Race And Aesthetics In The Anthropology Of Petrus Camper 1722 1789

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Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722-1789)

Miriam Claude Meijer
Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper 1722 1789 Book PDF

Author : Miriam Claude Meijer
Publisher : Rodopi
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : History
ISBN : 9042004347

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Race and Aesthetics in the Anthropology of Petrus Camper (1722-1789) by Miriam Claude Meijer Pdf

After the discovery of the anthropoid ape in Asia and in Africa, eighteenth-century Holland became the crossroads of Enlightenment debates about the human species. Material evidence about human diversity reached Petrus Camper, comparative anatomist in the Netherlands, who engaged, among many other interests, in "menschkunde." Could only religious doctrine support the belief of human demarcation from animals? Camper resolved the challenges raised by overseas discoveries with his thesis of the "facial angle," a theory which succeeding generations distorted and misused in order to justify slavery, racism, antisemitism, and genocide. Thanks to his abundant papers in Dutch archives, Camper's ideas are restored to their original state. Eighteenth-century issues differed from those of other centuries: Did orang-utans talk like humans, walk like humans; even rape humans? What was the skin pigmentation of Adam and Eve? Did the spectrum of human physiognomies around the globe reflect the Fall of Man, the Creator's bounty, or merely bizarre beauty practices? Why did the ideal beauty of the Greeks appear to be the reverse of the Hottentots? The book contains some 50 illustrations, including apes with hiking sticks or tea cups, metamorphoses of living forms, and Apollo or Venus icons which titillated the "science of man."

Petrus Camper in context

Klaas van Berkel,Bart Ramakers
Petrus Camper in context Book PDF

Author : Klaas van Berkel,Bart Ramakers
Publisher : Uitgeverij Verloren
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Medicine
ISBN : 9789087044671

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Petrus Camper in context by Klaas van Berkel,Bart Ramakers Pdf

‘A meteor of spirit, science, talent and activity’ – thus Goethe described Petrus Camper (1722-1789). Goethe’s words contain all the elements that make Camper such a fascinating figure in the history of science and arts in the eighteenth-century Dutch Republic. This volume sheds new light on Camper’s versatility, engagement, and charisma in all fields and disciplines he ventured into and published on. It not only addresses his scientific activities, findings, and opinions, but also delves into his careers at the universities of Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen, his travels, relationships, friendships, and feuds, as well as the ways he communicated his wide-ranging research. Eleven case studies illustrate Camper’s views on eighteenth-century life and society, which motivated not just his scientific, but also his political, societal, literary, and artistic practice. Together they amount to a plea for an integration of all aspects of his scholarly life and persona.

‘Race Is Everything’

David Bindman
Race Is Everything Book PDF

Author : David Bindman
Publisher : Reaktion Books
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2023-07-17
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781789147315

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‘Race Is Everything’ by David Bindman Pdf

A timely and revealing look at the intertwined histories of science, art, and racism. ‘Race Is Everything’ explores the spurious but influential ideas of so-called racial science in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, and how art was affected by it. David Bindman looks at race in general, but with particular concentration on attitudes toward and representations of people of African and Jewish descent. He argues that behind all racial ideas of the period lies the belief that outward appearance—and especially skull shape, as studied in the pseudoscience of phrenology—can be correlated with inner character and intelligence, and that these could be used to create a seemingly scientific hierarchy of races. The book considers many aspects of these beliefs, including the skull as a racial marker; ancient Egypt as a precedent for Southern slavery; Darwin, race, and aesthetics; the purported “Mediterranean race”; the visual aspects of eugenics; and the racial politics of Emil Nolde.

The German Invention of Race

Sara Eigen,Mark Larrimore
The German Invention of Race Book PDF

Author : Sara Eigen,Mark Larrimore
Publisher : State University of New York Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2012-02-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780791482070

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The German Invention of Race by Sara Eigen,Mark Larrimore Pdf

In The German Invention of Race, historians, philosophers, and scholars in literary, cultural, and religious studies trace the origins of the concept of "race" to Enlightenment Germany and seek to understand the issues at work in creating a definition of race. The work introduces a significant connection to the history of race theory as contributors show that the language of race was deployed in contexts as apparently unrelated as hygiene; aesthetics; comparative linguistics; anthropology; debates over the status of science, theology, and philosophy; and Jewish emancipation. The concept of race has no single point of origin, and has never operated within the constraints of a single definition. As the essays in this book trace the powerful resonances of the term in diverse contexts, both before and long after the invention of the scientific term around 1775, they help explain how this pseudoconcept could, in a few short decades, have become so powerful in so many fields of thought and practice. In addition, the essays show that the fateful rise of racial thinking in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was made possible not only by the establishment of physical anthropology as a field, but also by other disciplines and agendas linked by the enduring associations of the word "race."

Blackness in Western Europe

Dienke Hondius
Blackness in Western Europe Book PDF

Author : Dienke Hondius
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 362 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2017-09-29
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351296359

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Blackness in Western Europe by Dienke Hondius Pdf

While the study of race relations in the United States continues to inspire and influence European thinking, Europeans have yet to confront their own history. To be black in Europe—whether during the sixteenth century or today—means sharing one crucial experience: being part of a small, but visible minority. European slave-owners, company directors, and investors in the distant past maintained an ocean-wide gap between themselves and the enslaved in the plantation colonies of the Caribbean. In the following centuries, this distance persisted. Even today, to be black in Europe often means to be one of a few black persons in a group. A racial pattern of exclusion has characterized European policy for more than four centuries. Dienke Hondius identifies ideas and attitudes toward "blackness," the concept of race as visible difference, developed in western Europe. She argues that racial discourses are generally dominated by paternalism—a concept usually used to explain power structures that is often applied to the nineteenth century. Hondius identifies five patterns of paternalism that influenced Europe much earlier and iniated trends of imagery and perception. Taking a chronological and thematic approach, Hondius first focuses on southern European societies in the Early Modern period and moves to northwest European societies in the Modern period. Addressing religion, law, and science, she concludes with a synthesis of developments from the twentieth century to the present.

The Invention of Race

Nicolas Bancel,Thomas David,Dominic Thomas
The Invention of Race Book PDF

Author : Nicolas Bancel,Thomas David,Dominic Thomas
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2014-04-24
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317801177

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The Invention of Race by Nicolas Bancel,Thomas David,Dominic Thomas Pdf

This edited collection explores the genesis of scientific conceptions of race and their accompanying impact on the taxonomy of human collections internationally as evidenced in ethnographic museums, world fairs, zoological gardens, international colonial exhibitions and ethnic shows. A deep epistemological change took place in Europe in this domain toward the end of the eighteenth century, producing new scientific representations of race and thereby triggering a radical transformation in the visual economy relating to race and racial representation and its inscription in the body. These practices would play defining roles in shaping public consciousness and the representation of “otherness” in modern societies. The Invention of Race provides contextualization that is often lacking in contemporary discussions on diversity, multiculturalism and race.

Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century

Freek Schmidt
Passion and Control Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century Book PDF

Author : Freek Schmidt
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 536 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2017-07-28
Category : Art
ISBN : 9781134797042

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Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century by Freek Schmidt Pdf

Passion and Control explores Dutch architectural culture of the eighteenth century, revealing the central importance of architecture to society in this period and redefining long-established paradigms of early modern architectural history. Architecture was a passion for many of the men and women in this book; wealthy patrons, burgomasters, princes and scientists were all in turn infected with architectural mania. It was a passion shared with artists, architects and builders, and a vast cast of Dutch society who contributed to a complex web of architectural discourse and who influenced building practice. The author presents a rich tapestry of sources to reconstruct the cultural context and meaning of these buildings as they were perceived by contemporaries, including representations in texts, drawings and prints, and builds on recent research by cultural historians on consumerism, material culture and luxury, print culture and the public sphere, and the history of ideas and mentalities.

Staging Blackness and Performing Whiteness in Eighteenth-Century German Drama

Wendy Sutherland
Staging Blackness and Performing Whiteness in Eighteenth Century German Drama Book PDF

Author : Wendy Sutherland
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2017-05-15
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9781317050865

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Staging Blackness and Performing Whiteness in Eighteenth-Century German Drama by Wendy Sutherland Pdf

Focusing on eighteenth-century cultural productions, Wendy Sutherland examines how representations of race in philosophy, anthropology, aesthetics, drama, and court painting influenced the construction of a white bourgeois German self. Sutherland positions her work within the framework of the transatlantic slave trade, showing that slavery, colonialism, and the triangular trade between Europe, West Africa, and the Caribbean function as the global stage on which German bourgeois dramas by Friedrich Wilhelm Ziegler, Ernst Lorenz Rathlef, and Theodor Körner (and a novella by Heinrich von Kleist on which Körner's play was based) were performed against a backdrop of philosophical and anthropological influences. Plays had an important role in educating the rising bourgeois class in morality, Sutherland argues, with fathers and daughters offered as exemplary moral figures in contrast to the depraved aristocracy. At the same time, black female protagonists in nontraditional dramas represent the boundaries of physical beauty and marriage eligibility while also complicating ideas of moral beauty embodied in the concept of the beautiful soul. Her book offers convincing evidence that the eighteenth-century German stage grappled with the representation of blackness during the Age of Goethe, even though the German states were neither colonial powers nor direct participants in the slave trade.

Before Boas

Han F. Vermeulen
Before Boas Book PDF

Author : Han F. Vermeulen
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
Page : 670 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2015-07
Category : History
ISBN : 9780803277380

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Before Boas by Han F. Vermeulen Pdf

The history of anthropology has been written from multiple viewpoints, often from perspectives of gender, nationality, theory, or politics. Before Boas delves deeper into issues concerning anthropology's academic origins to present a groundbreaking study that reveals how ethnography and ethnology originated during the eighteenth rather than the nineteenth century, developing parallel to anthropology, or the "natural history of man." Han F. Vermeulen explores primary and secondary sources from Russia, Germany, Austria, the United States, the Netherlands, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, and Great Britain in tracing how "ethnography" originated as field research by German-speaking historians and naturalists in Siberia (Russia) during the 1730s and 1740s, was generalized as "ethnology" by scholars in Göttingen (Germany) and Vienna (Austria) during the 1770s and 1780s, and was subsequently adopted by researchers in other countries. Before Boas argues that anthropology and ethnology were separate sciences during the Age of Reason, studying racial and ethnic diversity, respectively. Ethnography and ethnology focused not on "other" cultures but on all peoples of all eras. Following G. W. Leibniz, researchers in these fields categorized peoples primarily according to their languages. Franz Boas professionalized the holistic study of anthropology from the 1880s into the twentieth century.

The Fate of Anatomical Collections

Rina Knoeff,Robert Zwijnenberg
The Fate of Anatomical Collections Book PDF

Author : Rina Knoeff,Robert Zwijnenberg
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2016-03-09
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317031932

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The Fate of Anatomical Collections by Rina Knoeff,Robert Zwijnenberg Pdf

Almost every medical faculty possesses anatomical and/or pathological collections: human and animal preparations, wax- and other models, as well as drawings, photographs, documents and archives relating to them. In many institutions these collections are well-preserved, but in others they are poorly maintained and rendered inaccessible to medical and other audiences. This volume explores the changing status of anatomical collections from the early modern period to date. It is argued that anatomical and pathological collections are medically relevant not only for future generations of medical faculty and future research, but they are also important in the history of medicine, the history of the institutions to which they belong, and to the wider understanding of the cultural history of the body. Moreover, anatomical collections are crucial to new scholarly inter-disciplinary studies that investigate the interaction between arts and sciences, especially medicine, and offer a venue for the study of interactions between anatomists, scientists, anatomical artists and other groups, as well as the display and presentation of natural history and medical cabinets. In considering the fate of anatomical collections - and the importance of the keeper’s decisions with respect to collections - this volume will make an important methodological contribution to the study of collections and to discussions on how to preserve universities’ academic heritage.

Morphology and Evolution of Turtles

Donald B. Brinkman,Patricia A. Holroyd,James D. Gardner
Morphology and Evolution of Turtles Book PDF

Author : Donald B. Brinkman,Patricia A. Holroyd,James D. Gardner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 577 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2012-08-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789400743083

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Morphology and Evolution of Turtles by Donald B. Brinkman,Patricia A. Holroyd,James D. Gardner Pdf

This volume celebrates the contributions of Dr. Eugene Gaffney to the study of turtles, through a diverse and complementary collection of papers that showcases the latest research on one of the most intriguing groups of reptiles. A mix of focused and review papers deals with numerous aspects of the evolutionary history of turtles, including embryonic development, origins, early diversification, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography. Moreover it includes reports on important but poorly understood fossil turtle assemblages, provides historical perspectives on turtle research, and documents disease and variation in turtles. With its broad scope, which includes descriptions of material and new taxa from Australia, Asia, and Europe, as well as North and South America, this work will be an essential resource for anyone interested in the morphology and evolution of turtles. “This volume’s breadth of time, geography, and taxonomic coverage makes it a major contribution to the field and a ‘must have’ for all vertebrate paleontologists.”, James F. Parham, California State University, CA, USA “A comprehensive and sweeping overview of turtle evolution by the top experts in the field that will interest everyone curious about these unique reptiles.” Jason S. Anderson, University of Calgary, Canada “An invaluable addition to the literature that covers the full spectrum of approaches toward understanding the evolution of these noble creatures.” Ann C. Burke, Wesleyan University, CT , USA “A truly comprehensive volume that both the student of fossil turtles, as well as the general reader interested in these enigmatic creatures, will find fascinating.” Tyler Lyson, Yale University, CT, USA​

The Scottish Enlightenment

Silvia Sebastiani
The Scottish Enlightenment Book PDF

Author : Silvia Sebastiani
Publisher : Springer
Page : 521 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-02-20
Category : History
ISBN : 9781137069795

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The Scottish Enlightenment by Silvia Sebastiani Pdf

The Scottish Enlightenment shaped a new conception of history as a gradual and universal progress from savagery to civil society. Whereas women emancipated themselves from the yoke of male-masters, men in turn acquired polite manners and became civilized. Such a conception, however, presents problematic questions: why were the Americans still savage? Why was it that the Europeans only had completed all the stages of the historic process? Could modern societies escape the destiny of earlier empires and avoid decadence? Was there a limit beyond which women's influence might result in dehumanization? The Scottish Enlightenment's legacy for modernity emerges here as a two-faced Janus, an unresolved tension between universalism and hierarchy, progress and the limits of progress.

The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe

Martin Fitzpatrick,Peter Jones
The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe Book PDF

Author : Martin Fitzpatrick,Peter Jones
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2017-01-12
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781350012547

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The Reception of Edmund Burke in Europe by Martin Fitzpatrick,Peter Jones Pdf

Over the last fifty years the life and work of Edmund Burke (1729-1797) has received sustained scholarly attention and debate. The publication of the complete correspondence in ten volumes and the nine volume edition of Burke's Writings and Speeches have provided material for the scholarly reassessment of his life and works. Attention has focused in particular on locating his ideas in the history of eighteenth-century theory and practice and the contexts of late eighteenth-century conservative thought. This book broadens the focus to examine the many sided interest in Burke's ideas primarily in Europe, and most notably in politics and aesthetics. It draws on the work of leading international scholars to present new perspectives on the significance of Burke's ideas in European politics and culture.

The Color of Equality

Devin J. Vartija
The Color of Equality Book PDF

Author : Devin J. Vartija
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2021-08-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9780812253191

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The Color of Equality by Devin J. Vartija Pdf

Enlightenment thinkers bequeathed a paradoxical legacy to the modern world: they expanded the purview of equality while simultaneously inventing the modern concept of race. The Color of Equality makes sense of this tension by demonstrating that the same Enlightenment impulse—the naturalization of humanity—underlay both of these trends.

The Gestation of German Biology

John H. Zammito
The Gestation of German Biology Book PDF

Author : John H. Zammito
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 532 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : History
ISBN : 9780226520797

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The Gestation of German Biology by John H. Zammito Pdf

This book explores how and when biology emerged as a science in Germany. Beginning with the debate about organism between Georg Ernst Stahl and Gottfried Leibniz at the start of the eighteenth century, John Zammito traces the development of a new research program, culminating in 1800, in the formulation of developmental morphology. He shows how over the course of the century, naturalists undertook to transform some domains of natural history into a distinct branch of natural philosophy, which attempted not only to describe but to explain the natural world and became, ultimately, the science of biology.