Product Standards Harmonization And Trade Evidence From The Extensive Margin

Author : Ben Shepherd
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : CDI.
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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product standards,harmonization,and trade: evidence from the extensive margin by Ben Shepherd Pdf

Abstract: The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Author : Ben Shepherd
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290703078

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Product Standards, Harmonization, and Trade by Ben Shepherd Pdf

The author uses a new database of EU product standards in the textiles, clothing, and footwear sectors to present the first empirical evidence that international standards harmonization is associated with increased partner country export variety. A 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of internationally harmonized standards is associated with a 0.2 percent increase in partner country export variety, whereas a 10 percent increase in the total number of standards is associated with a nearly 6 percent decrease in product variety. Although small, the harmonization elasticity is statistically significant, and proves highly robust to sample changes and instrumental variables estimation using instruments motivated by political economy considerations. Moreover, it is found to be around 50 percent higher for low income countries, which suggests that they may be particularly constrained in adapting products to meet multiple standards. Numerical simulations show that these findings are consistent with a heterogeneous firms model of trade in which harmonization is beneficial at the extensive margin provided that any increases in compliance costs are not too large.

Author : Andrea Barrios Villarreal
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 329 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-04
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781108474368

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International Standardization and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade by Andrea Barrios Villarreal Pdf

This work examines the international standardization system generally, with a specific focus on some of the bodies within this system. It also questions the lack of definition regarding several features related to the system, notably an international standardizing body and international standards in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 598 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2016-11-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780444639264

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Handbook of Commercial Policy by Anonim Pdf

Handbook of Commercial Policy explores three main topics that permeate the study of commercial policy. The first section presents a broad set of basic empirical facts regarding the pattern and evolution of commercial policy, with the second section investigating the crosscutting legal issues relating to the purpose and design of agreements. Final sections cover key issues of commercial policy in the modern global economy. Every chapter in the book provides coverage from the perspectives of multilateral, and where appropriate, preferential trade agreements. While most other volumes are policy-oriented, this comprehensive guide explores the ways that intellectual thinking and rigor organize research, further making frontier-level synthesis and current theoretical, and empirical, research accessible to all. Covers the research areas that are critical for understanding how the world of commercial policy has changed, especially over the last 20 years Presents the way in which research on the topic has evolved Scrutinizes the economic modeling of bargaining and legal issues Useful for examining the theory and empirics of commercial policy

Author : Laura Denardis
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2011-09-02
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780262297288

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Opening Standards by Laura Denardis Pdf

The economic and political stakes in the current heated debates over “openness” and open standards in the Internet's architecture. Openness is not a given on the Internet. Technical standards—the underlying architecture that enables interoperability among hardware and software from different manufacturers—increasingly control individual freedom and the pace of innovation in technology markets. Heated battles rage over the very definition of “openness” and what constitutes an open standard in information and communication technologies. In Opening Standards, experts from industry, academia, and public policy explore just what is at stake in these controversies, considering both economic and political implications of open standards. The book examines the effect of open standards on innovation, on the relationship between interoperability and public policy (and if government has a responsibility to promote open standards), and on intellectual property rights in standardization—an issue at the heart of current global controversies. Finally, Opening Standards recommends a framework for defining openness in twenty-first-century information infrastructures. Contributors discuss such topics as how to reflect the public interest in the private standards-setting process; why open standards have a beneficial effect on competition and Internet freedom; the effects of intellectual property rights on standards openness; and how to define standard, open standard, and software interoperability.

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2017-05-24
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264275942

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International Regulatory Co-operation and Trade Understanding the Trade Costs of Regulatory Divergence and the Remedies by OECD Pdf

This report proposes a definition of trade costs of regulatory divergence and analyses various approaches to addressing them, including unilateral, bilateral and multilateral approaches.

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2018-09-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498309905

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Reinvigorating Trade and Inclusive Growth by International Monetary Fund Pdf

"Trade integration can play a much larger role in boosting shared prosperity. The current focus on trade tensions threatens to obscure the great untapped benefits possible from further trade reform. The opportunities provided by information technology and other fundamental changes in the global economy are yet to be reflected in modern areas of trade policy, such as services and electronic commerce. Greater openness in these areas would promote competition, lift productivity, and raise living standards. In many other areas, such as the rural economy, smaller enterprises, and women’s economic empowerment, trade-related reforms are important particularly to foster more inclusive growth. Harnessing flexible approaches to WTO negotiations may be the key to reinvigorating global trade reform. Despite the benefits at stake—and with important exceptions such as the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement—trade reform has lagged since the early 2000s. For much of this period, governments focused their efforts in the WTO on a single negotiating approach. Now, as groups of WTO members pursue joint initiatives in several areas, attention is turning to how other negotiating approaches—including some used effectively in the past—can be leveraged so that trade once again plays its full role in driving increased global economic prosperity. Building greater, more durable openness—this paper’s focus—should be part of a broader effort to strengthen and reinvest in the global trading system. The system of global trade rules that has nurtured unprecedented economic growth across multiple generations faces tensions. Though only recently brought to the fore, those tensions are rooted in issues that have been left unresolved for too long. Governments need to promptly address outstanding questions involving, for example, the WTO dispute system and the reach of subsidy disciplines. Cooperative action to secure greater openness—an imperative in its own right—could also help to resolve these"

Author : WorldBank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 284 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2016-01-21
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464806766

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Global Economic Prospects, January 2016 by WorldBank Pdf

The January 2016 edition of Global Economic Prospects discusses current global and regional economic developments and prospects, analyzing key challenges and opportunities confronting developing countries. This volume addresses, among other topics, spillovers from large emerging markets and macroeconomic vulnerabilities during resource development. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report. Semiannually (January and June), it examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on developing countries. The report includes analysis of topical policy challenges faced by developing countries through in-depth research in the January edition and shorter analytical pieces in the June edition.

Author : OECD,World Trade Organization
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2015-06-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264235793

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Aid for Trade at a Glance 2015 Reducing Trade Costs for Inclusive, Sustainable Growth by OECD,World Trade Organization Pdf

The Aid for Trade Initiative has allowed for the active engagement of a large number of organisations and agencies in helping developing countries and especially the least developed build the infrastructure and supply-side capacity they need to connect to regional and global markets and improve ...

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
Page : 2186 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781522592747

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Disruptive Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by Management Association, Information Resources Pdf

The proliferation of entrepreneurship, technological and business innovations, emerging social trends and lifestyles, employment patterns, and other developments in the global context involve creative destruction that transcends geographic and political boundaries and economic sectors and industries. This creates a need for an interdisciplinary exploration of disruptive technologies, their impacts, and their implications for various stakeholders widely ranging from government agencies to major corporations to consumer groups and individuals. Disruptive Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a vital reference source that examines innovation, imitation, and creative destruction as critical factors and agents of socio-economic growth and progress in the context of emerging challenges and opportunities for business development and strategic advantage. Highlighting a range of topics such as IT innovation, business strategy, and sustainability, this multi-volume book is ideally designed for entrepreneurs, business executives, business professionals, academicians, and researchers interested in strategic decision making using innovations and competitiveness.

Author : Petros C. Mavroidis
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 887 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-22
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780262029995

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The Regulation of International Trade, Volume 2 by Petros C. Mavroidis Pdf

A detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. In this book, Petros Mavroidis offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, he discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book's companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2024-07-01
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789814468770

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Systemic Implications of Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation and Competition by Anonim Pdf

Author : Ming Du
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2020-11-12
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781509931149

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The Regulation of Product Standards in World Trade Law by Ming Du Pdf

This monograph has two central purposes. The first is to provide a critical analysis of how governmental, private and hybrid product standards are regulated in the GATT/WTO legal framework. The second purpose is to explore – both positively and normatively – the impact that WTO disciplines may have on the composition, function and decision-making process of various standard-setting bodies through the lens of a series of selected case studies, including: the EU eco-labelling scheme; ISO standards; and private standards such as the FSC. The book analyses what role, if any, the WTO may play in making product standards applied in international trade embody not only technological superiority but also substantive and procedural fairness such as deliberation, representativeness, openness, transparency, due process and accountability. Whilst it has been long recognised that voluntary product standards drawn up by both governmental and non-governmental bodies can in practice create trade barriers as serious as mandatory governmental regulations, a rigorous and systematic inquiry into the boundary, relevance and impact of WTO disciplines on product standards is still lacking. Providing a lucid interpretation of the relevant WTO rules and cases on product standards, this book fills this significant gap in WTO law literature. Definitive and comprehensive, this is an essential reference work for scholars and practitioners alike.

Author : Uri Dadush,Chiedu Osakwe
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 1015 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2015-09-10
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781107093362

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WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism by Uri Dadush,Chiedu Osakwe Pdf

An examination of how WTO accession negotiations have expanded the reach of the multilateral trading system both geographically and conceptually.

Author : Bernard M. Hoekman,Michel M. Kostecki
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 768 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2009-10-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780191564840

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The Political Economy of the World Trading System by Bernard M. Hoekman,Michel M. Kostecki Pdf

The Political Economy of the World Trading System is a comprehensive textbook account of the economics, institutional mechanics and politics of the world trading system. This third edition has been expanded and updated to cover developments in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) since its formation, including the Doha Round, presenting the essentials of trade negotiations and the WTO's rules and disciplines. The authors focus in particular on the WTO's role as the primary organisation through which trading nations manage their commercial interactions and the focal point for cooperation on policy responses to the rapidly changing global trading environment. It is the forum in which many features of the globalisation process are considered, and it currently faces an unprecedented set of challenges. The increasing importance of countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa in international trade relations, the revealed preference towards regionalism, intensification of trade conflicts, the role of business groups and NGOs in trade policy formation and negotiations, and pressures for more leadership in an institution threatened by paralysis are examples of issues that are discussed in some detail; all are critical for the operation of the system and for international business in the coming decade. This edition also includes numerous real-world examples to illustrate how the WTO impinges on business, workers and households, written from the perspective of managers and business associations. An insider's view of the institutional history of the WTO allows the authors to use a variety of conceptual tools to analyse the working of the WTO in a non-technical manner. Suggestions for Further Reading at the end of each chapter and an extensive bibliography make the volume suitable both for introductory and postgraduate courses on international economics and business, international relations, and international economic law.