Prospects For Li Ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems

Prospects For Li Ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Prospects For Li Ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.

Prospects For Li-ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems

Croguennec Laurence,Monconduit Laure
Prospects For Li ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems Book PDF

Author : Croguennec Laurence,Monconduit Laure
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2018-02-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789813228153

Get Book

Prospects For Li-ion Batteries And Emerging Energy Electrochemical Systems by Croguennec Laurence,Monconduit Laure Pdf

The Li-ion battery market is growing fast due to its ever increasing number of applications, from electric vehicles to portable devices. These devices are in demand due to safety reasons, energy efficiency, high power density and long life duration, which drive the need for more efficient electrochemical energy storage systems. The aim of this book is to provide the challenges and perspectives for Li-ion batteries (chapters 1 and 2), at the negative electrode as well as at the positive electrode, and for technologies beyond the Li-ion with the emerging Na-ion batteries and multivalent (Mg, Al, Ca, etc) systems (chapters 4 and 5). The aim is also to alert on the necessity to develop the recycling methods of the millions of produced batteries which are going to further flood our societies (chapter 3), and also to continuously increase the safety of the energy storage systems. For the latter challenge, it is interesting to seriously consider polymer electrolytes and batteries as an alternative (chapter 6). This book will take readers inside recent breakthroughs made in the electrochemical energy systems. It is a collaborative work of experts from the most known teams in the batteries field in Europe and beyond, from academics as well as from manufacturers. Contents: Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries: Beyond Carbon (Phoebe K Allan, Nicolas Louvain and Laure Monconduit) Li-Rich Layered Oxides: Still a Challenge, but a Very Promising Positive Electrode Material for Li-Ion Batteries (Ségolène Pajot, Loïc Simonin and Laurence Croguennec) Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and New Generation Batteries (Jean Scoyer) Na-Ion Batteries — State of the Art and Prospects (Patrik Johansson, Patrick Rozier and M Rosa Palacín) Battery Systems Based on Multivalent Metals and Metal Ions (Doron Aurbach, Romain Berthelot, Alexandre Ponrouch, Michael Salama and Ivgeni Shterenberg) Lithium Polymer Electrolytes and Batteries (Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu, Michel Armand and Stefano Passerini) Readership: Researchers and professionals in electrochemistry, materials chemistry/nanochemistry, inorganic chemistry, solid state chemistry and physical chemistry. Keywords: Battery;Li-ion;Na-ion;Mg-ion;Li Polymer;Energy;Recycling;ElectrochemistryReview: Key Features: Prominent authors or contributors who for some of them belong to the European Research Institute, Alistore ERI (headed by Dr M R Palacin (ICMAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain) and by Dr P Simon (CIRIMAT, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France)), and more generally to prestigious European Institutes and Universities developing high level research in the field of the electrochemical energy storage Selected topics which highlight the main trends in the battery field, focusing especially on the emerging research axes Original approach with fundamental aspects (understanding of the mechanisms and failure mechanisms in batteries through the use of advanced characterization tools, often operandi during the cycling of the battery), as well as industrial concerns such as the recycling

Future Lithium-ion Batteries

Ali Eftekhari
Future Lithium ion Batteries Book PDF

Author : Ali Eftekhari
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2019-03-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781788017602

Get Book

Future Lithium-ion Batteries by Ali Eftekhari Pdf

Lithium-ion batteries are an established technology with recent large-scale batteries finding emerging markets for electric vehicles and household energy storage. Battery research during the past two decades has focussed on practical improvements to available batteries, such as cell design to enhance energy density, which are currently nearing their maximum potential. We must now consider alternative avenues of research in pursuit of a new breakthrough in this technology. This book collects authoritative perspectives from leading researchers to project the emerging opportunities in the field of lithium-ion batteries. Covering topics including anode and cathode materials, electrolytes, emerging markets and the challenges and opportunities of lithium-ion battery supply, it will provide researchers with cutting-edge leads to advance the next generation of materials. Edited by a pioneer in the field, and with contributions from experts from across the globe, this book will be of use to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry interested in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage.

Lithium Batteries

Bruno Scrosati,K. M. Abraham,Walter A. van Schalkwijk,Jusef Hassoun
Lithium Batteries Book PDF

Author : Bruno Scrosati,K. M. Abraham,Walter A. van Schalkwijk,Jusef Hassoun
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 495 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2013-06-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781118615393

Get Book

Lithium Batteries by Bruno Scrosati,K. M. Abraham,Walter A. van Schalkwijk,Jusef Hassoun Pdf

Explains the current state of the science and points the way to technological advances First developed in the late 1980s, lithium-ion batteries now power everything from tablet computers to power tools to electric cars. Despite tremendous progress in the last two decades in the engineering and manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries, they are currently unable to meet the energy and power demands of many new and emerging devices. This book sets the stage for the development of a new generation of higher-energy density, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries by advancing battery chemistry and identifying new electrode and electrolyte materials. The first chapter of Lithium Batteries sets the foundation for the rest of the book with a brief account of the history of lithium-ion battery development. Next, the book covers such topics as: Advanced organic and ionic liquid electrolytes for battery applications Advanced cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries Metal fluorosulphates capable of doubling the energy density of lithium-ion batteries Efforts to develop lithium-air batteries Alternative anode rechargeable batteries such as magnesium and sodium anode systems Each of the sixteen chapters has been contributed by one or more leading experts in electrochemistry and lithium battery technology. Their contributions are based on the latest published findings as well as their own firsthand laboratory experience. Figures throughout the book help readers understand the concepts underlying the latest efforts to advance the science of batteries and develop new materials. Readers will also find a bibliography at the end of each chapter to facilitate further research into individual topics. Lithium Batteries provides electrochemistry students and researchers with a snapshot of current efforts to improve battery performance as well as the tools needed to advance their own research efforts.

Electrochemical Energy Storage

Rüdiger-A. Eichel
Electrochemical Energy Storage Book PDF

Author : Rüdiger-A. Eichel
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 213 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2019-09-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030261306

Get Book

Electrochemical Energy Storage by Rüdiger-A. Eichel Pdf

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Energy Storage Systems in Electronics

Tetsuya Osaka,Madhav Datta
Energy Storage Systems in Electronics Book PDF

Author : Tetsuya Osaka,Madhav Datta
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 604 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2000-05-30
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781482296891

Get Book

Energy Storage Systems in Electronics by Tetsuya Osaka,Madhav Datta Pdf

This volume illustrates the technological advances made in recent years in the development of battery and other energy storage systems. Discussions of present and near future battery technologies are included as well as emerging energy technologies that have the potential to impact on the portable electronics industry in the long term. This text pr

Rechargeable Ion Batteries

Katerina E. Aifantis,R. V. Kumar,Pu Hu
Rechargeable Ion Batteries Book PDF

Author : Katerina E. Aifantis,R. V. Kumar,Pu Hu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2022-11-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527836710

Get Book

Rechargeable Ion Batteries by Katerina E. Aifantis,R. V. Kumar,Pu Hu Pdf

Rechargeable Ion Batteries Highly informative and comprehensive resource providing knowledge on underlying concepts, materials, ongoing developments and the many applications of ion-based batteries Rechargeable Ion Batteries explores the concepts and the design of rechargeable ion batteries, including their materials chemistries, applications, stability, and novel developments. Focus is given on state-of-the-art Li-based batteries used for portable electronics and electric vehicles, while other emerging ion-battery technologies are also introduced. The text addresses innovative approaches by reviewing nanostructured anodes and cathodes that pave new ways for enhancing the electrochemical performance. The first three chapters are dedicated to the general concepts of electrochemical cells, enabling readers to understand all necessary concepts for batteries from a single book. The following chapter covers the exciting applications of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, while the subsequent chapters on Li-battery components include new types of anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes that have been developed recently, complemented by an overview of designing mechanically stable ion-battery systems. The last three chapters summarize recent progress in lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, magnesium-ion and zinc and emerging ion-battery technologies. In Rechargeable Ion Batteries, readers can expect to find specific information on: Electrochemical cells, primary batteries, secondary batteries, recycling of batteries, applications of lithium and sodium batteries Next-generation cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for secondary lithium-ion batteries, which allow for improved performance and safety Multiphysics modeling for predicting design criteria for next generation ion-insertion electrodes Developments in lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and future ion-battery technologies Rechargeable Ion Batteries provides informative and comprehensive coverage of the subject to interested researchers, academics, and professionals in various fields, including materials science, electrochemistry, physical chemistry, mechanics, engineering, recycling and industry including the battery manufacturers and supply chain ancillaries, automotive, aerospace, and marine sectors, energy storage installers and environmental stakeholders. Readers can easily acquire a base of knowledge on the subject while understanding future developments in the field.

Emerging Nanotechnologies in Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems

Lide M Rodriguez-Martinez,Noshin Omar
Emerging Nanotechnologies in Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems Book PDF

Author : Lide M Rodriguez-Martinez,Noshin Omar
Publisher : William Andrew
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2017-02-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780323429962

Get Book

Emerging Nanotechnologies in Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems by Lide M Rodriguez-Martinez,Noshin Omar Pdf

Emerging Nanotechnologies in Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems addresses the technical state-of-the-art of nanotechnology for rechargeable energy storage systems. Materials characterization and device-modeling aspects are covered in detail, with additional sections devoted to the application of nanotechnology in batteries for electrical vehicles. In the later part of the book, safety and regulatory issues are thoroughly discussed. Users will find a valuable source of information on the latest developments in nanotechnology in rechargeable energy storage systems. This book will be of great use to researchers and graduate students in the fields of nanotechnology, electrical energy storage, and those interested in materials and electrochemical cell development. Gives readers working in the rechargeable energy storage sector a greater awareness on how novel nanotechnology oriented methods can help them develop higher-performance batteries and supercapacitor systems Provides focused coverage of the development, process, characterization techniques, modeling, safety and applications of nanomaterials for rechargeable energy storage systems Presents readers with an informed choice in materials selection for rechargeable energy storage devices

Li-s Batteries: The Challenges, Chemistry, Materials, And Future Perspectives

Demir-cakan Rezan
Li s Batteries The Challenges Chemistry Materials And Future Perspectives Book PDF

Author : Demir-cakan Rezan
Publisher : #N/A
Page : 372 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-09
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781786342515

Get Book

Li-s Batteries: The Challenges, Chemistry, Materials, And Future Perspectives by Demir-cakan Rezan Pdf

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries give us an alternative to the more prevalent lithium-ion (Li-ion) versions, and are known for their observed high energy densities. Systems using Li-S batteries are in early stages of development and commercialization however could potentially provide higher, safer levels of energy at significantly lower cost. In this book the history, scientific background, challenges and future perspectives of the lithium-sulfur system are presented by experts in the field. Focus is on past and recent advances of each cell compartment responsible for the performance of the Li-S battery, and includes analysis of characterization tools, new designs and computational modeling. As a comprehensive review of current state-of-play, it is ideal for undergraduates, graduate students, researchers, physicists, chemists and materials scientists interested in energy storage, material science and electrochemistry.

The Lithium Air Battery

Nobuyuki Imanishi,Alan C. Luntz,Peter Bruce
The Lithium Air Battery Book PDF

Author : Nobuyuki Imanishi,Alan C. Luntz,Peter Bruce
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2014-04-10
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781489980625

Get Book

The Lithium Air Battery by Nobuyuki Imanishi,Alan C. Luntz,Peter Bruce Pdf

Lithium air rechargeable batteries are the best candidate for a power source for electric vehicles, because of their high specific energy density. In this book, the history, scientific background, status and prospects of the lithium air system are introduced by specialists in the field. This book will contain the basics, current statuses, and prospects for new technologies. This book is ideal for those interested in electrochemistry, energy storage, and materials science.

Functional Materials For Next-generation Rechargeable Batteries

Jiangfeng Ni,Li Lu
Functional Materials For Next generation Rechargeable Batteries Book PDF

Author : Jiangfeng Ni,Li Lu
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2021-02-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811230684

Get Book

Functional Materials For Next-generation Rechargeable Batteries by Jiangfeng Ni,Li Lu Pdf

Over-consumption of fossil fuels has caused deficiency of limited resources and environmental pollution. Hence, deployment and utilization of renewable energy become an urgent need. The development of next-generation rechargeable batteries that store more energy and last longer has been significantly driven by the utilization of renewable energy.This book starts with principles and fundamentals of lithium rechargeable batteries, followed by their designs and assembly. The book then focuses on the recent progress in the development of advanced functional materials, as both cathode and anode, for next-generation rechargeable batteries such as lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and zinc-ion batteries. One of the special features of this book is that both inorganic electrode materials and organic materials are included to meet the requirement of high energy density and high safety of future rechargeable batteries. In addition to traditional non-aqueous rechargeable batteries, detailed information and discussion on aqueous batteries and solid-state batteries are also provided.

Li-S and Li-O2 Batteries with High Specific Energy

Huamin Zhang,Xianfeng Li,Hongzhang Zhang
Li S and Li O2 Batteries with High Specific Energy Book PDF

Author : Huamin Zhang,Xianfeng Li,Hongzhang Zhang
Publisher : Springer
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2016-11-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811007460

Get Book

Li-S and Li-O2 Batteries with High Specific Energy by Huamin Zhang,Xianfeng Li,Hongzhang Zhang Pdf

This brief reviews the fundamentals, recent developments, challenges and prospects of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including fundamental research and potential applications. It starts with a brief overview encompassing the current state of Li-S and Li-O2 battery technology. It then provides general information on Li-S and Li-O2 batteries, including the electrochemical processes and battery components. The following sections focus on the historical and recent development of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries respectively, offering detailed insights into the key material development, cell assembly, diagnostic test and mechanism of electrolyte decomposition. Lastly, it focuses on the main promising applications of Li-S and Li-O2 batteries together with their challenges and potential

Nanomaterials For Energy Conversion And Storage

Wang Dunwei,Cao Guozhong
Nanomaterials For Energy Conversion And Storage Book PDF

Author : Wang Dunwei,Cao Guozhong
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 836 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2017-11-10
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781786343642

Get Book

Nanomaterials For Energy Conversion And Storage by Wang Dunwei,Cao Guozhong Pdf

The use of nanomaterials in energy conversion and storage represents an opportunity to improve the performance, density and ease of transportation in renewable resources. This book looks at the most recent research on the topic, with particular focus on artificial photosynthesis and lithium-ion batteries as the most promising technologies to date. Research on the broad subject of energy conversion and storage calls for expertise from a wide range of backgrounds, from the most fundamental perspectives of the key catalytic processes at the molecular level to device scale engineering and optimization. Although the nature of the processes dictates that electrochemistry is a primary characterization tool, due attention is given to advanced techniques such as synchrotron studies in operando. These studies look at the gap between the performance of current technology and what is needed for the future, for example how to improve on the lithium-ion battery and to go beyond its capabilities. Suitable for students and practitioners in the chemical, electrochemical, and environmental sciences, Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage provides the information needed to find scalable, economically viable and safe solutions for sustainable energy. Contents: The Principle of Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting (Peiyan Ma and Dunwei Wang)Semiconducting Photocatalysis for Solar Hydrogen Conversion (Shaohua Shen and Jie Chen)Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis (Qingzhe Zhang, Yanlong Liu, Zhenhe Xu, Yue Zhao, Mohamed Chaker and Dongling Ma)Metal-Nitride Nanostructures: Emerging Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis (Md Golam Kibria, Bandar AlOtaibi and Zetian Mi)Surface Engineering of Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting (Gongming Wang, Yi Yang and Yat Li)Photoanodic and Photocathodic Materials Applied for Free-Running Solar Water Splitting Devices (Miao Zhong, Hiroyuki Kaneko, Taro Yamada and Kazunari Domen)Electrocatalytic Processes in Energy Technologies (Yang Huang, Min Zeng, Qiufang Gong and Yanguang Li)Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy on Photocatalysis (Yi-Sheng Liu, Cheng-Hao Chuang and Jinghua Guo)Photoelectrochemical Tools for the Assessment of Energy Conversion Devices (Isaac Herraiz-Cardona and Sixto Gimenez)Fundamentals of Rechargable Batteries and Electrochemical Potentials of Electrode Materials (Chaofeng Liu and Guozhong Cao)Revitalized Interest in Vanadium Pentoxide as Cathode Material for Alkali-Ion Batteries (Yanwei Li, Jinhuan Yao, Robert C Massé, Evan Uchaker and Guozhong Cao)Tin-Based Compounds as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Storage (Ming Zhang and Guozhong Cao)Beyond Li-Ion: Electrode Materials for Sodium- and Magnesium-Ion Batteries (Robert Massé, Evan Uchaker and Guozhong Cao)Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for Regulating Ions and Electron Transport in Advanced Energy Storage Devices (Yu Wang and Wei-Hong Zhong) Readership: Students, researchers and practitioners in the chemical, electrochemical, and environmental sciences. Keywords: Nanomaterials;Lithium-Ion Batteries;Electrochemistry;Energy Conversion;Energy Storage;Artificial PhotosynthesisReview:0

Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Alejandro Franco
Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Book PDF

Author : Alejandro Franco
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 412 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2015-04-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781782420989

Get Book

Rechargeable Lithium Batteries by Alejandro Franco Pdf

Rechargeable Lithium Batteries: From Fundamentals to Application provides an overview of rechargeable lithium batteries, from fundamental materials, though characterization and modeling, to applications. The market share of lithium ion batteries is fast increasing due to their high energy density and low maintenance requirements. Lithium air batteries have the potential for even higher energy densities, a requirement for the development of electric vehicles, and other types of rechargeable lithium battery are also in development. After an introductory chapter providing an overview of the main scientific and technological challenges posed by rechargeable Li batteries, Part One of this book reviews materials and characterization of rechargeable lithium batteries. Part Two covers performance and applications, discussing essential aspects such as battery management, battery safety and emerging rechargeable lithium battery technologies as well as medical and aerospace applications. Expert overview of the main scientific and technological challenges posed by rechargeable lithium batteries Address the important topics of analysis, characterization, and modeling in rechargeable lithium batteries Key analysis of essential aspects such as battery management, battery safety, and emerging rechargeable lithium battery technologies

Electrochemistry Of Metalloporphyrins

Karl M Kadish,W Ryan Osterloh,Eric Van Caemelbecke
Electrochemistry Of Metalloporphyrins Book PDF

Author : Karl M Kadish,W Ryan Osterloh,Eric Van Caemelbecke
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 645 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2023-06-22
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811267635

Get Book

Electrochemistry Of Metalloporphyrins by Karl M Kadish,W Ryan Osterloh,Eric Van Caemelbecke Pdf

This book is part of a series of ongoing volumes in the Series on Chemistry, Energy and the Environment, edited by Karl Kadish and Roger Guilard. The current volume on Electrochemistry of Metalloporphyrins covers all aspects of porphyrin electrochemistry in nonaqueous media and should be of benefit and interest to beginning graduate students as well as experienced researchers in many fields of porphyrin chemistry where electrochemistry is known to play a key role in influencing properties of the compounds as well as mechanisms and biological functions. The first half of the book is aimed at non-experts in the field of electrochemistry who would like to begin studies on porphyrin electrochemistry or understand the literature on porphyrin electrochemistry and this is then followed by detailed examples of how changes in the central metal ion of a given metalloporphyrin will affect its redox properties. The scope of the work covers the period in the literature between the mid-1960s and mid-2022 and expands greatly upon several earlier reviews by the senior author which are no longer in print and were never accessible in electronic form. This is the only book of its kind in the field which covers the basic electrochemistry of metalloporphyrins as well as describes the published data as a function of the central metal ion, considering all elements in the periodic table.

Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications

Jürgen Garche,Klaus Brandt
Electrochemical Power Sources Fundamentals Systems and Applications Book PDF

Author : Jürgen Garche,Klaus Brandt
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 670 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2018-09-28
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780444640086

Get Book

Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications by Jürgen Garche,Klaus Brandt Pdf

Safety of Lithium Batteries describes how best to assure safety during all phases of the life of Lithium ion batteries (production, transport, use, and disposal). About 5 billion Li-ion cells are produced each year, predominantly for use in consumer electronics. This book describes how the high-energy density and outstanding performance of Li-ion batteries will result in a large increase in the production of Li-ion cells for electric drive train vehicle (xEV) and battery energy storage (BES or EES) purposes. The high-energy density of Li battery systems comes with special hazards related to the materials employed in these systems. The manufacturers of cells and batteries have strongly reduced the hazard probability by a number of measures. However, absolute safety of the Li system is not given as multiple incidents in consumer electronics have shown. Presents the relationship between chemical and structure material properties and cell safety Relates cell and battery design to safety as well as system operation parameters to safety Outlines the influences of abuses on safety and the relationship to battery testing Explores the limitations for transport and storage of cells and batteries Includes recycling, disposal and second use of lithium ion batteries