On Protein Structure Function And Modularity From An Evolutionary Perspective

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On protein structure, function and modularity from an evolutionary perspective

Author : Robert Pilstål
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
Page : 77 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2018-05-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789176853474

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On protein structure, function and modularity from an evolutionary perspective by Robert Pilstål Pdf

We are compounded entities, given life by a complex molecular machinery. When studying these molecules we have to make sense of a diverse set of dynamical nanostructures with wast and intricate patterns of interactions. Protein polymers is one of the major groups of building blocks of such nanostructures which fold up into more or less distinct three dimensional structures. Due to their shape, dynamics and chemical properties proteins are able to perform a plethora of specific functions essential to all known cellular lifeforms. The connection between protein sequence, translated into protein structure and in the continuation into protein function is well accepted but poorly understood. Malfunction in the process of protein folding is known to be implicated in natural aging, cancer and degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Protein folds are described hierarchically by structural ontologies such as SCOP, CATH and Pfam all which has yet to succeed in deciphering the natural language of protein function. These paradigmatic views centered on protein structure fail to describe more mutable entities, such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) which lack a clear defined structure. As of 2012, about two thirds of cancer patients was predicted to survive past 5 years of diagnosis. Despite this, about a third do not survive and numerous of successfully treated patients suffer from secondary conditions due to chemotherapy, surgery and the like. In order to handle cancer more efficiently we have to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Elusive to standard methods of investigation, IDPs have a central role in pathology; dysfunction in IDPs are key factors in cellular system failures such as cancer, as many IDPs are hub regulators for major cell functions. These IDPs carry short conserved functional boxes, that are not described by known ontologies, which suggests the existence of a smaller entity. In an investigation of a pair of such boxes of c-MYC, a plausible structural model of its interacting with Pin1 emerged, but such a model still leaves the observer with a puzzle of understanding the actual function of that interaction. If the protein is represented as a graph and modeled as the interaction patterns instead of as a structural entity, another picture emerges. As a graph, there is a parable from that of the boxes of IDPs, to that of sectors of allosterically connected residues and the theory of foldons and folding units. Such a description is also useful in deciphering the implications of specific mutations. In order to render a functional description feasible for both structured and disordered proteins, there is a need of a model separate from form and structure. Realized as protein primes, patterns of interaction, which has a specific function that can be defined as prime interactions and context. With function defined as interactions, it might be possible that the discussion of proteins and their mechanisms is thereby simplified to the point rendering protein structural determination merely supplementary to understanding protein function. Människan byggs upp av celler, de i sin tur består av än mindre beståndsdelar; livets molekyler. Dessa fungerar som mekaniska byggstenar, likt maskiner och robotar som sliter vid fabrikens band; envar utförandes en absolut nödvändig funktion för cellens, och hela kroppens, fortsatta överlevnad. De av livets molekyler som beskrivs centralt i den här avhandling är proteiner, vilka i sin tur består utav en lång kedja, med olika typer av länkar, som likt garn lindar upp sig i ett nystan av en (mer eller mindre...) bestämd struktur som avgör dess roll och funktion i cellen. Intrinsiellt oordnade proteiner (IDP) går emot denna enkla åskådning; de är proteiner som saknar struktur och beter sig mer likt spaghetti i vatten än en maskin. IDP är ändå funktionella och bär på centrala roller i cellens maskineri; exempel är oncoproteinet c-Myc som agerar "gaspedal" för cellen - fel i c-Myc's funktion leder till att cellerna löper amok, delar sig hejdlöst och vi får cancer. Man har upptäckt att c-Myc har en ombytlig struktur vi inte kan se; studier av punktvisa förändringar, mutationer, i kedjan av byggstenar hos c-Myc visar att många länkar har viktiga roller i funktionen. Detta ger oss bättre förståelse om cancer men samtidigt är laboratoriearbetet både komplicerat och dyrt; här kan evolutionen vägleda oss och avslöja hemligheterna snabbare. Molekylär evolution studeras genom att beräkna variation i proteinkedjan mellan besläktade arter som finns lagrade i databaser; detta visar snabbt, via nätverksanalys och grafteori, vilka delar av proteinet som är centrala och kopplade till varandra av nödvändighet för artens fortlevnad. På så vis hjälper evolutionen oss att förstå proteinfunktioner via modeller baserade på proteinernas interaktioner snarare än deras struktur. Samma modeller kan nyttjas för att förstå dynamiska förlopp och skillnader mellan normala och patologiska varianter av proteiner; mutationer kan uppstå i vår arvsmassa som kan leda till sjukdom. Genom analys av proteinernas kopplingsnätverk i grafmodellerna kan man bättre förutsäga vilka mutationer som är farligare än andra. Dessutom har det visat sig att en sådan representation kan ge bättre förståelse för den normala funktionen hos ett protein än vad en proteinstruktur kan. Här introduceras även konceptet proteinprimärer, vilket är en abstrakt representation av proteiner centrerad på deras interaktiva mönster, snarare än på partikulär form och struktur. Det är en förhoppning att en sådan representation skall förenkla diskussionen anbelangande proteinfunktion så till den grad att strukturbestämmelse av proteiner, som är en mycket kostsam och tidskrävande process, till viss mån kan anses vara sekundär i betydelse jämfört med funktionellt modellerande baserat på evolutionära data extraherade ur våra sekvensdatabaser.

Protein Structure and Function

Author : Gregory A. Petsko,Dagmar Ringe
Publisher : New Science Press
Page : 220 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Proteins
ISBN : 9780878936632

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Protein Structure and Function by Gregory A. Petsko,Dagmar Ringe Pdf

Each title in the 'Primers in Biology' series is constructed on a modular principle that is intended to make them easy to teach from, to learn from, and to use for reference.

Molecular Biology of The Cell

Author : Bruce Alberts
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Cytology
ISBN : 0815332181

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Molecular Biology of The Cell by Bruce Alberts Pdf

Protein Structure and Folding

Author : Sridhar Govindarajan
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Electronic
ISBN : UOM:39015041254684

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Protein Structure and Folding by Sridhar Govindarajan Pdf

Modularity in Development and Evolution

Author : Gerhard Schlosser,Gu nter P. Wagner
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 614 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2004-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 0226738531

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Modularity in Development and Evolution by Gerhard Schlosser,Gu nter P. Wagner Pdf

Modularity in Development and Evolution offers the first sustained exploration of modules from developmental and evolutionary perspectives. Contributors discuss what modularity is, how it can be identified and modeled, how it originated and evolved, and its biological significance. Covering modules at levels ranging from genes to colonies, the book focuses on their roles not just in structures but also in processes such as gene regulation. Among many exciting findings, the contributors demonstrate how modules can highlight key constraints on evolutionary processes. A timely synthesis of a crucial topic, Modularity in Development and Evolution shows the invaluable insights modules can give into both developmental complexities and their evolutionary origins.

Structural Bioinformatics

Author : Jenny Gu,Philip E. Bourne
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1108 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2009-03-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470181058

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Structural Bioinformatics by Jenny Gu,Philip E. Bourne Pdf

Structural Bioinformatics was the first major effort to show the application of the principles and basic knowledge of the larger field of bioinformatics to questions focusing on macromolecular structure, such as the prediction of protein structure and how proteins carry out cellular functions, and how the application of bioinformatics to these life science issues can improve healthcare by accelerating drug discovery and development. Designed primarily as a reference, the first edition nevertheless saw widespread use as a textbook in graduate and undergraduate university courses dealing with the theories and associated algorithms, resources, and tools used in the analysis, prediction, and theoretical underpinnings of DNA, RNA, and proteins. This new edition contains not only thorough updates of the advances in structural bioinformatics since publication of the first edition, but also features eleven new chapters dealing with frontier areas of high scientific impact, including: sampling and search techniques; use of mass spectrometry; genome functional annotation; and much more. Offering detailed coverage for practitioners while remaining accessible to the novice, Structural Bioinformatics, Second Edition is a valuable resource and an excellent textbook for a range of readers in the bioinformatics and advanced biology fields. Praise for the previous edition: "This book is a gold mine of fundamental and practical information in an area not previously well represented in book form." —Biochemistry and Molecular Education "... destined to become a classic reference work for workers at all levels in structural bioinformatics...recommended with great enthusiasm for educators, researchers, and graduate students." —BAMBED "...a useful and timely summary of a rapidly expanding field." —Nature Structural Biology "...a terrific job in this timely creation of a compilation of articles that appropriately addresses this issue." —Briefings in Bioinformatics

Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution

Author : Alessandro Minelli
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780198566205

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Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution by Alessandro Minelli Pdf

Animal phylogeny is undergoing a major revolution due to the availability of an ever increasing amount of molecular data, the application of novel methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, and advances in palaeontology and molecular developmental biology.This book revises the major events in animal evolution in the light of these recent advances.

How Proteins Work

Author : Michael Williamson
Publisher : Garland Science
Page : 464 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2012-03-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781136665493

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How Proteins Work by Michael Williamson Pdf

High-throughputomics' projects such as genome sequencing, structural genomics and proteomics mean that there is no shortage of information on proteins. But the more information we have, the harder it is to make sense of it, to know where to start, and to identify the important results. This book is a clear, up to date and authoritative account of

Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics

Author : M. Lässig,A. Valleriani
Publisher : Springer
Page : 342 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2008-01-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783540456926

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Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics by M. Lässig,A. Valleriani Pdf

This set of lecture notes gives a first coherent account of a novel aspect of the living world that can be called biological information. The book presents both a pedagogical and state-of-the art roadmap of this rapidly evolving area and covers the whole field, from information which is encoded in the molecular genetic code to the description of large-scale evolution of complex species networks. The book will prove useful for all those who work at the interface of biology, physics and information science.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology

Author : Eric J. Toone
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2010-04-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780470891322

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Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology by Eric J. Toone Pdf

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology covers the advances in enzymology, explaining the behavior of enzymes and how they can be utilized to develop novel drugs, synthesize known and novel compounds, and understand evolutionary processes.

Cumulated Index Medicus

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1844 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Medicine
ISBN : OSU:32436010864534

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Cumulated Index Medicus by Anonim Pdf

Author : Taylor & Francis Group
Publisher : Garland Science
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2010-12-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789780815349

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by Taylor & Francis Group Pdf

Lewin's CELLS

Author : Lynne Cassimeris,Vishwanath Lingappa,George Plopper,Benjamin Lewin
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
Page : 1079 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2011-03-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780763766641

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Lewin's CELLS by Lynne Cassimeris,Vishwanath Lingappa,George Plopper,Benjamin Lewin Pdf

Completely revised and updated to incorporate the latest data in the field, Lewin's CELLS, Second Edition is the ideal resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students entering the world of cell biology. Redesigned to incorporate new learning tools and elements, this edition continues to provide readers with current coverage of the structure, organization, growth, regulation, movements, and interaction of cells, with an emphasis on eukaryotic cells. Under the direction of three expert lead editors, new chapters on metabolism and general molecular biology have been added by subject specialist. All chapters have been carefully edited to maintain consistent use of terminology and to achieve a homogenous level of detail and rigor. A new design incorporates many new pedagogical elements, including Concept & Reasoning Questions, Methods boxes, Clinical Applications boxes, and more.

The Evolution of Protein Structure and Function

Author : David S. Sigman,Mary A. B. Brazier
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2013-10-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781483262819

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The Evolution of Protein Structure and Function by David S. Sigman,Mary A. B. Brazier Pdf

The Evolution of Protein Structure and Function documents the proceedings of the symposium ""Evolution of Protein Structure and Function"" held at the Dickson Art Auditorium, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 28-29 June 1979. Its objective was to honor Professor Emil L. Smith on the occasion of his retirement as Professor and Chairman, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, UCLA. The papers presented by Emil’s colleagues, friends, and students from all phases of his long and varied scientific career provided a valuable review of enzymology, protein chemistry, and biochemical evolution. The volume contains 16 chapters is organized into three parts. Part I contains papers on enyzmology, including the role of the recA protein of Escherichia coli in general recombination; the evolution of enzyme families; and studies on metalloenzymes. Part II takes up protein structure and function. It includes papers on glycoprotein hormones, thymus hormones, chromosome biology and chemistry, and the evolution of histones. Part III examines the evolution of proteins, including the evolution of cythochrome c and evolution of phycobilisome of cyanobacteria and red algae.

Bioinformatics

Author : Dev Bukhsh Singh,Rajesh Kumar Pathak
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 512 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2021-10-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780323900058

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Bioinformatics by Dev Bukhsh Singh,Rajesh Kumar Pathak Pdf

Bioinformatics: Methods and Applications provides a thorough and detailed description of principles, methods, and applications of bioinformatics in different areas of life sciences. It presents a compendium of many important topics of current advanced research and basic principles/approaches easily applicable to diverse research settings. The content encompasses topics such as biological databases, sequence analysis, genome assembly, RNA sequence data analysis, drug design, and structural and functional analysis of proteins. In addition, it discusses computational approaches for vaccine design, systems biology and big data analysis, and machine learning in bioinformatics.It is a valuable source for bioinformaticians, computer biologists, and members of biomedical field who needs to learn bioinformatics approaches to apply to their research and lab activities. Covers basic and more advanced developments of bioinformatics with a diverse and interdisciplinary approach to fulfill the needs of readers from different backgrounds Explains in a practical way how to decode complex biological problems using computational approaches and resources Brings case studies, real-world examples and several protocols to guide the readers with a problem-solving approach