Randomized Control Trials In The Field Of Development

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Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development

Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development Book PDF

Author : Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 442 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198865360

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Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development by Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud Pdf

In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? The first of its kind, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Bringing together leading specialists in the field from a range of backgrounds and disciplines (economics, econometrics, mathematics, statistics, political economy, socioeconomics, anthropology, philosophy, global health, epidemiology, and medicine), it presents a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. Without disputing the contribution of RCTs to scientific knowledge, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind. Written in plain language, this book offers experts and laypeople alike a unique opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.

Small Clinical Trials

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials
Small Clinical Trials Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 221 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2001-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309171144

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Small Clinical Trials by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Sciences Policy,Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials Pdf

Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.

Randomistas

Andrew Leigh
Randomistas Book PDF

Author : Andrew Leigh
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2018-07-24
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780300240115

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Randomistas by Andrew Leigh Pdf

A fascinating account of how radical researchers have used experiments to overturn conventional wisdom and shaped life as we know it Experiments have consistently been used in the hard sciences, but in recent decades social scientists have adopted the practice. Randomized trials have been used to design policies to increase educational attainment, lower crime rates, elevate employment rates, and improve living standards among the poor. This book tells the stories of radical researchers who have used experiments to overturn conventional wisdom. From finding the cure for scurvy to discovering what policies really improve literacy rates, Leigh shows how randomistas have shaped life as we know it. Written in a “Gladwell-esque” style, this book provides a fascinating account of key randomized control trial studies from across the globe and the challenges that randomistas have faced in getting their studies accepted and their findings implemented. In telling these stories, Leigh draws out key lessons learned and shows the most effective way to conduct these trials.

Randomized Controlled Trials

Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin
Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2007-07-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781405132664

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Randomized Controlled Trials by Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin Pdf

Randomized controlled trials are one of the most powerful and revolutionary tools of research. This book is a convenient and accessible description of the underlying principles and practice of randomized controlled trials and their role in clinical decision-making. Structured in a jargon-free question-and-answer format, each chapter provides concise and understandable information on a different aspect of randomized controlled trials, from the basics of trial design and terminology to the interpretation of results and their use in driving evidence-based medicine. The authors end each chapter with their musings, going beyond the evidence or citations, and sometimes even beyond orthodox correctness to share their thoughts and concerns about different aspects of randomized controlled trials, and their role within the health system. Updated to include insights from the last decade, this second edition challenges over-reliance on randomized controlled trials by debating their strengths and limitations and discussing their optimal use in modern healthcare. It also includes a new and increasingly relevant chapter on the ethics of randomized trials. World renowned writers and thinkers Drs Jadad and Enkin bring you this invaluable book for busy health professionals who wish to understand the theory of randomized controlled trials and their influence on clinical, research or policy decisions.

Complex Interventions in Health

David A. Richards,Ingalill Rahm Hallberg
Complex Interventions in Health Book PDF

Author : David A. Richards,Ingalill Rahm Hallberg
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 444 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2015-04-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781134470563

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Complex Interventions in Health by David A. Richards,Ingalill Rahm Hallberg Pdf

Health and human services currently face a series of challenges – such as aging populations, chronic diseases and new endemics – that require highly complex responses, and take place in multiple care environments including acute medicine, chronic care facilities and the community. Accordingly, most modern health care interventions are now seen as ‘complex interventions’ – activities that contain a number of component parts with the potential for interactions between them which, when applied to the intended target population, produce a range of possible and variable outcomes. This in turn requires methodological developments that also take into account changing values and attitudes related to the situation of patients’ receiving health care. The first book to place complex interventions within a coherent system of research enquiry, this work is designed to help researchers understand the research processes involved at each stage of developing, testing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions, and assist them to integrate methodological activities to produce secure, evidence-based health care interventions. It begins with conceptual chapters which set out the complex interventions framework, discuss the interrelation between knowledge development and evidence, and explore how mixed methods research contributes to improved health. Structured around the influential UK Medical Research Council guidance for use of complex interventions, four sections, each comprised of bite-sized chapters written by multidisciplinary experts in the area, focus on: - Developing complex interventions - Assessing the feasibility of complex interventions and piloting them - Evaluating complex interventions - Implementing complex interventions. Accessible to students and researchers grappling with complex interventions, each substantive chapter includes an introduction, bulleted learning objectives, clinical examples, a summary and further reading. The perspectives of various stakeholders, including patients, families and professionals, are discussed throughout as are the economic and ethical implications of methods. A vital companion for health research, this book is suitable for readers from multidisciplinary disciplines such as medical, nursing, public health, health services research, human services and allied healthcare backgrounds.

The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials

National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials
The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 163 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2010-12-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309186513

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The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Committee on National Statistics,Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials Pdf

Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data.

The State of Economics, the State of the World

Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda
The State of Economics the State of the World Book PDF

Author : Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 553 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2020-01-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262039994

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The State of Economics, the State of the World by Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda Pdf

Leading economists address the ongoing challenges to economics in theory and practice in a time of political and economic crises. More than a decade of financial crises, sovereign debt problems, political conflict, and rising xenophobia and protectionism has left the global economy unsettled and the ability of economics as a discipline to account for episodes of volatility uncertain. In this book, leading economists consider the state of their discipline in a world of ongoing economic and political crises. The book begins with three sweeping essays by Nobel laureates Kenneth Arrow (in one of his last published works), Amartya Sen, and Joseph Stiglitz that offer a summary of the theoretical foundations of modern economics—the twin pillars of general equilibrium theory and welfare economics. Contributors then turn to macroeconomic stabilization and growth and, finally, new areas of research that depart from traditional theory, methodology, and concerns: climate change, behavioral economics, and evolutionary game theory. The 2019 Nobel Prize laureates, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer, contribute a paper on the use of randomized control trials indevelopment economics. Contributors Philippe Aghion, Ingela Alger, Kenneth Arrow, Abhijit Banerjee, Kaushik Basu, Lawrence Blume, Guillermo Calvo, Francesco Caselli, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Shantayanan Devarajan, Esther Duflo, Samuel Fankhauser, James Foster, Varun Gauri, Xavier Gine, Gäel Giraud, Gita Gopinath, Robert Hockett, Karla Hoff, Ravi Kanbur, Aart Kraay, Michael Kremer, David McKenzie, Célestin Monga, Maurice Obstfeld, Hamid Rashid, Martin Ravallion, Amartya Sen, Luis Servén, Hyun Song Shin, Nicholas Stern, Joseph Stiglitz, Cass Sunstein, Michael Toman, Jörgen Weibull

Field Trials of Health Interventions

Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross
Field Trials of Health Interventions Book PDF

Author : Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 479 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780198732860

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Field Trials of Health Interventions by Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross Pdf

"IEA, International Epidemiological Association, Welcome Trust."

Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social Sciences

D. Torgerson
Designing Randomised Trials in Health Education and the Social Sciences Book PDF

Author : D. Torgerson
Publisher : Springer
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2008-03-13
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780230583993

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Designing Randomised Trials in Health, Education and the Social Sciences by D. Torgerson Pdf

The book focuses on the design of rigorous trials rather than their statistical underpinnings, with chapters on: pragmatic designs; placebo designs; preference approaches; unequal allocation; economics; analytical approaches; randomization methods. It also includes a detailed description of randomization procedures and different trial designs.

Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education

Keith Morrison
Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education Book PDF

Author : Keith Morrison
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-07
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781000089929

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Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education by Keith Morrison Pdf

There is a recent surge in the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) within education globally, with disproportionate claims being made about what they show, ‘what works’, and what constitutes the best ‘evidence’. Drawing on up-to-date scholarship from across the world, Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education critically addresses the increased use of RCTs in education, exploring their benefits, limits and cautions, and ultimately questioning the prominence given to them. While acknowledging that randomized controlled trials do have some place in education, the book nevertheless argues that this place should be limited. Drawing together all arguments for and against RCTs in a comprehensive and easily accessible single volume, the book also adds new perspectives and insights to the conversation; crucially, the book considers the limits of their usefulness and applicability in education, raising a range of largely unexplored concerns about their use. Chapters include discussions on: The impact of complexity theory and chaos theory. Design issues and sampling in randomized controlled trials. Learning from clinical trials. Data analysis in randomized controlled trials. Reporting, evaluating and generalizing from randomized controlled trials. Considering key issues in understanding and interrogating research evidence, this book is ideal reading for all students on Research Methods modules, as well as those interested in undertaking and reviewing research in the field of education.

Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development

Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development Book PDF

Author : Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2020-09-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780192635525

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Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development by Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud Pdf

In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? The first of its kind, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Bringing together leading specialists in the field from a range of backgrounds and disciplines (economics, econometrics, mathematics, statistics, political economy, socioeconomics, anthropology, philosophy, global health, epidemiology, and medicine), it presents a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. Without disputing the contribution of RCTs to scientific knowledge, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind. Written in plain language, this book offers experts and laypeople alike a unique opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.

Running Randomized Evaluations

Rachel Glennerster,Kudzai Takavarasha
Running Randomized Evaluations Book PDF

Author : Rachel Glennerster,Kudzai Takavarasha
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2013-11-24
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781400848447

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Running Randomized Evaluations by Rachel Glennerster,Kudzai Takavarasha Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive yet accessible guide to running randomized impact evaluations of social programs. Drawing on the experience of researchers at the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, which has run hundreds of such evaluations in dozens of countries throughout the world, it offers practical insights on how to use this powerful technique, especially in resource-poor environments. This step-by-step guide explains why and when randomized evaluations are useful, in what situations they should be used, and how to prioritize different evaluation opportunities. It shows how to design and analyze studies that answer important questions while respecting the constraints of those working on and benefiting from the program being evaluated. The book gives concrete tips on issues such as improving the quality of a study despite tight budget constraints, and demonstrates how the results of randomized impact evaluations can inform policy. With its self-contained modules, this one-of-a-kind guide is easy to navigate. It also includes invaluable references and a checklist of the common pitfalls to avoid. Provides the most up-to-date guide to running randomized evaluations of social programs, especially in developing countries Offers practical tips on how to complete high-quality studies in even the most challenging environments Self-contained modules allow for easy reference and flexible teaching and learning Comprehensive yet nontechnical

Poor Economics

Abhijit V. Banerjee,Esther Duflo
Poor Economics Book PDF

Author : Abhijit V. Banerjee,Esther Duflo
Publisher : PublicAffairs
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2012-03-27
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781610391603

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Poor Economics by Abhijit V. Banerjee,Esther Duflo Pdf

The winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics upend the most common assumptions about how economics works in this gripping and disruptive portrait of how poor people actually live. Why do the poor borrow to save? Why do they miss out on free life-saving immunizations, but pay for unnecessary drugs? In Poor Economics, Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo, two award-winning MIT professors, answer these questions based on years of field research from around the world. Called "marvelous, rewarding" by the Wall Street Journal, the book offers a radical rethinking of the economics of poverty and an intimate view of life on 99 cents a day. Poor Economics shows that creating a world without poverty begins with understanding the daily decisions facing the poor.

Impact Evaluation in Practice, Second Edition

Paul J. Gertler,Sebastian Martinez,Patrick Premand,Laura B. Rawlings,Christel M. J. Vermeersch
Impact Evaluation in Practice Second Edition Book PDF

Author : Paul J. Gertler,Sebastian Martinez,Patrick Premand,Laura B. Rawlings,Christel M. J. Vermeersch
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 364 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2016-09-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464807800

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Impact Evaluation in Practice, Second Edition by Paul J. Gertler,Sebastian Martinez,Patrick Premand,Laura B. Rawlings,Christel M. J. Vermeersch Pdf

The second edition of the Impact Evaluation in Practice handbook is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners. First published in 2011, it has been used widely across the development and academic communities. The book incorporates real-world examples to present practical guidelines for designing and implementing impact evaluations. Readers will gain an understanding of impact evaluations and the best ways to use them to design evidence-based policies and programs. The updated version covers the newest techniques for evaluating programs and includes state-of-the-art implementation advice, as well as an expanded set of examples and case studies that draw on recent development challenges. It also includes new material on research ethics and partnerships to conduct impact evaluation. The handbook is divided into four sections: Part One discusses what to evaluate and why; Part Two presents the main impact evaluation methods; Part Three addresses how to manage impact evaluations; Part Four reviews impact evaluation sampling and data collection. Case studies illustrate different applications of impact evaluations. The book links to complementary instructional material available online, including an applied case as well as questions and answers. The updated second edition will be a valuable resource for the international development community, universities, and policy makers looking to build better evidence around what works in development.

Randomized Control Trials. Aligning Theory and Implementation to Fight Poverty

Tarah Ramthun
Randomized Control Trials Aligning Theory and Implementation to Fight Poverty Book PDF

Author : Tarah Ramthun
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2022-08-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783346688293

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Randomized Control Trials. Aligning Theory and Implementation to Fight Poverty by Tarah Ramthun Pdf

Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Economics - History, grade: 1,0, Humboldt-University of Berlin, language: English, abstract: This paper seeks to answer in which ways Esther Duflo contributed to the history of economic thought and whether she really has revolutionized the scientific landscape. To answer the question, the first step is to outline the general framework. For this purpose, I will provide an overview of Duflo's biographical career. In the following, I will discuss the method of RCTs and the historical progression of RCTs from the medical field to the social sciences and further explain the methodology itself. Afterwards, possible advantages and disadvantages of RCTs will be examined. In order to assess Duflo's concrete work and her influence on development economics in closer detail, the methodology of RCTs will be illustrated by the discussion of some of her works. Finally, I will evaluate her contribution to the history of economic thought within the field of development economics.