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Poverty Alleviation Through Agricultural Projects by Emmanuel H. D'Silva,Kaye Bysouth Pdf
Of the estimated 1 billion people in the developing world who survive in conditions of extreme poverty, 70 percent live in Asia. The majority of these people live in rural areas and agriculture is their main occupation. Most of the rural poor are small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural workers, fisherfolk, artisans, female headed households, the aged and infirm, and children. The incidence of poverty is highest among female heads of households and children. The seminar on "Poverty Alleviation through Agricultural Projects" provided thirty development practitioners with an opportunity to consider strategies, policies, and practices that help alleviate rural poverty. The seminar discussed four key issues of relevance to policy makers: (1) poverty cannot be measured by income alone; (2) poverty cannot be alleviated through a short-term, piecemeal approach; (3) agricultural projects constitute one of the many means available to governments for alleviating rural poverty; and (4) the role of public sector in poverty alleviation needs to be reconsidered.
John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Author : John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org. Page : 424 pages File Size : 53,8 Mb Release : 2001 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9251046271
Farming Systems and Poverty by John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf
A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.
Poverty Orientated Agricultural and Rural Development by Hartmut Brandt,Uwe Otzen Pdf
Over the last twenty years the proportion of development cooperation resources earmarked for agricultural development has dwindled to between six and seven per cent of total bi- and multilateral Official Development Assistance. This is despite the fact that eighty per cent of the world's poor live in rural agricultural areas and that the poor are disproportionately affected when political, military and natural events lead to regional or global food shortages. Brandt and Otzen's key book fills a gap in current literature, undertaking a wide-ranging conceptual reorientation of development cooperation, criticizing the current orthodoxy and its bias towards urban areas, and arguing that in order to effectively alleviate poverty across the world, agricultural and rural development measures need to be implemented both by central and subnational governments, aid agencies and the private sector. The authors investigate the world food question, the current pressures it is under and its link to rural poverty, and set out the policies that need to be undertaken to reduce global poverty.
Reducing Poverty through Investments in Agricultural Water Management by Van Koppen, Barbara,Namara, Regassa,Safilios-Rothschild, Constantina Pdf
The overall goal of the Collaborative Program on ‘Investments in Agricultural Water Management in Sub-Saharan Africa’ is to contribute to broad-based sustainable poverty reduction and smallholder agricultural growth. The component on ‘Poverty considerations in investments in agricultural water management’ focuses in more detail on poverty and gender dimensions. It consists of two parts. The first part is thematic and elaborates poverty and gender issues emerging from the literature that complement the other components of the Collaborative Program. Part two is empirical. Acknowledging the lack of empirical data on poverty impacts of investments in agricultural water management, the Collaborative Program initiated case studies throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Eight case studies on ‘Agricultural Water Development for Poverty Reduction in Eastern and Southern Africa’, for which the field research was conducted in 2003/2004, were supported by IFAD (Peacock,2005). Further, the African Development Bank supported three case studies in West Africa in 2004, two by Kamara et al. (2004), and one by Babatunde Omilola (2005). Part two synthesizes the empirical findings of these case studies.
The Role of Agriculture in Poverty Reduction by Luc J. Christiaensen,Lionel Demery,Jesper Khl Pdf
The relative contribution of a sector to poverty reduction is shown to depend on its direct and indirect growth effects as well as its participation effect. The paper assesses how these effects compare between agriculture and non-agriculture by reviewing the literature and by analyzing cross-country national accounts and poverty data from household surveys. Special attention is given to Sub-Saharan Africa. While the direct growth effect of agriculture on poverty reduction is likely to be smaller than that of non-agriculture (though not because of inherently inferior productivity growth), the indirect growth effect of agriculture (through its linkages with nonagriculture) appears substantial and at least as large as the reverse feedback effect. The poor participate much more in growth in the agricultural sector, especially in low-income countries, resulting in much larger poverty reduction impact. Together, these findings support the overall premise that enhancing agricultural productivity is the critical entry-point in designing effective poverty reduction strategies, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, to maximize the poverty reducing effects, the right agricultural technology and investments must be pursued, underscoring the need for much more country specific analysis of the structure and institutional organization of the rural economy in designing poverty reduction strategies.
Agriculture, Poverty, and Policy Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa by Kevin M. Cleaver,W. Graeme Donovan Pdf
The extent of rural poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa; Lack of agricultural development as a major cause of rural poverty; A program to acelerate agricultural growth; Has the strategy been implemented? Measures of the impact of policy and investment on agriculture; Does agricultural growth benefit the rural poor? Agricultural progress in the "big Ten "Countries.
The State of World Rural Poverty by Idriss Jazairy,Mohiuddin Alamgir,Theresa Panuccio Pdf
Despite almost four decades and billions of dollars in development activities, we are barely in a position to track the changing dynamics of poverty or to define with conviction the processes that entrap the poor in their misery. Accounting for about 90% of global poverty, rural poverty, through transmigration, is also a main contributor to urban poverty. It is in the rural areas of the world where poverty is most severe in human terms, where the hunger, hopelessness, hardship, and despair commonly associated with entrenched poverty are most pronounced, where basic health services, sanitation, educational opportunities, and other common amenities are most lacking. The alleviation of rural poverty is therefore tantamount to the alleviation of global poverty in its entirety. The State of World Rural Poverty offers the first comprehensive look at the economic conditions and prospects of the world's rural poor.
Impacts of agricultural investments on growth and poverty: A review of literature by Martin, Will Pdf
Agricultural development is crucial in developing countries, and particularly in the poorest countries where it accounts for large shares of employment and income and whose poverty is due simply to having a large share of the workforce in low-productivity agriculture. Raising productivity in agriculture is critically important for development, as is smoothly moving workers out of agriculture into more productive employment in other sectors. Raising agricultural productivity helps both to raise incomes and to reduce poverty-both by raising the incomes of poor people working in agriculture and by lowering the prices of foods that make up a disproportionately large share of the expenditures of poor people. In small and open economies, the in-crease in profitability of agriculture following improvements in productivity might tend to retain or even attract workers into agriculture. By contrast, at a global level, or at national level when policy focusses on self-sufficiency, improvements in agricultural productivity will free up labor for employment in other sectors. Incomes are generally much higher in non-agricultural work in developing countries-more than double those in agriculture after careful adjustment for key differences. This raises the possibility of a double dividend from structural transformation as workers move into higher-productivity activities. A key question for development policy is whether it is enough to simply evaluate the gains from higher productivity within agriculture, or whether potential benefits from structural change be included as well. This paper examines the arguments on this question. It concludes that these dividends may be substantial-but whether they are or not depends on the source of the initial differences in productivity and on the direction of movement when agricultural productivity rises. If it results from policy barriers such as restrictions on the transfer of farmland or requirements for residence permits in urban areas, there are likely to be substantial welfare gains when labor moves out of agriculture. They may also be substantial if urban wages are artificially high and attract substantial numbers of job-waiters into unemployment. However, these gains may be illusory if the income gaps arise primarily from differences in skills or from reluctance to move created by asset fixity.
Agricultural Growth and Investment Options for Poverty Reduction in Rwanda by Xinshen Diao,Shenggen Fan,Sam Kanyarukiga,Bingxin Yu Pdf
Although Rwanda has made considerable progress in recovering politically and economically from the devastating effects of the 1994 genocide, the poverty rate is still higher and the gross domestic product lower than before the genocide. Poverty reduction and economic growth would receive much-needed support from increased agricultural growth. This study assesses alternative agricultural development strategies, identifying areas in which policy reforms, together with public and private investment, can best promote Rwandan agriculture. The authors evaluate the potential of several different agricultural subsectors-grains, root crops, livestock, and others-to contribute to national agricultural growth and poverty reduction. They conclude that growth in staple crops, particularly root crops such as cassava and potatoes, has the greatest potential to encourage economywide growth and poverty reduction. Promoting the necessary staple crop growth will require the allocation of public resources to the agricultural sector to increase significantly, reaching 10 percent of the total government budget. It will also require rethinking Rwanda's earlier emphasis on promoting export crop growth, which has proved inadequate in encouraging poverty reduction while also posing environmental problems. This study makes an important contribution to the debate over the most effective development strategies for Rwanda and other Sub-Saharan African nations.Show More Show Less
Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology by Paulos Chanie Pdf
Like in many parts of the world, water resources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been pivotal for human survival, economic growth, social development, and practicing certain religion and cultural ethos. However, in spite of the intrinsic values of water, its use and management in sub-Saharan Africa has not been without limitations. The demand for water resources is increasing mainly due to rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization and dealing with water-related issues has been complex and challenging for sustainable growth. Whilst there are various efforts by national governments, non-government organizations and communities to effectively and efficiently utilize and manage water resources, there are few comprehensive studies in sub- Saharan Africa that show the impact of the efforts on poverty reduction. Although certain reports indicate that many SSA countries lack clear vision on how water use can be harnessed with pro-poor growth and how poor communities can be capacitated to use water for poverty reduction, there are little exhaustive studies that clearly show familiar and innovative water use and management interventions followed by communities, national governments and other stakeholders, and demonstrate the challenges and successes of the same. Cognizant of the knowledge gap, in 2012 OSSREA launched a research project on ordinary and innovative water use and management patterns and practices in SSA, with a view to generate new knowledge on unexploited opportunities that could enhance the contribution of water resources to poverty reduction. This anthology documents various issues including water use and management in agriculture especially in irrigation projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe; water harvesting in Kenya and Uganda; the role of local water use institutions in Ethiopia; and water source maintenance and protection in Uganda.
Poverty has been and is a major concern of many governments and societies in the initial stages of this new century. The contributions of this book provide an insight into the various attempts and concepts of poverty alleviation. This book is divided into two parts. The first part of this book contains some papers discussing the concepts and the evaluation of some poverty alleviation policies, while the second part shares some experiences about the strategies to alleviate poverty. Most of the contributors to this book understand the concept of poverty as deficient income among farm households, however, some authors use a broader concept of poverty. Explicitly or implicitly, various aspects of a better livelihood are included, and poverty is considered to be a multidimensional phenomenon. The broader view is in line with the more theoretical debate on poverty and the concept of international organizations such as the World Bank. A comprehensive concept of poverty alleviation is still not in sight. Poverty exists in rural and urban areas, among agricultural smallholders and livestock-rearing households and amongst herders and pastoralists. The reasons for poverty are manifold and, accordingly, the attempts to overcome vulnerability and poverty have to be diverse as well. But as demonstrated in the papers on various projects, there is a common understanding that the poor are self-determined individuals striving with all of their means to achieve a better livelihood and cope with risks and shocks. This view includes an understanding of the dynamics of poverty and takes into account not only the entries into, but also the exists from poverty. The empowerment of poor people is on the agenda. This non-deterministic perspective is a basis for the prospects of future poverty alleviation. The different papers address numerous ways of how to tackle the problem of poverty. The strategies of poverty alleviation are diverse. We can no longer expect that enhancing economic growth will solve the problem by way of a simple trickle down effect. It is the merit of this book that it informs the reader on a wide range of positive projects helping farmers to be lifted out of poverty by strengthening their own efforts and resources. Jutta Hebel is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Rural Development, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany. Samadi is lecturer at the Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh, Indonesia and Ph.D candidate at the Institute of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany. Dodik R. Nurrochmat is lecturer at the Institute of Forest Policy, Economics and Social, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia and Ph.D candidate at the Institute of Forest Policy and Nature Conservation, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany.
