Randomize

Author : Vance Berger
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 301 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-10-30
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781315305097

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Randomization, Masking, and Allocation Concealment by Vance Berger Pdf

Randomization, Masking, and Allocation Concealment is indispensable for any trial researcher who wants to use state of the art randomization methods, and also wants to be able to describe these methods correctly. Far too often the subtle nuances that distinguish proper randomization from flawed randomization are completely ignored in trial reports that state only that randomization was used, with no additional information. Experience has shown that in many cases, the type of randomization that was used was flawed. It is only a matter of time before medical journals and regulatory agencies come to realize that we can no longer rely on (or publish) flawed trials, and that flawed randomization in and of itself disqualifies a trial from being robust or high quality, even if that trial is of high quality otherwise. This book will help to clarify the role randomization plays in ensuring internal validity, and in drawing valid inferences from the data. The various chapters cover a variety of randomization methods, and are not limited to the most common (and most flawed) ones. Readers will come away with a profound understanding of what constitutes a valid randomization procedure, so that they can distinguish the valid from the flawed among not only existing methods but also methods yet to be developed.

Author : Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2020-09-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780192635525

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Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development by Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud Pdf

In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? The first of its kind, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Bringing together leading specialists in the field from a range of backgrounds and disciplines (economics, econometrics, mathematics, statistics, political economy, socioeconomics, anthropology, philosophy, global health, epidemiology, and medicine), it presents a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. Without disputing the contribution of RCTs to scientific knowledge, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind. Written in plain language, this book offers experts and laypeople alike a unique opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.

Author : Jose Rolim
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1997-06-25
Category : Computers
ISBN : 3540632484

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Randomization and Approximation Techniques in Computer Science by Jose Rolim Pdf

Astronomy is the oldest and most fundamental of the natural sciences. From the early beginnings of civilization astronomers have attempted to explain not only what the Universe is and how it works, but also how it started, how it evolved to the present day, and how it will develop in the future. The author, a well-known astronomer himself, describes the evolution of astronomical ideas, briefly discussing most of the instrumental developments. Using numerous figures to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the book starts with the astronomical ideas of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian philosophers, moves on to the Greek period, and then to the golden age of astronomy, i.e. to Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, and ends with modern theories of cosmology. Written with undergraduate students in mind, this book gives a fascinating survey of astronomical thinking.

Author : Sin-Ho Jung
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 244 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2013-05-02
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781439871867

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Randomized Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials by Sin-Ho Jung Pdf

In cancer research, a traditional phase II trial is designed as a single-arm trial that compares the experimental therapy to a historical control. This simple trial design has led to several adverse issues, including increased false positivity of phase II trial results and negative phase III trials. To rectify these problems, oncologists and biostatisticians have begun to use a randomized phase II trial that compares an experimental therapy with a prospective control therapy. Randomized Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials explains how to properly select and accurately use diverse statistical methods for designing and analyzing phase II trials. The author first reviews the statistical methods for single-arm phase II trials since some methodologies for randomized phase II trials stem from single-arm phase II trials and many phase II cancer clinical trials still use single-arm designs. The book then presents methods for randomized phase II trials and describes statistical methods for both single-arm and randomized phase II trials. Although the text focuses on phase II cancer clinical trials, the statistical methods covered can also be used (with minor modifications) in phase II trials for other diseases and in phase III cancer clinical trials. Suitable for cancer clinicians and biostatisticians, this book shows how randomized phase II trials with a prospective control resolve the shortcomings of traditional single-arm phase II trials. It provides readers with numerous statistical design and analysis methods for randomized phase II trials in oncology.

Author : David Machin,Peter M. Fayers
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2010-05-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780470319222

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Randomized Clinical Trials by David Machin,Peter M. Fayers Pdf

Using examples and case studies from industry, academia and research literature, Randomized Clinical Trials provides a detailed overview of the key issues involved in designing, conducting, analysing and reporting randomized clinical trials. It examines the methodology for conducting Phase III clinical trials, developing the protocols, the practice for capturing, measuring, and analysing the resulting clinical data and their subsequent reporting. Randomized clinical trials are the principal method for determining the relative efficacy and safety of alternative treatments, interventions or medical devices. They are conducted by groups comprising one or more of pharmaceutical and allied health-care organisations, academic institutions, and charity supported research groups. In many cases such trials provide the key evidence necessary for the regulatory approval of a new product for future patient use. Randomized Clinical Trials provides comprehensive coverage of such trials, ranging from elementary to advanced level. Written by authors with considerable experience of clinical trials, Randomized Clinical Trials is an authoritative guide for clinicians, nurses, data managers and medical statisticians involved in clinical trials research and for health care professionals directly involved in patient care in a clinical trial context.

Author : Bryan F.J. Manly,Jorge A. Navarro Alberto
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2020-07-22
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781000080506

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Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology by Bryan F.J. Manly,Jorge A. Navarro Alberto Pdf

Modern computer-intensive statistical methods play a key role in solving many problems across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Like its bestselling predecessors, the fourth edition of Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology illustrates a large number of statistical methods with an emphasis on biological applications. The focus is now on the use of randomization, bootstrapping, and Monte Carlo methods in constructing confidence intervals and doing tests of significance. The text provides comprehensive coverage of computer-intensive applications, with data sets available online. Features Presents an overview of computer-intensive statistical methods and applications in biology Covers a wide range of methods including bootstrap, Monte Carlo, ANOVA, regression, and Bayesian methods Makes it easy for biologists, researchers, and students to understand the methods used Provides information about computer programs and packages to implement calculations, particularly using R code Includes a large number of real examples from a range of biological disciplines Written in an accessible style, with minimal coverage of theoretical details, this book provides an excellent introduction to computer-intensive statistical methods for biological researchers. It can be used as a course text for graduate students, as well as a reference for researchers from a range of disciplines. The detailed, worked examples of real applications will enable practitioners to apply the methods to their own biological data.

Author : Gloria Isabel Miller
Publisher : Stanford University
Page : 403 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Electronic
ISBN : STANFORD:hy507ps0674

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Curricular Program Implementation in the Context of Randomized Field Trials by Gloria Isabel Miller Pdf

Abstract curricular program implementation in the context of randomized field trials Gloria Isabel Miller This study examined three cases of commercially available curricular program implementations to determine if a unified approach to measuring the level of implementation was possible (proof of concept). Further, the study investigated whether the level of curriculum and implementation plan specificity made a difference to the strength of implementation achieved in classrooms; and described the implementation evolution in different contexts. The study sample consists of a total of 163 teachers in eight school districts across the United States. In each case teachers were randomly assigned to using the curricular innovation or their currently used materials and processes. The three cases, HS-Math, NewScience, and MathIntervention, were purposely chosen to represent three different points of curricular and implementation specificity and two different subject areas, math and science. Each case features a commercially available program that also had opportunities for teachers to use "electronic" technology to enhance their learning or to engage their students. The cases represent differing student grade levels. The cases are different enough to provide a range that exercises the measurement techniques introduced in this study so results can begin to generalize across curricular programs and grades. However, the cases are similar enough in research design, instrumentation, and data collection methods to make them comparable. A key contribution of this investigation is the creation of a framework to measure the level of implementation (the extent to which the teacher and students display the actions, behaviors, and interactions expected by using the innovation). The unified conceptual framework arrived at by using an Activity Theory perspective together with the analytical methods employed provide a way to view the rich complex interaction of implementation as a system with the larger system of the school organization. Data from the analysis revealed that variations in the level of implementation were no different regardless of the level of specificity. A strong finding of this work is that implementation evolves slowly even when the curricular program is scripted and coaching support is provided to teachers. The paper concludes with implications for policy and future research.

Author : Jos W.R. Twisk
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 167 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2021-10-15
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9783030818654

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Analysis of Data from Randomized Controlled Trials by Jos W.R. Twisk Pdf

This book provides a practical guide to the analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (RCT). It gives an answer to the question of how to estimate the intervention effect in an appropriate way. This problem is examined for different RCT designs, such as RCTs with one follow-up measurement, RCTs with more than one follow-up measurement, cluster RCTs, cross-over trials, stepped wedge trials, and N-of-1 trials. The statistical methods are explained in a non-mathematical way and are illustrated by extensive examples. All datasets used in the book are available for download, so readers can reanalyse the examples to gain a better understanding of the methods used. Although most examples are taken from epidemiological and clinical studies, this book is also highly recommended for researchers working in other fields.

Author : Rajeev Motwani,Prabhakar Raghavan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1995-08-25
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781139643139

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Randomized Algorithms by Rajeev Motwani,Prabhakar Raghavan Pdf

For many applications a randomized algorithm is either the simplest algorithm available, or the fastest, or both. This tutorial presents the basic concepts in the design and analysis of randomized algorithms. The first part of the book presents tools from probability theory and probabilistic analysis that are recurrent in algorithmic applications. Algorithmic examples are given to illustrate the use of each tool in a concrete setting. In the second part of the book, each of the seven chapters focuses on one important area of application of randomized algorithms: data structures; geometric algorithms; graph algorithms; number theory; enumeration; parallel algorithms; and on-line algorithms. A comprehensive and representative selection of the algorithms in these areas is also given. This book should prove invaluable as a reference for researchers and professional programmers, as well as for students.

Author : Hellen Gelband
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 118 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 1983
Category : Clinical medicine
ISBN : UCR:31210024829044

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The Impact of Randomized Clinical Trials on Health Policy and Medical Practice by Hellen Gelband Pdf

Author : Phyllis Solomon,Mary M. Cavanaugh,Jeffrey Draine
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2009-02-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780190450441

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Randomized Controlled Trials by Phyllis Solomon,Mary M. Cavanaugh,Jeffrey Draine Pdf

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered by many researchers and providers to be the gold standard of health and social service effectiveness research. However, there exist scant resources that deal with the complex nature of designing and implementing RCTs in community-based settings. This clearly written pocket guide provides researchers and social service practitioners insight into each step of an RCT. The goal of this text is to enable readers to understand, design, and implement a community-based RCT. From the initial stage of planning the RCT and developing its conceptual foundations through implementation, the authors provide a wealth of detail and case studies from social work practice research that assist readers to comprehend the detailed information provided. Accessible, concrete advice is woven throughout the text and tackles the many design and implementation challenges that arise in community practice settings. The importance of utilizing a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods is encouraged due to the intricate nature of RCT research in community-based environments. Through utilizing practical case examples, this pocket guide reviews the essentials of RCTs in a manner that will appeal to researchers, practitioners and students alike who are seeking the necessary tools to build the empirical knowledge base for community-based psychosocial interventions for social work.

Author : Rachel Glennerster,Kudzai Takavarasha
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2013-11-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781400848447

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Running Randomized Evaluations by Rachel Glennerster,Kudzai Takavarasha Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible guide to running randomized impact evaluations of social programs. Drawing on the experience of researchers at the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, which has run hundreds of such evaluations in dozens of countries throughout the world, it offers practical insights on how to use this powerful technique, especially in resource-poor environments. This step-by-step guide explains why and when randomized evaluations are useful, in what situations they should be used, and how to prioritize different evaluation opportunities. It shows how to design and analyze studies that answer important questions while respecting the constraints of those working on and benefiting from the program being evaluated. The book gives concrete tips on issues such as improving the quality of a study despite tight budget constraints, and demonstrates how the results of randomized impact evaluations can inform policy. With its self-contained modules, this one-of-a-kind guide is easy to navigate. It also includes invaluable references and a checklist of the common pitfalls to avoid. Provides the most up-to-date guide to running randomized evaluations of social programs, especially in developing countries Offers practical tips on how to complete high-quality studies in even the most challenging environments Self-contained modules allow for easy reference and flexible teaching and learning Comprehensive yet nontechnical

Author : Eugene Edgington
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 444 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1995-07-25
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 0824796691

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Randomization Tests, Fourth Edition by Eugene Edgington Pdf

The material in this work is organized in such as way as to illustrate how randomization tests are related to topics in parametric and traditional nonparametric statistics. The work extends the scope of applications by freeing tests from parametric assumptions without reducing data to ranks. This edition provides many new features, including more accessible terminology to clarify understanding, a current analysis of single-unit experiments as well as single-subject experiments, a discussion on how single-subject experiments relate to repeated-measures experiments and the use of randomized tests in single-patient research, and more.

Author : Rajeev Motwani,Prabhakar Raghavan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 1995-08-25
Category : Computers
ISBN : 0521474655

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Randomized Algorithms by Rajeev Motwani,Prabhakar Raghavan Pdf

This book presents basic tools from probability theory used in algorithmic applications, with concrete examples.

Author : Arijit Chaudhuri,Rahul Mukerjee
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2020-10-28
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781351419840

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Randomized Response by Arijit Chaudhuri,Rahul Mukerjee Pdf

Offering a concise account of the most appropriate and efficient procedures for analyzing data from queries dealing with sensitive and confidential issues- including the first book-length treatment of infinite and finite population set-ups - this volume begins with the simplest problems, complete with their properties and solutions, and proceeds to incrementally more difficult topics. Randomized Response is mandatory reading for statisticians and biostatisticians, market researchers, operations researchers, pollsters, sociologists, political scientists, economists and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in these areas.