Product Standards Exports And Employment

Author : Rajat Acharyya
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2006-03-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783790815962

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Product Standards, Exports and Employment by Rajat Acharyya Pdf

Through the process of globalization, the trade dependence and int- dependence of the developing countries have increased phenomenally than ever before. The characteristic of this late twentieth-century globalization process has been the new technological revolution that has led to a high rate of world exports of electronics and other high-technology products. This has marginalized most of the developing countries exporting largely the low quality and low value-addition manufacturing and primary products, barring a few exceptions like China, India and Mexico. The fruits of globalization have, therefore, been unevenly distributed so far across the developed and the developing countries. Moreover, whatever little growth in exports of medium technology products has been achieved by a few of them, is largely driven by outsourcing of low value-addition and low- stage of activities by the foreign multinationals. Outsourcing of software services, rather than development of software packages, in India and assembly line for automobiles in Mexico are the two glaring examples. These activities may have boosted the total exports of these countries, but they have failed to generate any feedback effect on the rest of the economy in terms of skill formation, increase in overall productivity level and product diversification.

Author : James J. Nedumpara,Satwik Shekhar,Akshaya Venkataraman
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 315 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2021-11-05
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403534145

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Handbook on Product Standards and International Trade by James J. Nedumpara,Satwik Shekhar,Akshaya Venkataraman Pdf

Global Trade Law Series, Volume 55 India, one of the world’s foremost trading nations, exhibits a particularly complex regulatory landscape with a variety of standard-setting bodies, regulators, accreditation and certification bodies, inspection agencies, as well as several state-level regulators. This is the first book to extensively describe the nature of standard-setting processes in India and the key agencies involved with this task, greatly clarifying the scope of market opportunities in the country. Lucid contributions from experienced practitioners and regulators with first-hand experience in formulating and advising on standards-related issues in international trade help disentangle the web of laws, regulations, operations, and functions of India’s standard setters in governmental, non-governmental, and industry contexts. The chapters describe how standards apply to such crucial trade aspects as the following: conformity assessment practice and procedure; environmental, ethical, social, and safety issues; import bans and import licensing; certification and labelling measures; mutual recognition agreements; food safety; and standardisation of the digital economy. The book is drafted throughout in an easy-to-read style, with numerous tables, flowcharts, and figures illustrating step-by-step compliance procedures. Informative annexes guide the reader to relevant agencies and identify their roles and responsibilities. This book provides a clear and concise guide to the operations, functions, and compliance and documentation requirements of India’s standard-setting and regulatory bodies across all sectors and products, and thus will serve as an unmatched guide for manufacturers, traders, and exporters operating in the Indian market or seeking to export to India. It will also serve as a useful Handbook to policymakers, academics, and researchers interested in understanding the role of standard-setting bodies in the field of international trade.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 1984
Category : Exports
ISBN : MSU:31293017241930

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U.S. Manufactured Exports & Export-related Employment by Anonim Pdf

Author : David Hanson
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2005-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1781958335

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CE Marking, Product Standards and World Trade by David Hanson Pdf

CE Marking, the European system of mandatory product safety standards, has created major obstacles for US exporters to the European Union (EU). CE Marking, Product Standards and World Trade is one of the first books to analyze the nature and dynamics of this major non-tariff trade barrier. David Hanson looks at the patterns of EU decision-making through a functional comparative analysis with the US, and in the context of the institutional alliances and rivalries that shape outcomes. An increasingly important but little understood issue, CE Marking is also an example of a growing problem in international commerce - the impact of inconsistent domestic product requirements on international trade. The author examines the way in which the EU has implemented the CE Marking system, its impact on US exporters, the dynamic of US - EU trade and negotiations, and the political and administrative arrangements that support them. This comprehensive study will be of great interest to students and scholars of industrial economics and international business. Business people and policymakers will also find much of interest in this timely volume.

Author : Tzong-biau Lin,Victor Mok,Yin-ping Ho
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 1980
Category : China
ISBN : STANFORD:36105035537617

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Manufactured Exports and Employment in Hong Kong by Tzong-biau Lin,Victor Mok,Yin-ping Ho Pdf

Author : Ben Shepherd
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : CDI.
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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product standards,harmonization,and trade: evidence from the extensive margin by Ben Shepherd Pdf

Abstract: The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 1996-09-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264104884

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Trade, Employment and Labour Standards A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade by OECD Pdf

Recent years have witnessed growing concern over the controversial issue of trade and labour standards. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of these questions and reviews evidence for a large number of countries throughout the world.

Author : Lili Yan Ing,Miaojie Yu
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 442 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2018-10-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781351061520

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World Trade Evolution by Lili Yan Ing,Miaojie Yu Pdf

The book provides theoretical and empirical evidence on how world trade evolves, how trade affects resource allocation, how trade competition affects productivity, how China shock affects world trade and how trade affects large and small countries. It is a useful reference which focuses on new approaches to international trade by looking into country-specific as well as firm-product level-specific cases.

Author : Ming Du
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781509931149

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The Regulation of Product Standards in World Trade Law by Ming Du Pdf

This monograph has two central purposes. The first is to provide a critical analysis of how governmental, private and hybrid product standards are regulated in the GATT/WTO legal framework. The second purpose is to explore – both positively and normatively – the impact that WTO disciplines may have on the composition, function and decision-making process of various standard-setting bodies through the lens of a series of selected case studies, including: the EU eco-labelling scheme; ISO standards; and private standards such as the FSC. The book analyses what role, if any, the WTO may play in making product standards applied in international trade embody not only technological superiority but also substantive and procedural fairness such as deliberation, representativeness, openness, transparency, due process and accountability. Whilst it has been long recognised that voluntary product standards drawn up by both governmental and non-governmental bodies can in practice create trade barriers as serious as mandatory governmental regulations, a rigorous and systematic inquiry into the boundary, relevance and impact of WTO disciplines on product standards is still lacking. Providing a lucid interpretation of the relevant WTO rules and cases on product standards, this book fills this significant gap in WTO law literature. Definitive and comprehensive, this is an essential reference work for scholars and practitioners alike.

Author : Stacey Frederick,Gladys Lopez-Acevedo,Raymond Robertson,Mexico Vergara Bahena
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 182 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2021-12-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464818042

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From Jobs to Careers by Stacey Frederick,Gladys Lopez-Acevedo,Raymond Robertson,Mexico Vergara Bahena Pdf

An oft-cited strategy to advance economic development is to further integrate developing countries into global trade, particularly through global value chains, bolstered by the expansion of female-intensive industries to bring more women into the formal labor force. As a result, a frequent debate centers on whether the apparel industry--the most female-intensive and globally engaged manufacturing industry--can be a key player in this strategy. In recent decades, the apparel industry has shifted production to low-wage developing countries, increasing the demand for women, closing male-female wage gaps, and bringing women into the formal labor force from agriculture and informal work. But is an apparel-led export strategy sufficient to induce a broader transition from jobs women do to survive to careers promising stable employment and a sense of identity? 'From Jobs to Careers' answers this question by focusing on seven countries where apparel plays a vital role in their export baskets--Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Vietnam. It finds that the apparel industry indeed can serve as a launching pad to bring more women into the labor market. For this approach to work, however, complementary policies must tackle the barriers that hinder women's pursuit of long-term workforce participation and better-paid occupations. Key policy recommendations include increasing the participation of female production workers in export-oriented apparel manufacturing and associated industries, upgrading within manufacturing-related industries, boosting access to education, and breaking glass ceilings. The report also seeks to shift the paradigm of how we think of women in the labor force by stressing the importance of their transition from jobs to careers--the so-called 'quiet revolution.'

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 744 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1985
Category : Foreign trade and employment
ISBN : STANFORD:36105110638793

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Trade and Employment by Anonim Pdf

Author : Steven Jaffee,Spencer Henson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Food
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Standards and Agro-food Exports from Developing Countries by Steven Jaffee,Spencer Henson Pdf

The proliferation and increased stringency of food safety and agricultural health standards is a source of concern among many developing countries. These standards are perceived as a barrier to the continued success of their exports of high-value agro-food products (including fish, horticultural, and other products), either because these countries lack the technical and administrative capacities needed for compliance or because these standards can be applied in a discriminatory or protectionist manner. Jaffee and Henson draw on available literature and work in progress to examine the underlying evidence related to the changing standards environment and its impact on existing and potential developing country exporters of high-value agricultural and food products. The evidence the authors present, while only partial, suggests that the picture for developing countries as a whole is not necessarily problematic and certainly less pessimistic than the mainstream "standards-as-barriers" perspective. Indeed, rising standards serve to accentuate underlying supply chain strengths and weaknesses and thus impact differently on the competitive position of individual countries and distinct market participants. Some countries and industries are even using high quality and safety standards to successfully (re- )position themselves in competitive global markets. This emphasizes the importance of considering the effects of food safety and agricultural health measures within the context of wider capacity constraints and underlying supply chain trends and drivers. The key question for developing countries is how to exploit their strengths and overcome their weaknesses such that they are gainers rather than losers in the emerging commercial and regulatory context. This paper--a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries associated with evolving international standards for food and other products.

Author : National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1995-03-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309176439

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Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade by National Research Council,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,International Standards, Conformity Assessment, and U.S. Trade Policy Project Committee Pdf

Mandated standards used for vehicle airbags, International Organization for Standards (ISO) standards adopted for photographic film, de facto standards for computer software--however they arise, standards play a fundamental role in the global marketplace. Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the link between standards, product testing and certification, and U.S. economic performance. The book includes recommendations for streamlining standards development, increasing the efficiency of product testing and certification, and promoting the success of U.S. exports in world markets. The volume offers a critical examination of organizations involved in standards and identifies the urgent improvements needed in the U.S. system for conformity assessment, in which adherence to standards is assessed and certified. Among other key issues, the book explores the role of government regulation, laboratory accreditation, and the overlapping of multiple quality standards in product development and manufacturing. In one of the first treatments of this subject, Standards, Conformity Assessment, and Trade offers a unique and highly valuable analysis of the impact of standards and conformity assessment on global trade.

Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 790 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : Automobile industry and trade
ISBN : UIUC:30112104079964

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Oversight Hearings on the Impact of the Canadian-American Automotive Agreement on Employment in the United States by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1986
Category : Manufacturing industries
ISBN : WISC:89054173752

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Annual Survey of Manufactures by Anonim Pdf