Phylogenetic Diversity

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Phylogenetic Diversity

Author : Rosa A. Scherson,Daniel P Faith
Publisher : Springer
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2018-08-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319931456

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Phylogenetic Diversity by Rosa A. Scherson,Daniel P Faith Pdf

“Biodiversity” refers to the variety of life. It is now agreed that there is a “biodiversity crisis”, corresponding to extinction rates of species that may be 1000 times what is thought to be “normal”. Biodiversity science has a higher profile than ever, with the new Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services involving more than 120 countries and 1000s of scientists. At the same time, the discipline is re-evaluating its foundations – including its philosophy and even core definitions. The value of biodiversity is being debated. In this context, the tree of life (“phylogeny”) is emerging as an important way to look at biodiversity, with relevance cutting across current areas of concern – from the question of resilience within ecosystems, to conservation priorities for globally threatened species – while capturing the values of biodiversity that have been hard to quantify, including resilience and maintaining options for future generations. This increased appreciation of the importance of conserving “phylogenetic diversity”, from microbial communities in the human gut to global threatened species, has inevitably resulted in an explosion of new indices, methods, and case studies. This book recognizes and responds to the timely opportunity for synthesis and sharing experiences in practical applications. The book recognizes that the challenge of finding a synthesis, and building shared concepts and a shared toolbox, requires both an appreciation of the past and a look into the future. Thus, the book is organized as a flow from history, concepts and philosophy, through to methods and tools, and followed by selected case studies. A positive vision and plan of action emerges from these chapters, that includes coping with inevitable uncertainties, effectively communicating the importance of this “evolutionary heritage” to the public and to policy-makers, and ultimately contributing to biodiversity conservation policy from local to global scales.

Biodiversity Conservation and Phylogenetic Systematics

Author : Roseli Pellens,Philippe Grandcolas
Publisher : Springer
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2016-02-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319224619

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Biodiversity Conservation and Phylogenetic Systematics by Roseli Pellens,Philippe Grandcolas Pdf

This book is about phylogenetic diversity as an approach to reduce biodiversity losses in this period of mass extinction. Chapters in the first section deal with questions such as the way we value phylogenetic diversity among other criteria for biodiversity conservation; the choice of measures; the loss of phylogenetic diversity with extinction; the importance of organisms that are deeply branched in the tree of life, and the role of relict species. The second section is composed by contributions exploring methodological aspects, such as how to deal with abundance, sampling effort, or conflicting trees in analysis of phylogenetic diversity. The last section is devoted to applications, showing how phylogenetic diversity can be integrated in systematic conservation planning, in EDGE and HEDGE evaluations. This wide coverage makes the book a reference for academics, policy makers and stakeholders dealing with biodiversity conservation.

Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R

Author : Nathan G. Swenson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2014-03-26
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781461495420

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Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R by Nathan G. Swenson Pdf

Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R is designed to teach readers to use R for phylogenetic and functional trait analyses. Over the past decade, a dizzying array of tools and methods were generated to incorporate phylogenetic and functional information into traditional ecological analyses. Increasingly these tools are implemented in R, thus greatly expanding their impact. Researchers getting started in R can use this volume as a step-by-step entryway into phylogenetic and functional analyses for ecology in R. More advanced users will be able to use this volume as a quick reference to understand particular analyses. The volume begins with an introduction to the R environment and handling relevant data in R. Chapters then cover phylogenetic and functional metrics of biodiversity; null modeling and randomizations for phylogenetic and functional trait analyses; integrating phylogenetic and functional trait information; and interfacing the R environment with a popular C-based program. This book presents a unique approach through its focus on ecological analyses and not macroevolutionary analyses. The author provides his own code, so that the reader is guided through the computational steps to calculate the desired metrics. This guided approach simplifies the work of determining which package to use for any given analysis. Example datasets are shared to help readers practice, and readers can then quickly turn to their own datasets.

Phylogenetic Ecology

Author : Nathan G. Swenson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2019-11-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780226671505

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Phylogenetic Ecology by Nathan G. Swenson Pdf

Over the past decade, ecologists have increasingly embraced phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships among species. As a result, they have come to discover the field’s power to illuminate present ecological patterns and processes. Ecologists are now investigating whether phylogenetic diversity is a better measure of ecosystem health than more traditional metrics like species diversity, whether it can predict the future structure and function of communities and ecosystems, and whether conservationists might prioritize it when formulating conservation plans. In Phylogenetic Ecology, Nathan G. Swenson synthesizes this nascent field’s major conceptual, methodological, and empirical developments to provide students and practicing ecologists with a foundational overview. Along the way, he highlights those realms of phylogenetic ecology that will likely increase in relevance—such as the burgeoning subfield of phylogenomics—and shows how ecologists might lean on these new perspectives to inform their research programs.

Phylogenetic Ecology

Author : Nathan G. Swenson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2019-11-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780226671642

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Phylogenetic Ecology by Nathan G. Swenson Pdf

Over the past decade, ecologists have increasingly embraced phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships among species. As a result, they have come to discover the field’s power to illuminate present ecological patterns and processes. Ecologists are now investigating whether phylogenetic diversity is a better measure of ecosystem health than more traditional metrics like species diversity, whether it can predict the future structure and function of communities and ecosystems, and whether conservationists might prioritize it when formulating conservation plans. In Phylogenetic Ecology, Nathan G. Swenson synthesizes this nascent field’s major conceptual, methodological, and empirical developments to provide students and practicing ecologists with a foundational overview. Along the way, he highlights those realms of phylogenetic ecology that will likely increase in relevance—such as the burgeoning subfield of phylogenomics—and shows how ecologists might lean on these new perspectives to inform their research programs.

Biological Diversity

Author : Anne E. Magurran,Brian J. McGill
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780199580668

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Biological Diversity by Anne E. Magurran,Brian J. McGill Pdf

This book provides an up to date review of the methods of measuring and assessing biological diversity, together with their application.

The Evolution of Cultural Diversity

Author : Ruth Mace,Clare J Holden,Stephen Shennan
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2016-09-16
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781315418599

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The Evolution of Cultural Diversity by Ruth Mace,Clare J Holden,Stephen Shennan Pdf

Virtually all aspects of human behavior show enormous variation both within and between cultural groups, including material culture, social organization and language. Thousands of distinct cultural groups exist: about 6,000 languages are spoken today, and it is thought that a far greater number of languages existed in the past but became extinct. Using a Darwinian approach, this book seeks to explain this rich cultural variation. There are a number of theoretical reasons to believe that cultural diversification might be tree-like, that is phylogenetic: material and non-material culture is clearly inherited by descendants, there is descent with modification, and languages appear to be hierarchically related. There are also a number of theoretical reasons to believe that cultural evolution is not tree-like: cultural inheritance is not Mendelian and can indeed be vertical, horizontal or oblique, evidence of borrowing abounds, cultures are not necessarily biological populations and can be transient and complex. Here, for the first time, this title tackles these questions of cultural evolution empirically and quantitatively, using a range of case studies from Africa, the Pacific, Europe, Asia and America. A range of powerful theoretical tools developed in evolutionary biology is used to test detailed hypotheses about historical patterns and adaptive functions in cultural evolution. Evidence is amassed from archaeological, linguist and cultural datasets, from both recent and historical or pre-historical time periods. A unifying theme is that the phylogenetic approach is a useful and powerful framework, both for describing the evolutionary history of these traits, and also for testing adaptive hypotheses about their evolution and co-evolution. Contributors include archaeologists, anthropologists, evolutionary biologists and linguists, and this book will be of great interest to all those involved in these areas.

Amphibian Declines

Author : Michael J. Lannoo
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Page : 1124 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2005-06-15
Category : Nature
ISBN : 0520235924

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Amphibian Declines by Michael J. Lannoo Pdf

Documents in comprehensive detail a major environmental crisis: rapidly declining amphibian populations and the disturbing developmental problems that are increasingly prevalent within many amphibian species.

The Nature of Diversity

Author : Daniel R. Brooks,Deborah A. McLennan
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 684 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2012-04-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780226922478

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The Nature of Diversity by Daniel R. Brooks,Deborah A. McLennan Pdf

All living things on earth—from individual species to entire ecosystems—have evolved through time, and evolution is the acknowledged framework of modern biology. Yet many areas of biology have moved from a focus on evolution to much narrower perspectives. Daniel R. Brooks and Deborah A. McLennan argue that it is impossible to comprehend the nature of life on earth unless evolution—the history of organisms—is restored to a central position in research. They demonstrate how the phylogenetic approach can be integrated with ecological and behavioral studies to produce a richer and more complete picture of evolution. Clearly setting out the conceptual, methodological, and empirical foundations of their research program, Brooks and McLennan show how scientists can use it to unravel the evolutionary history of virtually any characteristic of any living thing, from behaviors to ecosystems. They illustrate and test their approach with examples drawn from a wide variety of species and habitats. The Nature of Diversity provides a powerful new tool for understanding, documenting, and preserving the world's biodiversity. It is an essential book for biologists working in evolution, ecology, behavior, conservation, and systematics. The argument in The Nature of Diversity greatly expands upon and refines the arguments made in the authors' previous book Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior.

Phylogeny and Conservation

Author : Andy Purvis,John L. Gittleman,Thomas M. Brooks
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2005-09-22
Category : Nature
ISBN : 0521825024

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Phylogeny and Conservation by Andy Purvis,John L. Gittleman,Thomas M. Brooks Pdf

Phylogeny is a potentially powerful tool for conserving biodiversity. This book explores how it can be used to tackle questions of great practical importance and urgency for conservation. Using case studies from many different taxa and regions of the world, the volume evaluates how useful phylogeny is in understanding the processes that have generated today's diversity and the processes that now threaten it. The urgency with which conservation decisions have to be made as well as the need for the best possible decisions make this volume of great value to researchers, practitioners and policy-makers.

Ecosystems of California

Author : Harold Mooney,Erika Zavaleta
Publisher : Univ of California Press
Page : 1008 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2016-01-19
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780520962170

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Ecosystems of California by Harold Mooney,Erika Zavaleta Pdf

This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California’s remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type—its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of California’s ecological patterns and the history of the state’s various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the state’s ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of California’s environment and curious naturalists.

Parasite Diversity and Diversification

Author : Serge Morand,Boris R. Krasnov,D. Timothy J. Littlewood
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 503 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2015-02-26
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781107037656

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Parasite Diversity and Diversification by Serge Morand,Boris R. Krasnov,D. Timothy J. Littlewood Pdf

By joining phylogenetics and evolutionary ecology, this book explores the patterns of parasite diversity while revealing diversification processes.

Modern Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and Their Application in Evolutionary Biology

Author : László Zsolt Garamszegi
Publisher : Springer
Page : 552 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2014-07-29
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783662435502

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Modern Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and Their Application in Evolutionary Biology by László Zsolt Garamszegi Pdf

Phylogenetic comparative approaches are powerful analytical tools for making evolutionary inferences from interspecific data and phylogenies. The phylogenetic toolkit available to evolutionary biologists is currently growing at an incredible speed, but most methodological papers are published in the specialized statistical literature and many are incomprehensible for the user community. This textbook provides an overview of several newly developed phylogenetic comparative methods that allow to investigate a broad array of questions on how phenotypic characters evolve along the branches of phylogeny and how such mechanisms shape complex animal communities and interspecific interactions. The individual chapters were written by the leading experts in the field and using a language that is accessible for practicing evolutionary biologists. The authors carefully explain the philosophy behind different methodologies and provide pointers – mostly using a dynamically developing online interface – on how these methods can be implemented in practice. These “conceptual” and “practical” materials are essential for expanding the qualification of both students and scientists, but also offer a valuable resource for educators. Another value of the book are the accompanying online resources (available at: http://www.mpcm-evolution.com), where the authors post and permanently update practical materials to help embed methods into practice.

Phylogenetic Comparative Methods in R

Author : Liam J. Revell,Luke J. Harmon
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2022-09-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780691219035

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Phylogenetic Comparative Methods in R by Liam J. Revell,Luke J. Harmon Pdf

An authoritative introduction to the latest comparative methods in evolutionary biology Phylogenetic comparative methods are a suite of statistical approaches that enable biologists to analyze and better understand the evolutionary tree of life, and shed vital new light on patterns of divergence and common ancestry among all species on Earth. This textbook shows how to carry out phylogenetic comparative analyses in the R statistical computing environment. Liam Revell and Luke Harmon provide an incisive conceptual overview of each method along with worked examples using real data and challenge problems that encourage students to learn by doing. By working through this book, students will gain a solid foundation in these methods and develop the skills they need to interpret patterns in the tree of life. Covers every major method of modern phylogenetic comparative analysis in RExplains the basics of R and discusses topics such as trait evolution, diversification, trait-dependent diversification, biogeography, and visualizationFeatures a wealth of exercises and challenge problemsServes as an invaluable resource for students and researchers, with applications in ecology, evolution, anthropology, disease transmission, conservation biology, and a host of other areasWritten by two of today’s leading developers of phylogenetic comparative methods

Causes and Consequences of Species Diversity in Forest Ecosystems

Author : Aaron M. Ellison,Frank S. Gilliam
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2019-07-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783039213092

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Causes and Consequences of Species Diversity in Forest Ecosystems by Aaron M. Ellison,Frank S. Gilliam Pdf

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Causes and Consequences of Species Diversity in Forest Ecosystems that was published in Forests