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Author : Roberta Romano
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Civil service
ISBN : IND:30000070213610
Author : David Hess,Gregorio Impavido
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Corporate governance
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
An understanding of corporate governance theory can promote the adoption of appropriate governance tools to limit agency problems in public pension fund management. The absence of a market for corporate control hinders the translation of lessons from the private sector corporate world to public pension governance. The establishment of a fit, and proper governing body for public pension funds, thus may be even more important than the maintenance of a comparable body for private sector corporations. In particular, behavioral controls should be carefully designed.
Author : Dimitri Vittas
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Alternative asset
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Abstract: Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds.
Author : Nicole Petrick
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 65 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2009-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9783640394098
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,3, Humboldt-University of Berlin, 13 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The paper discusses the evolution and reform of the German public pension plan in respect to its history, theoretical approaches to explain the choice and evolution of pension plans and takes current issues in account in order to evaluate the suggestions made and to show what political determinants influence future reform. Part 1 of this paper will give a short review of the history of the German public pension plan between the late 19th century and today. Part 2 will show how decisions made in the past could be explained and will use political approaches to explain the choice and evolution of pension schemes and pension reform. Part 3 of this paper will then consider the current problems faced by the pension system and will discuss different proposals made. It will consider the current situation of the German public pension plan and will use political determinants in order to examine how the future reform of the public pension fund in Germany could develop. A small critique will be given at the end.
Author : Richard Lee Deaton
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 510 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCAL:B3716635
In 2011, the 'Baby Boom' generation will begin to retire. Bythen, the stark reality of the 'greying' of the population inNorth America and Western Europe will have brought the inadequacies ofthe state and private pension systems home to all levels of society,and the pension crisis will be actual rather than impending. In ThePolitical Economy of Pensions, Richard Deaton explores the factorsinvolved in this high-profile issue of public policy and shows theinsufficiency of recent reform initiatives in Canada, the UnitedStates, and Britain. Four converging considerations explain theimminence of the pension crisis.
Author : Lee Tang
Publisher : LMT Press
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-20
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780994764010
Get the Most Out of Your Canadian Government Pension! Are you getting everything you can from the government? The public pension system is complex and often changes, which means many people are not claiming money that they’re entitled to. Could you use more money to pay your bills? Do you know all of your options for maximizing your pension? Many people missed out on government pensions because they failed to take action to maximize their benefits. Read this book to make sure you’re not missing out on benefits that could help you pay your bills. Did you know? * Government pensions are not automatic. You have to apply for it. * You do not have to stop working to receive your government pension. * You may be eligible for government pensions from Canada even if you are living abroad and have never worked in Canada. * You may have to pay back part or all of your Old Age Security pension if your annual income is higher than a certain level. It is also known as the OAS clawback. * Many people missed out on government pensions because they failed to take action to minimize the clawback. * You can minimize the clawback, maximize your pension, and save taxes by following a few simple and proven strategies. This book was written to help you get the most out of your government pensions. Inside you'll find everything you need to know about Canada's public pension system and the actions and strategies that you can take to reduce the clawback on your OAS pension. Specifically, you will learn: * What benefits are offered, how to qualify, and how to apply for it. * Why it is important to have an RRSP withdrawal strategy. * Why it is important to have a tax-efficient investment strategy. * How you can minimize the clawback, maximize your pension, and save taxes by following a few simple and proven strategies. Read this book and start getting the money you deserve!
Author : Jon Entine
Publisher : A E I Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105114235414
This book shows that pension funds and mutual funds that screen investments according to social and ethical preferences frequently harm those people and causes (for example, the poor and the environment) that they are designed to help.
Author : Isla Carmichael
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780802036476
. In "Pension Power," Isla Carmichael argues that unions could ? and should ? have a new role to play in the economy by gaining control over their members? pension funds.
Author : Dimitri Vittas,Gregorio Impavido,Ronan O'Connor
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:931669121
Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds.
Author : Sirvan Karimi
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 360 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2017-01-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781487510961
Neoliberal calls for welfare state reforms, especially cuts to public pensions, are a contentious issue for employees, employers, and national governments across the western world. But what are the underlying factors that have shaped the response to these pressures in Canada and Australia? In Beyond the Welfare State, Sirvan Karimi utilizes a synthesis of Marxian class analysis and the power resources model to provide an analytical foundation for the divergent pattern of public pension systems in Canada and Australia. Karimi reveals that the postwar social contract in Australia was market-based and more conducive to the privatization of retirement income. In Canada, the social contract emphasized income redistribution that resulted in strengthening the link between the state and the citizen. By shedding light on the impact of national settings on public pension systems, Beyond the Welfare State introduces new conceptual tools to aid our understanding of the welfare state at a time when it is increasingly under threat.
Author : Mr.Peter S. Heller
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 31 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1998-04-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781451848144
This paper argues that there are significant risks, limitations, and complications associated with reliance upon mandatory DC, fully funded schemes as the dominant public pension pillar. Policies to limit risks may result in the government being reinjected into playing an important financial role in the provision of social insurance. For many countries, the principal source of old age support should thus derive from a well-formulated, public DB pillar, with a significant amount of prefunding. A DC/FF pillar can play a useful supplemental role in a multi-pillar system for the accumulation of pension savings.
Author : Evelyne Huber,John D. Stephens,United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
Publisher : Conran Octopus
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Latin America
ISBN : IND:30000082175831
Since pension schemes-along with health care and education-absorb the largest amount of social expenditure in all countries, their reform has a potentially major impact both on the fiscal situation of the state and on the life chances of citizens who stand to win or lose from new arrangements. This makes pension reform a highly controversial issue; and, except for the addition of new programmes and benefits, major restructuring of existing pension systems has been extremely rare in advanced industrial democracies. It was also rare in Latin America before the 1980s and 1990s. But there has been a great deal of experimentation within the region during the past decade. This paper examines the larger economic, social and political context of Latin American pension reform and compares experiences in different countries of the region with options available in Western European societies during the same period. The authors argue that the type of pension reform undertaken in Latin America has been an integral part of the structural adjustment programmes pursued by Latin American governments, under the guidance of international financial institutions (IFIs). Although there was a range of possible remedies to the problems of pension systems in different Latin American countries, neo-liberal reformers and the international financial institutions preferred privatization over all others. They claimed that privatization would be superior to other kinds of reform in ensuring the financial viability of pension systems, making them more efficient, establishing a closer link between contributions and benefits and promoting the development of capital markets-thus increasing savings and investment. And they were able to push through some of their suggestions for reform in spite of considerable opposition from pensioners, trade unions and opposition political parties. Interestingly enough, their pressure proved least effective in the more democratic countries of the region. In Costa Rica, for example, citizens preferred to reform the public system-eliminating the last pockets of privilege for public sector workers and ensuring that new levels of contribution would be adequate to provide minimum benefits for the aged and infirm. In Uruguay, citizens forced a public referendum, through which they rejected a proposal for privatization. At a later stage, they did permit the introduction of private investment accounts, but not at the cost of eliminating the public programme. In Argentina and Peru, after the legislature refused to authorize partial privatization, this was eventually pushed through by presidential decree. Only in Chile and Mexico has there been a complete shift to private pension funds-but, in both cases, influential sectors of the elite, including the military, have been allowed to keep their previous, publicly managed group funds. Looking at the only privatized pension system in existence long enough to allow for some assessment of its consequences-that of Chile-the authors find that many of the claims made by supporters of privatization are not substantiated by the evidence. The first discrepancy between neo-liberal predictions and the reality of Chilean pension reform has to do with efficiency. All previous claims to the contrary, private individual accounts have proven more expensive to manage than collective claims. In fact, according to the Inter-American Development Bank, by the mid-1990s administration of the Chilean system was the most expensive in Latin America. The second disproved claim involves yield. When administrative costs are discounted, privately held and administered pension funds in Chile show an average annual real return of 5.1 per cent between 1982 and 1998. Furthermore high fees and commissions-charged at a flat rate on all accounts-have proven highly regressive. When levied against a relatively modest retirement account, for example, these standard fees reduced the amount available to the account holder by approximately 18 per cent. When applied to the deposit of an individual investing 10 times more, the reduction was slightly less than 1 per cent. The third discrepancy involves competition. Although it was assumed that efficiency within the private pension fund industry would be associated with renewed competitiveness-while the public pension system represented monopoly-the private sector has in fact become highly concentrated. The three largest pension fund administrators in Chile handle 70 per cent of the insured. And to reduce advertising costs, public regulators are limiting the number of transfers among companies that any individual can make. A fourth unfulfilled promise of privatization in Chile has to do with expansion of coverage. It was assumed that the existence of private accounts would increase incentives for people to take part in the pension sc heme, but in fact this has not happened. Coverage and compliance rates have remained virtually constant. A fifth major claim was that the conversion of the public pension system into privately held and administered accounts would strengthen capital markets, savings and investment. But a number of studies have recently concluded that, at best, this effect has been marginal. And finally, the dimension of gender equity within a fully privatized pension scheme is being subjected to increasing scrutiny. Women typically earn less money and work fewer years than men. Therefore, since pension benefits in private systems are strictly determined by the overall amount of money contributed to them, women are likely to receive considerably lower benefits. Public pension systems, in contrast, have the possibility of introducing credits for childcare that reduce this disadvantage. Sweden is an example of countries that have embarked on this course. In the latter part of the paper, Huber and Stephens widen their comparative framework to include recent pension reforms in advanced industrial countries. There, where economic crisis was not as severe and where pressure from international financial institutions was not significant, much broader options for reform were available. In fact, although long-established systems were under stress, no developed country opted for complete privatization. Complex measures were taken to strengthen the funding base of national pension systems, including changes in investment procedures and changes in rules for calculating pension benefits. Reforms also increased retirement age, as well as the number of years required to qualify for a full pension. But even the most thoroughgoing reforms retained a central role for public schemes in ensuring old-age benefits. In conclusion, the authors consider steps that can be taken to craft pension reforms with more desirable results than those obtained to date in Latin America. They recommend measures that address the problem of an aging population by increasing the ability of each generation to pay for its own pensions-rather than relying primarily on the contributions of preceding generations of insured workers. Pension payments should be invested in a variety of financial instruments and benefits must ultimately be related to the yields obtained. Such a strategy does not require introduction of privately managed, individually held, investment funds. On the contrary, risk is lessened by relying instead on collectively managed funds, in which accounts can either be identified with individuals or-more equitably-with generations of contributors. Reformed public pension systems should also contain minimum "citizenship pensions" that guarantee subsistence income in old age to all individuals as a matter of right. Such a measure, financed from general tax revenue rather than from personal contributions, is not beyond the means of medium income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, some Nordic countries introduced citizenship pensions when their GNP per capita was lower than that of most Latin American countries today.
Author : Jonas Pontusson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : Pension trusts
ISBN : UOM:39015017965628
Author : Raúl L. Madrid
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0804747075
In the 1990s, numerous Latin American nations privatized their public pension systems. These reforms dramatically transformed the way these countries provide retirement income, and they provoked widespread protests from workers and pensioners alike. Retiring the State represents the first book-length study of the origins of this surprising trend. Drawing on original field research, including interviews with key policymakers, Madrid argues that the recent reforms were driven not by social policy, but by macroeconomic concerns. Countries facing growing financial pressures chose to privatize their pension systems largely to boost their domestic savings rates and reduce public pension spending in the long run. The author explores his arguments through detailed case studies of pension reform in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, a survey of social security privatization efforts in East Europe and Latin America as a whole, and a quantitative analysis of pension privatization worldwide.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105115131083
"Proceedings of the second Public Pension Fund Management Conference, May 2003."--T.p.