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Author : David A. Lake Publisher : Cornell University Press Page : 257 pages File Size : 46,9 Mb Release : 2018-03-15 Category : History ISBN : 9781501723049
Power, Protection, and Free Trade by David A. Lake Pdf
Why do nations so frequently abandon unrestricted international commerce in favor of trade protectionism? David A. Lake contends that the dominant explanation, interest group theory, does not adequately explain American trade strategy or address the contradictory elements of cooperation and conflict that shape the international economy. Power, Protection, and Free Trade offers an alternative, systemic approach to trade strategy that builds on the interaction between domestic and international factors. In this innovative book, Lake maintains that both protection and free trade are legitimate and effective instruments of national policy, the considered responses of nations to varying international structures.
The Theory of Trade and Protection by William Penfield Travis Pdf
Scholarly survey of current developments, including the Heckscher-Olin theory, and practical applications in commercial policies of Europe and the U.S.A.
Free trade, indeed economic globalization generally, is under siege. The conventional arguments for protectionism have been discredited but not banished. And free trade faces strong new challenges from a variety of groups, including environmentalists and human rights activists as well as traditional lobbies who wrap their agendas in the language of justice and rights. These groups, claiming a general interest and denouncing free trade as a special interest of corporations and other capitalist forces, have organized large and vocal protests in Seattle, Prague, and elsewhere. Based on his acclaimed Stockholm lectures and picking up where his widely influential Protectionism left off, Jagdish Bhagwati applies critical insights from revolutionary developments in commercial policy theory--many his own--to show how the pursuit of social and environmental agendas can be creatively reconciled with the pursuit of free trade. Indeed, he argues that free trade, by raising living standards, can serve these agendas far better than can a descent into trade sanctions and restrictions. After settling the score in favor of free trade, Professor Bhagwati considers alternative ways in which it can be pursued. Chiefly, he argues in support of multilateralism and advances a withering critique of recent bilateral and regional free trade agreements (including NAFTA) as preferential arrangements that introduce growing chaos into the world trading system. He also makes a strong case for "going it alone" on the road to trade liberalization and endorses the reemergence of unilateral liberalization at points around the globe. Forcefully, elegantly, and clearly written for the public by one of the foremost economic thinkers of our day, this volume is not merely accessible but essential reading for anyone interested in economic policy or in the world economy.
"Through a combination of text, quotations, cartoons, tables, charts, and graphs, Bhagwati ... looks at the forces for and against protection."--Jacket.
Author : Michael Lusztig Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre Page : 292 pages File Size : 44,6 Mb Release : 2024-07-01 Category : Political Science ISBN : 0822972565
The Limits of Protectionism by Michael Lusztig Pdf
Conventional wisdom holds that free trade is economically beneficial to nations. But this does not prevent industries and interest groups from lobbying their governments for protection, which creates a fear of electoral backlash among politicians hoping to promote free trade. The Limits of Protectionism demonstrates how governments can attain those economic benefits while avoiding the political costs. Michael Lusztig's theoretical model focuses on a process by which protectionists can be pushed to restructure and compete in a global economy. In this process, a small cutback in domestic protection leads to lost market shares at home; producers must then turn to overseas exports, and, as the size of foreign profits grow, former protectionists become active advocates for more and greater free trade opportunities. In a wide-ranging array of case studies—from nineteenth-century Britain to Depression-era United States to contemporary New Zealand, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, and Mexico—Lusztig reveals that, if skillfully handled, governments can eliminate the obstacles to free trade and enjoy continued economic growth without fear of protectionist groups seeking revenge at the ballot box.
Free Trade and Prosperity by Arvind Panagariya Pdf
Arguments for protection and against free trade have seen a revival in developed countries such as the United States and Great Britain as well as developing countries such as India. Given the clear benefits trade openness has brought everywhere, this is a surprising development. The benefits of free trade are especially great for emerging market economies. FreeÂTrade and ProsperityÂoffers the first full-scale defense of pro-free-trade policies with developing countries at its center. Arvind Panagariya, a professor at Columbia University and former top economic advisor to the government of India, supplies a historically informed analysis of many longstanding but flawed arguments for protection. He starts with an insightful overview of the positive case for free trade, and then closely examines the various contentions of protectionists. One protectionist argument is that "infant" industries need time to grow and become competitive, and thus should be sheltered. Other arguments are that emerging markets are especially prone to coordination failures, they are in need of diversification of their production structures, and they suffer from market imperfections. The panoply of protectionist arguments, including those for import substitution industrialization, fails when subject to close logical and empirical scrutiny. Free trade and outward-oriented policies are preconditions to both sustained rapid growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Panagariya provides compelling evidence demonstrating the failures of protectionism and the promise of free trade using detailed case studies of successful countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, China and India. Low or declining barriers to free trade and high or rising shares of trade in total income have been key elements in the sustained rapid growth and poverty alleviation in these countries and many others. Free trade is like oxygen: the benefits are ubiquitous and not noticed until they are no longer there. This important book is an essential reminder of the costs of protectionism.
Author : Anne O. Krueger Publisher : University of Chicago Press Page : 126 pages File Size : 48,7 Mb Release : 2007-12-01 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9780226455020
The Political Economy of Trade Protection by Anne O. Krueger Pdf
This clear, concise summary of the in-depth analyses presented in The Political Economy of American Trade Policy examines the level, form, and evolution of American trade protection. In case studies of trade barriers imposed during the 1980s to help the steel, semiconductor, automobile, lumber, wheat, and textile and apparel industries, the contributors trace the evolution of efforts to obtain protection, protectionist measures, and their results. A chapter assessing the common themes that emerge from the studies concludes that the focus of current trade law is exclusively on the individual protection-seeking industries, with little regard for indirect effects on using industries or for consumers. Reform could usefully take these effects into account. This volume will interest policymakers, business executives, and anyone interested in trade policy formulation and practice.
Originally published in 1886, this collection of essays by 19th-century economist and philosopher Henry George argues against protectionism and in favor of free trade. George's main argument is that protectionism benefits established interests at the expense of the broader economy, and that free trade is essential for economic growth and prosperity. The book includes a foreword by George Bernard Shaw. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Henry George's treatise, which discusses the benefits and drawbacks of both protectionist tariffs and unfettered free trade, is published here complete. When George wrote this book, the economy of the world was seeing unprecedented levels of international trade. Shipping technology facilitated the movement of goods between borders relatively quickly, and the consequent supply was viewed as disruptive to both existing business and labor. This book sees Henry George outline arguments and reasoning in favor of tariffs, which are taxes imposed on imports, exports or both. At the same time, George examines views which support zero taxes on goods travelling between borders and even production itself - in short, unfettered free trade. After weighing up the effects of protection and free trade upon wages and the wider economy, George favors the option of free trade. Henry George had a unique view on how the economies of the world should be organized, and situated his attitudes to the protectionism versus free trade debate accordingly. He believed that the ever-increasing value of land, and the corresponding rents demanded by landowners, caused the depression of wages, production and prosperity. For George, the protection versus free trade debate was thus something of a red herring: the true cause of wages being so low was the ever-increasing cost and rents of land. Rather than impose taxes on goods or the making of goods, George proposed to tax land itself and to treat it as more as a common property, rather than cede it to mass landowners who would in turn charge high prices for its use.
