Psychoanalytic Perspectives On Knowing And Being Known

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Knowing and Being Known

Brent Willock,Ionas Sapountzis,Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Knowing and Being Known Book PDF

Author : Brent Willock,Ionas Sapountzis,Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 228 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2019-02-05
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780429845277

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Knowing and Being Known by Brent Willock,Ionas Sapountzis,Rebecca Coleman Curtis Pdf

The importance of knowing and being known is at the heart of the human experience and has always been the core of the psychoanalytic enterprise. Freud named his central Oedipal construct after Sophocles’ great play that dramatically encapsulated the desire, difficulty, and dangers involved in knowing and being known. Psychoanalysis’ founder developed a methodology to facilitate unconscious material becoming conscious, that is, making the unknown known to help us better understand ourselves and our relational lives, including psychic trauma, and multigenerational histories. This book will stimulate readers to contemplate knowing and being known from multiple perspectives. It bursts with thought-provoking ideas and intriguing cases illuminated by penetrating reflections from diverse theoretical perspectives. It will sensitize readers to this theme’s omnipresent, varied importance in the clinical setting and throughout life. Accomplished contributors discuss a wide variety of fascinating topics, illustrated by rich clinical material. Their contributions are grouped under these headings: Knowing through dreams; Knowing through appearances; Dreading and longing to be known; The analyst’s ways of knowing and communicating; Knowing in the contemporary sociocultural context; The known analyst; and No longer known. Readers will find each section deeply informative, stimulating thought, insights, and ideas for clinical practice. Psychoanalytic Explorations in Knowing and Being Known will appeal to psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, clinical social workers, counselors, students in these disciplines, and members of related scholarly communities.

Psychoanalytic and Spiritual Perspectives on Terrorism

Nina E. E. Cerfolio
Psychoanalytic and Spiritual Perspectives on Terrorism Book PDF

Author : Nina E. E. Cerfolio
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 147 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2023-12-22
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781003824169

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Psychoanalytic and Spiritual Perspectives on Terrorism by Nina E. E. Cerfolio Pdf

Nina E. Cerfolio masterfully explores the deeper spiritual and psychoanalytic understanding of the origins of human aggressive and destructive instincts which underlie mass shootings and terrorism. The author survived two terrorist attacks: developing breast cancer from being a first responder at 9/11, and being poisoned by an FSB agent while providing humanitarian aid in the Second Chechen War. Through a personal, scholarly investigation into her psyche, the author describes the spiritual awakening that was catalyzed by these events and their traumatic impact, and examines how a world could create the firmament for the kinds of destructive aggression that are a daily occurrence. Featuring cutting-edge quantitative research and case material, which illustrates the prevalence of undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illness among mass shooters and terrorists, this book encourages dialogue about the stigma of mental illness and challenges the perception of terrorists as monsters with no societal responsibility. Championing the forgotten collective humiliation of the marginalized—which in turn breeds terrorism—and documenting a new spiritual lens through which healing is possible, this book will be essential reading for mental health workers and anyone wishing to understand the traumatizing epoch in which we are living.

Belonging Through a Psychoanalytic Lens

Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Belonging Through a Psychoanalytic Lens Book PDF

Author : Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2020-12-29
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781000331653

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Belonging Through a Psychoanalytic Lens by Rebecca Coleman Curtis Pdf

Watching people protest, one hypothesis is that underlying these actions for specific justifiable causes is a sense of wishing to belong, of wishing not to be alone. Recent knowledge from patients and empirical research shows the importance of belonging to groups to both psychological and physical well-being. The problems of many students, minority group members, immigrants, terrorists, and lonely people are linked to an insufficient sense of belonging. Whereas psychoanalytic theory has focused on the need for a secure attachment to a primary caretaker, it has failed to note the importance of a sense of belonging to the family group, a friendship group, a community, a religious group, a nation-state, etc. This book demonstrates the difficulties faced by those who immigrate, those who never feel a sense of their true selves as belonging in a family or a cohesive professional group, and the difficulties of psychoanalysts themselves in knowing where they belong in patients’ lives. The problems of breaking up marital and professional relationships as well as our relationship with the Earth are also discussed. Freudian theory rejected the idea of a sense of "oneness" with humanity as being infantile. Recent developments regarding the similarities between meditational practices and psychoanalysis have questioned Freud’s idea. This book shows the importance of an interpersonal/relational psychoanalysis focusing on real relationships and not simply one that examines inner conflicts. It will be useful to psychologists, other mental health practitioners, social scientists, and anyone with normal struggles in life.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Shadow of the Parent

Jonathan Burke
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Shadow of the Parent Book PDF

Author : Jonathan Burke
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2018-11-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780429837494

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Shadow of the Parent by Jonathan Burke Pdf

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Shadow of the Parent explores the psychological challenges faced by the offspring of either famous or notorious parents. Beginning with parental legacies found in mythology and the Bible, the book presents a series of case studies drawn from a range of narrative contexts, selecting personalities drawn from history, politics, psychoanalysis and literature, all viewed from an analytic perspective. The concluding section focuses on the manifestation of this parental shadow within the field of fine art, as written by artists themselves. This is a lively and varied collection from a fascinating range of contributors. It provides readers with a new understanding of family history, trauma and reckoning screened through a psychoanalytic perspective, and will appeal to psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, counsellors and anyone interested in the dynamics of the family.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Identity and Difference

Brent Willock,Lori C. Bohm,Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Identity and Difference Book PDF

Author : Brent Willock,Lori C. Bohm,Rebecca Coleman Curtis
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 249 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2016-11-10
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781134848706

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Identity and Difference by Brent Willock,Lori C. Bohm,Rebecca Coleman Curtis Pdf

Every day, clinicians encounter challenges to empathy and communication while struggling to assist patients with diverse life histories, character, sexuality, gender, psychopathology, cultural, religious, political, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. Most writing pertaining to ideas of similarity, discrepancy, and ‘the Other’ has highlighted differences. Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Identity and Difference: Navigating the Divide offers a different focus, emphasising points of contact, connection, and how divisions between people can be transcended. In-depth case material, astutely elucidated by diverse theoretical approaches, furnishes stimulating ideas and valuable suggestions for facilitating a meeting of minds and psychological growth in patients who might otherwise be difficult or impossible to engage. Exploring how psychoanalysts can navigate obstacles to understanding and communicating with suffering individuals, topics covered include: internal experience of likeness and difference in the patient; in the analyst; and how analysts can find echoes of themselves in patients. Psychoanalysts and psychotherapists will appreciate the importance and value of this wide-ranging, groundbreaking exploration of these insufficiently addressed dimensions of human experience.

Unknowable, Unspeakable and Unsprung

Jean Petrucelli,Sarah E. Schoen
Unknowable Unspeakable and Unsprung Book PDF

Author : Jean Petrucelli,Sarah E. Schoen
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2016-11-03
Category : History
ISBN : 1315537931

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Unknowable, Unspeakable and Unsprung by Jean Petrucelli,Sarah E. Schoen Pdf

Unknowable, Unspeakable, and Unsprung delves into the mysteries of scandalous behavior- behavior that can seem shocking, unfathomable, or self-destructive - that is outrageous and offensive on the one hand, yet fascinating and exciting on the other. In the process, this anthology asks fundamental questions about the self: what the self is allowed to be and do, what must be disallowed, and what remains unknown. Clinicians strive to know their patients' selves, and their own, as fully as possible, while also facing the inevitable riddles these selves present. Covering topics ranging from trauma, politics, the analyst's subjectivity, and eating disorders and the body, to self-revelation, secrets, evil, and boundary issues, a distinguished group of authors bring the theory, practice, and application of contemporary psychoanalysis to life. In doing so, they use psychoanalytic perspectives not only to illuminate struggles that afflict patients seeking treatment, but to shed light, more broadly, on contemporary human dilemmas. This collection offers not a unified voice, but rather the sound of many, each in its own way trying to articulate the indescribable, the unwanted, and the off limits. It is a book that raises more questions than can be answered, complicates as much as clarifies, and contains the essential paradox of trying to talk about aspects of clinical and human experience that can never be fully seen or known. Unknowable, Unspeakable, and Unsprung offers invaluable reading to interested mental health professionals as well as to anyone intrigued by the secrets of the self.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Conflict

Christopher Christian,Morris N. Eagle,David L Wolitzky
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Conflict Book PDF

Author : Christopher Christian,Morris N. Eagle,David L Wolitzky
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 490 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2017-02-03
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317636601

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Conflict by Christopher Christian,Morris N. Eagle,David L Wolitzky Pdf

Since its inception, and throughout its history, psychoanalysis has been defined as a psychology of conflict. Freud’s tripartite structure of id, ego and superego, and then modern conflict theory, placed conflict at the center of mental life and its understanding at the heart of therapeutic action. As psychoanalysis has developed into the various schools of thought, the understanding of the importance of mental conflict has broadened and changed.​ In Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Conflict, a highly distinguished group of authors outline the main contemporary theoretical understandings of the role of conflict in psychoanalysis, and what this can teach us for everyday psychoanalytic practice. The book fills a gap in psychoanalytic thinking as to the essence of conflict and therapeutic action, at a time when many theorists are re-conceptualizing conflict in relation to aspects of mental life as an essential component across theories. Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Conflict will be of interest to psychologists, psychoanalysts, social workers, and other students and professionals involved in the study and practice of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, cognitive science and neuroscience.

Understanding and Coping with Failure: Psychoanalytic perspectives

Brent Willock,Rebecca Coleman Curtis,Lori C. Bohm
Understanding and Coping with Failure Psychoanalytic perspectives Book PDF

Author : Brent Willock,Rebecca Coleman Curtis,Lori C. Bohm
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2014-05-16
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317680697

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Understanding and Coping with Failure: Psychoanalytic perspectives by Brent Willock,Rebecca Coleman Curtis,Lori C. Bohm Pdf

Failure is a theme of great importance in most clinical conditions, and in everyday life, from birth until death. Its impact can be destabilizing, even disastrous. In spite of these facts, there has been no comprehensive psychoanalytic exploration of this topic. Understanding and Coping with Failure: Psychoanalytic Perspectives fills this gap by examining failure from many perspectives. It goes a long way toward increasing understanding of the numerous issues involved, and provides many valuable insights into ways of coping with these challenging experiences and several chapters discuss positive aspects of failure - what can be learned from what would otherwise simply be regrettable experiences. Brent Willock, Rebecca Coleman Curtis and Lori C. Bohm bring together a rich diversity of topics explored in thoughtful ways by an international group of authors from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States of America. Failed therapies (which have been examined in the literature) are but one element freshly explored in this comprehensive exploration of the topic. The book is divided into sections covering the following topics: Failing and Forgiving; Society-Wide Failure; Failure in the Family; Therapeutic Failure; Professional Failure in the Consulting Room and on the Career Path; Integrity versus Despair: Facing Failure in the Final Phase of the Life Cycle; Metaphoric Bridges and Creativity; The Long Shadow of Childhood Relational Trauma. Understanding and Coping with Failure will be eagerly welcomed by all those trying to increase their awareness, understanding, and capacity to work with the many ramifications of this important issue. Because of the uniqueness of this broad, detailed exploration of the complexities of the failure experience, it will be essential reading for psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, and students in these disciplines. It will also appeal to a wider audience interested in the psychoanalytic perspective.

Knowing What Psychoanalysts Do and Doing What Psychoanalysts Know

David Tuckett,Elizabeth Allison,Olivier Bonard,Georg J. Bruns,Anna L. Christopoulos,Michael Diercks,Eike Hinze,Marinella Linardos,Michael Šebek,Marie Rudden
Knowing What Psychoanalysts Do and Doing What Psychoanalysts Know Book PDF

Author : David Tuckett,Elizabeth Allison,Olivier Bonard,Georg J. Bruns,Anna L. Christopoulos,Michael Diercks,Eike Hinze,Marinella Linardos,Michael Šebek,Marie Rudden
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2024-01-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781538188118

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Knowing What Psychoanalysts Do and Doing What Psychoanalysts Know by David Tuckett,Elizabeth Allison,Olivier Bonard,Georg J. Bruns,Anna L. Christopoulos,Michael Diercks,Eike Hinze,Marinella Linardos,Michael Šebek,Marie Rudden Pdf

Using the in-depth discussion of everyday clinical cases using a new collegiate method, the authors set out to reveal and then to understand, without judgment, the diversity in contemporary psychoanalytic approaches. They evolve a new theoretical framework and a set of 11 practical questions for experienced psychoanalysts and students to use.

Play: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Survival and Human Development

Emilia Perroni
Play Psychoanalytic Perspectives Survival and Human Development Book PDF

Author : Emilia Perroni
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2013-08-15
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781135933579

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Play: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Survival and Human Development by Emilia Perroni Pdf

Is play only a children’s activity? How is the spontaneous play of adults expressed? What is the difference between “play” and “game”? What function does play have during war? Play:Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Survival and Human Development explores the importance of play in the life of the individual and in society. Most people associate psychoanalysis with hidden and “negative” instincts, like sexuality and aggressiveness, very seldom with “positive urges” like the importance of love and empathy, and almost never with play. Play, which occupies a special place in our mental life, is not merely a children’s activity. Both in children and adults, the lack of play or the incapacity to play almost always has a traumatic cause – this book also shows the crucial importance of play in relation to the survival in warfare and during traumatic times. In this book Emilia Perroni argues that whether we regard play as a spontaneous creation or whether we see it as an enjoyable activity with defined rules (a game), that it is impossible to conceive human existence and civilization without it. The papers collected in this book are the results of the research offered on the subject of play by several Israeli therapists from different psychoanalytic schools Freudian, Jungian, Kleinian, Winnicottian and Self-Psychology. Other contributions are from Israeli researchers and academics from various fields such as literature, music, art, theatre and cinema, contemporary psychoanalysis and other disciplines. Play: Psychoanalytic Perspectives, Survival and Human Development offers new ways to think about, and understand, play as a search for meaning, and as a way of becoming oneself. This book will be of interest to psychoanalysts, researchers, therapists, parents, teachers and students who are interested in the application of psychoanalytic theory to their fields including students of cultural studies, art, music, philosophy. Emilia Perroni is a clinical psychologist, supervisor at the School of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy at the University of Tel Aviv and the Bar Ilan University. She has a private practice in Jerusalem and in Tel Aviv. She is a member of the Israeli Association of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, the Israeli Association of Psychotherapy, she is an Associated-Member of the Israeli Institute of Jungian Psychology, and Research Fellow at the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem.

Critique of Psychoanalytic Reason

Dany Nobus
Critique of Psychoanalytic Reason Book PDF

Author : Dany Nobus
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2022-04-27
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781000552423

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Critique of Psychoanalytic Reason by Dany Nobus Pdf

The highly arcane "wisdom" produced by the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan is either endlessly regurgitated and recited as holy writ by his numerous acolytes, or radically dismissed as unpalatable nonsense by his equally countless detractors. Contrary to these common, strictly antagonistic yet uniformly uncritical practices, this book offers a meticulous critique of some key theoretical and clinical aspects of Lacan’s expansive oeuvre, testing their consistency, examining their implications, and investigating their significance. In nine interrelated chapters, the book highlights both the flaws and the strengths of Lacan’s ideas, in areas of investigation that are as crucial as they are contentious, within as well as outside psychoanalysis. Drawing on a vast range of source materials, including many unpublished archival documents, it teases out controversial issues such as money, organisational failure, and lighthearted, "gay" thinking, and it relies on the highest standards of scholarly excellence to develop its arguments. At the same time, the book does not presuppose any prior knowledge of Lacanian psychoanalysis on the part of the reader, but allows its readership to indulge in the joys of in-depth critical analysis, trans-disciplinary creative thinking, and persistent questioning. This book will appeal to researchers and students alike in psychoanalytic studies and philosophy, as well as all those interested in French theory and the history of ideas.

A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Reading Literature

Merav Roth
A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Reading Literature Book PDF

Author : Merav Roth
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2019-08-14
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9780429750007

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A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Reading Literature by Merav Roth Pdf

What are the unconscious processes involved in reading literature? How does literature influence our psychological development and existential challenges? A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Reading Literature offers a unique glimpse into the unconscious psychic processes and development involved in reading. The author listens to the 'free associations' of various literary characters, in numerous scenarios where the characters are themselves reading literature, thus revealing the mysterious ways in which reading literature helps us and contributes to our development. The book offers an introduction both to classic literature (Poe, Proust, Sartre, Semprún, Pessoa, Agnon and more) and to the major psychoanalytic concepts that can be used in reading it – all described and widely explained before being used as tools for interpreting the literary illustrations. The book thus offers a rich lexical psychoanalytic source, alongside its main aim in analysing the reader’s psychological mechanisms and development. Psychoanalytic interpretation of those literary readers opens three main avenues to the reader’s experience: the transference relations toward the literary characters; the literary work as means to transcend beyond the reader’s self-identity and existential boundaries; and mobilization of internal dialectic tensions towards new integration and psychic equilibrium. An Epilogue concludes by emphasising the transformational power embedded in reading literature. The fascinating dialogue between literature and psychoanalysis illuminates hitherto concealed aspects of each discipline and contributes to new insights in both fields. A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Reading Literature will be of great interest not only to psychoanalytic-psychotherapists and literature scholars, but also to a wider readership beyond these areas of study.

Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Gaze, Body Image, Shame, Judgment and Maternal Function

Lía A. Roth
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Gaze Body Image Shame Judgment and Maternal Function Book PDF

Author : Lía A. Roth
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2020-04-02
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781000045239

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Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Gaze, Body Image, Shame, Judgment and Maternal Function by Lía A. Roth Pdf

Have you ever been praised or criticized about your body or any part of it? With this question, participants of a research study were invited to share their experiences of body judgment. As participants described, the body is a carrier of messages and the source of judgmental experiences. Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Gaze, Body Image, Shame, Judgment and Maternal Function: Being and Belonging offers an insightful and engaging psychoanalytical account of experiences of shame and fear of rejection, explained through clinical vignettes and research participants’ scripts. Exploring the findings from the individual and social standpoints, as well as the cultural and historical influences, Dr. Roth proposes that judgements are experienced as attacks, with the meaning attributed to the criticized body part, affecting the sense of self and forming a central point of the participants’ identity trauma. Furthermore, that as guilt requires reparative action, shame requires an act of sacrifice to align the individual to the ideal and to preserve the matrix of belonging, thus explaining the participants’ use of alienation as a defense. This book will be of great interest to psychoanalysts and psychotherapists, as well as scholars of culture and religion. Giving a brief introduction to psychoanalytic concepts, with a full glossary, it will also appeal to the non-psychoanalytic reader, interested in body image and how related perceptions and judgements can affect our own sense of Being and Belonging.

First Thoughts

Jayne Hankinson
First Thoughts Book PDF

Author : Jayne Hankinson
Publisher : Phoenix Publishing House
Page : 576 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2021-11-23
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781800130968

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First Thoughts by Jayne Hankinson Pdf

'Any Psychoanalyst must find his own way and come upon well-known and well-established theories through experiences of his own realisations.' So says W. R. Bion in his Commentary in Second Thoughts. In First Thoughts, Jayne Hankinson does just this. She presents a personal account of her own 'realisations' and discoveries during an attempt to give thought to 'beginnings'. She explores the meaning and relevance of creation myths, leading to a deep realisation of how they unconsciously represent and shape much of our lives, even today. This exploration meanders through the Garden of Eden, leaving with a realisation that there is an 'Adam' and 'Eve' aspect in dynamic tension within each of our minds. This serpentine journey becomes a 'hermeneutic loop' in which dissatisfaction with parts of psychoanalytic theory leads to an engagement in the phenomena of beginnings and a consequent reappraisal and reinterpretation, via a closer look at Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and Wilfred Bion to formulate an understanding of what their 'first thoughts' may be. The book ends with the author's own creation myth reshaped and a deeper awareness of how important 'beginnings' are.

Conservative and Radical Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Knowledge

Aner Govrin
Conservative and Radical Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Aner Govrin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 323 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2015-11-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317515135

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Conservative and Radical Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Knowledge by Aner Govrin Pdf

Psychoanalysis really should not exist today. Until a few years ago, most of the evidence suggested that its time was drawing to a close, and yet psychoanalysis demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of criticism, alongside significant resurgence over the course of the last years. In "Conservative and Radical Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Knowledge: The Fascinated and the Disenchanted" psychoanalyst and philosopher Aner Govrin describes the mechanisms of sociology within the psychoanalytic community which have enabled it to withstand the hostility levelled at it and to flourish as an intellectual and pragmatic endeavour. He defends the most criticized aspect of psychoanalysis: the fascination of analysts with their theories. Govrin demonstrates that fascination is a common phenomenon in science and shows its role in the evolution of psychoanalysis. Govrin argues that throughout its history, psychoanalysis has successfully embraced an amalgam of what he has defined and termed "fascinated" and "troubled communities." A "fascinated community" is a group that embraces a psychoanalytic theory (such as Bion's, Klein's, Winnicott s) as one embraces truth. A "troubled community" is one that is not satisfied with the state of psychoanalytic knowledge and seeks to generate a fundamental change that does not square with existing traditions (such as new psychoanalytic schools, scientifically troubled communities and the relational approach). It is this amalgam and the continuous tension between these two groups that are responsible for psychoanalysis' rich and varied development and for its ability to adapt to a changing world. Clinical vignettes from the work of Robert Stolorow, Betty Joseph, Antonino Ferro and Michael Eigen illustrate the dynamic by which psychoanalytic knowledge is formed. "Conservative and Radical Perspectives on Psychoanalytic Knowledge" will be of interest to psychoanalysts, psychotherapists and philosophers alike.