoretical models. Historically, there has always been an unsatisfactory gap between traditional astronomy that dutifully describes the mor phology of observations, and the newer approach of astrophysics, which starts with physical concepts from first principles and analyzes astronomical data with the goal to confirm or disprove theoretical models. In this review we attempt to bridge this yawning gap and aim to present the recent developments in solar flare high-energy physics from a physical point of view, structuring the observations and analysis results according to physical processes, such as particle acceleration, propagation, energy loss, kinematics, and radiation signatures.
