On Escalation

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On Escalation

Author : Herman Kahn
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 335 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781351502207

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On Escalation by Herman Kahn Pdf

In this widely discussed and influential book, Herman Kahn probes the dynamics of escalation and demonstrates how the intensification of conflict can be depicted by means of a definite escalation ladder, ascent of which brings opponents closer to all-out war. At each rung of the ladder, before the climb proceeds, decisions must be made based on numerous choices. Some are clear and obvious, others obscure, but the options are always there. Thermonuclear annihilation, says Kahn, is unlikely to come through accident; but nations may elect to climb the ladder to extinction. The basic material for the book was developed in briefings delivered by Kahn to military and civilian experts and revised in the light of his findings of a trip to Vietnam in the 1960s. In On Escalation he states the facts squarely. He asks the reader to face unemotionally the terrors of a world fully capable of suicide and to consider carefully the alternatives to such a path. In the never-never land of nuclear warfare, where nuclear incredulity is pervasive and paralyzing to the imagination even for the professional analyst, salient details of possible scenarios for the outbreak of war, and even more for war fighting, are largely unexplored or even unnoticed. For scenarios in which war is terminated, the issues and possibilities of which are almost completely unstudied, the situation is even worse. Kahn's discussion throws light on the terrain and gives the individual a sense of the range of possibilities and complexities involved and are useful.

Inadvertent Escalation

Author : Barry R. Posen
Publisher : Cornell University Press
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2014-01-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780801468377

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Inadvertent Escalation by Barry R. Posen Pdf

In this sobering book, Barry R. Posen demonstrates how the interplay between conventional military operations and nuclear forces could, in conflicts among states armed with both conventional and nuclear weaponry, inadvertently produce pressures for nuclear escalation. Knowledge of these hidden pressures, he believes, may help some future decision maker avoid catastrophe.Building a formidable argument that moves with cumulative force, he details the way in which escalation could occur not by mindless accident, or by deliberate preference for nuclear escalation, but rather as a natural accompaniment of land, naval, or air warfare at the conventional level. Posen bases his analysis on an empirical study of the east-west military competition in Europe during the 1980s, using a conceptual framework drawn from international relations theory, organization theory, and strategic theory.The lessons of his book, however, go well beyond the east-west competition. Since his observations are relevant to all military competitions between states armed with both conventional and nuclear weaponry, his book speaks to some of the problems that attend the proliferation of nuclear weapons in longstanding regional conflicts. Optimism that small and medium nuclear powers can easily achieve "stable" nuclear balances is, he believes, unwarranted.

Escalation of Commitment in Internationalization Processes

Author : Björn Röber
Publisher : Springer
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783319691022

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Escalation of Commitment in Internationalization Processes by Björn Röber Pdf

This unique book on international business presents a critical review of the role of bounded rationality in internationalization process (IP) research. Corporate internationalization processes have been a subject of scientific debate for several decades. However, it is questionable whether behavioral research insights are sufficiently acknowledged in this academic discipline. Against this backdrop, the author critically assesses the behavioral assumptions of the Uppsala Model, which is commonly considered to be the pivotal approach in internationalization process research.

De-Escalate

Author : Douglas E. Noll
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2017-09-12
Category : Family & Relationships
ISBN : 9781501176258

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De-Escalate by Douglas E. Noll Pdf

Written by award-winning author, highly experienced mediator, and co-founder of the Prison of Peace project, Douglas E. Noll, De-Escalate gives you the proven process to calm any angry person or volatile situation in 90 seconds or less. Based on the practical experience of a master mediator and grounded in the latest findings in neuroscience, Douglas Noll offers his proven process—to empower you to successfully and efficiently de-escalate an angry person or volatile situation in 90 seconds or less—and how to apply this skill in all areas of life. We live in a more socially polarized time nationally and globally than ever before, as arguments easily flare up, aggression and bullying rises, and lines are drawn over politics, religion, and ideology. De-Escalate provides a new set of social listening and communication skills that solve the problem of what to do with angry, emotional people. The quick and effective techniques detailed in De-Escalate will help anyone dealing with this increase in anger from outside sources or anger in themselves. With simple, easy-to-understand steps, De-Escalate walks you through real-life examples and scenario-based conversations in order to create resolutions, build emotional intelligence, and cultivate empathy and healing. This book will teach the precise tools to master becoming a peacemaker, cultivating ways to co-exist and co-respect others in an increasingly hostile world.

Escalation in the War in Ukraine

Author : Bryan Frederick,Mark Cozad,Alexandra Stark
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 110 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2023-09-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9781977411662

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Escalation in the War in Ukraine by Bryan Frederick,Mark Cozad,Alexandra Stark Pdf

This report evaluates the potential for further escalation in the war in Ukraine, including possible escalation to Russian nuclear use, to better inform U.S. and allied decisions and the public debate.

Coalition Management and Escalation Control in a Multinuclear World

Author : Jacquelyn Davis,Robert Pfaltzgraff
Publisher : Naval Institute Press
Page : 207 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2020-10-15
Category : History
ISBN : 9781682475423

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Coalition Management and Escalation Control in a Multinuclear World by Jacquelyn Davis,Robert Pfaltzgraff Pdf

Coalition Management and Escalation Control in a Multinuclear World examines the impact of new technologies on twenty-first-century crisis management and armed conflict, as well as the unprecedented number and types of actors involved in current and potential flash-points. The book's basic thesis is that new technologies are changing how wars are fought and providing a broadening range of escalation options. Cyber weapons and artificial intelligence, as well as social media, blur traditional escalation thresholds with important consequences for deterrence. Nuclear weapons possessors, especially nations and powers new to their use, may have differing strategies concerning how, when, why, or where such weapons should be used either for purposes of deterrence or as actual warfighting instruments. Today's global map differs drastically from all previous eras, not only in the types and numbers of actors but also in the level of lethality, as well as the range and accuracy of weapons available with which to threaten or actually conduct battle. A world of Great Power competition, together with non-state armed groups contains risks for miscalculation including the possibility of catalytic warfare.

Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts

Author : I. William Zartman,Guy Faure,Guy Olivier Faure
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2005-12-08
Category : History
ISBN : 0521856647

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Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts by I. William Zartman,Guy Faure,Guy Olivier Faure Pdf

This volume examines the point where the concepts and practices of escalation and negotiation meet.

Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

Author : Edwin E. Moïse
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2000-11-09
Category : History
ISBN : 9780807863480

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Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War by Edwin E. Moïse Pdf

Retracing the confused pattern of planning for escalation of the Vietnam War, Moise reconstructs the events of the night of August 4, 1964, when the U.S. Navy destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy reported that they were under attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. Using declassified records and interviews with the participants, Moise demonstrates that there was no North Vietnamese attack; the original report was a genuine mistake.

Escalation in Decision-Making

Author : Ms Julia Hodgson,Professor Helga Drummond
Publisher : Gower Publishing, Ltd.
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2012-08-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781409460008

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Escalation in Decision-Making by Ms Julia Hodgson,Professor Helga Drummond Pdf

When a venture seems to be faltering, do you persist and hope that things will get better or do you cut your losses? This may be one of the most important decisions business or project owners may ever have to make. Persistence involves the risk of throwing good money (or resources) after bad, but owners may feel they have too much invested to quit now. Escalation in Decision-Making reveals why social scientists believe that owners may not respond rationally to such predicaments. Instead of exiting when the odds are clearly stacked against them, they re-invest and end up compounding their losses – a phenomenon known as escalation of commitment. The authors, Helga Drummond and Julia Hodgson, also introduce the concept of entrapment, a variation whereby decision-makers passively drift towards insolvency as the cost of changing direction becomes too high. So: · what drives escalation? · why do some owners quit whilst others persist until the bailiffs arrive? · what can we learn from owners' mistakes? · what makes newcomers believe they can succeed where others are conspicuously failing? These questions of behavioural economics are answered using a narrative that analyses decisions made by market traders facing economic extinction. Many highly successful entrepreneurs started their careers in markets - it was once an almost guaranteed route to prosperity - now market traders are struggling to survive. Although the market traders featured are small entrepreneurs, the ubiquitous phenomenon of escalation at the heart of these stories is widely relevant to practitioners such as project managers in large organizations and to those responsible for managing risk in many situations. Rich in case studies involving real business decisions and dilemmas, Escalation in Decision-Making provides an accessible introduction to the application of theory against a background of growing interest in behavioural economics, now being researched and taught in universities and increasingly attracting the attention of business practitioners.

Escalation in Decision-Making

Author : Helga Drummond,Julia Hodgson
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 215 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2016-05-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317141693

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Escalation in Decision-Making by Helga Drummond,Julia Hodgson Pdf

When a venture seems to be faltering, do you persist and hope that things will get better or do you cut your losses? This may be one of the most important decisions business or project owners may ever have to make. Persistence involves the risk of throwing good money (or resources) after bad, but owners may feel they have too much invested to quit now. Escalation in Decision-Making reveals why social scientists believe that owners may not respond rationally to such predicaments. Instead of exiting when the odds are clearly stacked against them, they re-invest and end up compounding their losses - a phenomenon known as escalation of commitment. The authors, Helga Drummond and Julia Hodgson, also introduce the concept of entrapment, a variation whereby decision-makers passively drift towards insolvency as the cost of changing direction becomes too high. So: · what drives escalation? · why do some owners quit whilst others persist until the bailiffs arrive? · what can we learn from owners' mistakes? · what makes newcomers believe they can succeed where others are conspicuously failing? These questions of behavioural economics are answered using a narrative that analyses decisions made by market traders facing economic extinction. Many highly successful entrepreneurs started their careers in markets - it was once an almost guaranteed route to prosperity - now market traders are struggling to survive. Although the market traders featured are small entrepreneurs, the ubiquitous phenomenon of escalation at the heart of these stories is widely relevant to practitioners such as project managers in large organizations and to those responsible for managing risk in many situations. Rich in case studies involving real business decisions and dilemmas, Escalation in Decision-Making provides an accessible introduction to the application of theory against a background of growing interest in behavioural economics, now being researched and taught in univ

Crisis and Escalation in Cyberspace

Author : Martin C. Libicki
Publisher : Rand Corporation
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780833076809

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Crisis and Escalation in Cyberspace by Martin C. Libicki Pdf

"The chances are growing that the United States will find itself in a crisis in cyberspace, with the escalation of tensions associated with a major cyberattack, suspicions that one has taken place, or fears that it might do so soon. The genesis for this work was the broader issue of how the Air Force should integrate kinetic and nonkinetic operations. Central to this process was careful consideration of how escalation options and risks should be treated, which, in turn, demanded a broader consideration across the entire crisis-management spectrum. Such crises can be managed by taking steps to reduce the incentives for other states to step into crisis, by controlling the narrative, understanding the stability parameters of the crises, and trying to manage escalation if conflicts arise from crises."--P. [4] of cover.

Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation

Author : S. Lobell,P. Mauceri
Publisher : Springer
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2004-01-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781403981417

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Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation by S. Lobell,P. Mauceri Pdf

Combining theoretical analyzes with case studies, this book increases understanding of the internationalization, diffusion and escalation of ethnic conflict. The essays stand at the nexus of comparative politics and international relations, examining the influence on ethnic conflict of the weakening of state institutional structures, the role of non-state regional and international actors, changes in the ethnic balance of power, and the degree of economic, social, and cultural integration within the regional or global system. The variety of approaches provides useful analytical tools for students, while the diversity of cases from different regions gives the reader a sense of the scope of such problems.

XCOM 2: Escalation

Author : Rick Barba
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 181 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2017-11-14
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 9781683830481

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XCOM 2: Escalation by Rick Barba Pdf

In this original novel based on the hit video game, the Resistance gains new allies in fighting a new powerful alien enemy force. Back in 2015, Earth’s council of nations, facing an extraterrestrial onslaught, cravenly and abruptly surrendered to the alien invasion force. XCOM, the elite military unit created to defend the planet, was betrayed and forced underground. As Earth’s survivors poured into the eerily clean and perfect New Cities, XCOM began to secretly rebuild and retool for a long-term guerilla war. Twenty years later, homegrown pockets of resistance have sprouted in the hinterlands. Gritty bands of Reapers—expert marksmen and fearsome hunters of alien flesh—operate in the high-country wilderness. Tribal enclaves of former ADVENT Troopers—powerful human-alien hybrids called Skirmishers—roam the alpine passes of the Continental Divide, wreaking havoc on their hated former overlords. Other factions operate more overtly, some with mysterious and unsettling capabilities. In response, the alien Elders have unleashed a lethal and terrifying new infiltration team called The Chosen. Can XCOM unite the resistance factions under its direction to counter this new deadly threat? Or will the alien escalation finally sweep away the last dogged defenders of human civilization?

Crysis: Escalation

Author : Gavin G. Smith
Publisher : Gollancz
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2013-02-21
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 9780575115842

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Crysis: Escalation by Gavin G. Smith Pdf

To tie in to the massive new game CRYSIS 3, coming in February 2013 from EA, Gavin Smith has been signed up to write a selection of connected short stories that will explore and expand the game world. Gavin's futuristic and punchy fiction is a perfect fit for CRYSIS, and this will be a delight for game-players and SF fans alike. With stories covering the fan favourite characters of Prophet, Psycho and Alcatraz, as well as introducing themes, enemies and weapons new to CRYSIS 3, this will be a vital part of the game experience. Punchy and kinetic, this is SF with steel at its heart.