Randomized Controlled Trials

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Randomized Controlled Trials

Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin
Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2007-07-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781405132664

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Randomized Controlled Trials by Alehandro R. Jadad,Murray W. Enkin Pdf

Randomized controlled trials are one of the most powerful and revolutionary tools of research. This book is a convenient and accessible description of the underlying principles and practice of randomized controlled trials and their role in clinical decision-making. Structured in a jargon-free question-and-answer format, each chapter provides concise and understandable information on a different aspect of randomized controlled trials, from the basics of trial design and terminology to the interpretation of results and their use in driving evidence-based medicine. The authors end each chapter with their musings, going beyond the evidence or citations, and sometimes even beyond orthodox correctness to share their thoughts and concerns about different aspects of randomized controlled trials, and their role within the health system. Updated to include insights from the last decade, this second edition challenges over-reliance on randomized controlled trials by debating their strengths and limitations and discussing their optimal use in modern healthcare. It also includes a new and increasingly relevant chapter on the ethics of randomized trials. World renowned writers and thinkers Drs Jadad and Enkin bring you this invaluable book for busy health professionals who wish to understand the theory of randomized controlled trials and their influence on clinical, research or policy decisions.

Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

John N.S. Matthews
Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials Book PDF

Author : John N.S. Matthews
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2006-06-26
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781420011302

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Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials by John N.S. Matthews Pdf

Evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials is widely accepted as the only sound basis for assessing the efficacy of new medical treatments. Statistical methods play a key role in all stages of these trials, including their justification, design, and analysis. This second edition of Introduction to Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials prov

Analysis of Data from Randomized Controlled Trials

Jos W.R. Twisk
Analysis of Data from Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Jos W.R. Twisk
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 167 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2021-10-15
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9783030818654

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Analysis of Data from Randomized Controlled Trials by Jos W.R. Twisk Pdf

This book provides a practical guide to the analysis of data from randomized controlled trials (RCT). It gives an answer to the question of how to estimate the intervention effect in an appropriate way. This problem is examined for different RCT designs, such as RCTs with one follow-up measurement, RCTs with more than one follow-up measurement, cluster RCTs, cross-over trials, stepped wedge trials, and N-of-1 trials. The statistical methods are explained in a non-mathematical way and are illustrated by extensive examples. All datasets used in the book are available for download, so readers can reanalyse the examples to gain a better understanding of the methods used. Although most examples are taken from epidemiological and clinical studies, this book is also highly recommended for researchers working in other fields.

A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials

Alicia O'Cathain
A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Alicia O'Cathain
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Clinical trials
ISBN : 9780198802082

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A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials by Alicia O'Cathain Pdf

Researchers measure the effectiveness of new interventions using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). They are increasingly using qualitative research with these RCTs to explain the results of RCTs or facilitate the viability and efficiency of RCTs. A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials is a "how-to" book about the use of qualitative research with RCTs. Divided into three parts, this book covers the process of using qualitative research with RCTs from start to finish. Section one outlines overarching issues such as the many contributions qualitative research can make to generating evidence of effectiveness, section two provides practical guidance from writing a proposal through to publishing qualitative research undertaken with RCTs, and the final section guides the reader on how to engage with relevant stakeholders. Each chapter focuses on the key steps of undertaking qualitative research in RCTs, giving examples of how to write a proposal, select research questions, integrate qualitative and quantitative components, and much more. A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials is ideal for researchers who are leading, undertaking, or planning to use qualitative research with RCTs. With its detailed explanations and inspiring examples, this book is also useful for postgraduate students wishing to conduct qualitative research in the context of an RCT.

Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education

Keith Morrison
Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education Book PDF

Author : Keith Morrison
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2020-07-07
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781000089929

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Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education by Keith Morrison Pdf

There is a recent surge in the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) within education globally, with disproportionate claims being made about what they show, ‘what works’, and what constitutes the best ‘evidence’. Drawing on up-to-date scholarship from across the world, Taming Randomized Controlled Trials in Education critically addresses the increased use of RCTs in education, exploring their benefits, limits and cautions, and ultimately questioning the prominence given to them. While acknowledging that randomized controlled trials do have some place in education, the book nevertheless argues that this place should be limited. Drawing together all arguments for and against RCTs in a comprehensive and easily accessible single volume, the book also adds new perspectives and insights to the conversation; crucially, the book considers the limits of their usefulness and applicability in education, raising a range of largely unexplored concerns about their use. Chapters include discussions on: The impact of complexity theory and chaos theory. Design issues and sampling in randomized controlled trials. Learning from clinical trials. Data analysis in randomized controlled trials. Reporting, evaluating and generalizing from randomized controlled trials. Considering key issues in understanding and interrogating research evidence, this book is ideal reading for all students on Research Methods modules, as well as those interested in undertaking and reviewing research in the field of education.

Field Trials of Health Interventions

Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross
Field Trials of Health Interventions Book PDF

Author : Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 479 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780198732860

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Field Trials of Health Interventions by Peter G. Smith,R. H. Morrow,Richard H. Morrow,David A. Ross Pdf

"IEA, International Epidemiological Association, Welcome Trust."

Randomized Controlled Trials

Phyllis Solomon,Mary M. Cavanaugh,Jeffrey Draine
Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Phyllis Solomon,Mary M. Cavanaugh,Jeffrey Draine
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2009-02-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0199715548

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Randomized Controlled Trials by Phyllis Solomon,Mary M. Cavanaugh,Jeffrey Draine Pdf

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered by many researchers and providers to be the gold standard of health and social service effectiveness research. However, there exist scant resources that deal with the complex nature of designing and implementing RCTs in community-based settings. This clearly written pocket guide provides researchers and social service practitioners insight into each step of an RCT. The goal of this text is to enable readers to understand, design, and implement a community-based RCT. From the initial stage of planning the RCT and developing its conceptual foundations through implementation, the authors provide a wealth of detail and case studies from social work practice research that assist readers to comprehend the detailed information provided. Accessible, concrete advice is woven throughout the text and tackles the many design and implementation challenges that arise in community practice settings. The importance of utilizing a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods is encouraged due to the intricate nature of RCT research in community-based environments. Through utilizing practical case examples, this pocket guide reviews the essentials of RCTs in a manner that will appeal to researchers, practitioners and students alike who are seeking the necessary tools to build the empirical knowledge base for community-based psychosocial interventions for social work.

Validity and Inter-Rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Validity and Inter Rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments Book PDF

Author : U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Publisher : CreateSpace
Page : 108 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2013-04-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1484077148

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Validity and Inter-Rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments by U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Pdf

The internal validity of a study reflects the extent to which the design and conduct of the study have prevented bias(es). One of the key steps in a systematic review is assessment of a study's internal validity, or potential for bias. This assessment serves to: (1) identify the strengths and limitations of the included studies; (2) investigate, and potentially explain heterogeneity in findings across different studies included in a systematic review; and (3) grade the strength of evidence for a given question. The risk of bias assessment directly informs one of four key domains considered when assessing the strength of evidence. With the increase in the number of published systematic reviews and development of systematic review methodology over the past 15 years, close attention has been paid to the methods for assessing internal validity. Until recently this has been referred to as “quality assessment” or “assessment of methodological quality.” In this context “quality” refers to “the confidence that the trial design, conduct, and analysis has minimized or avoided biases in its treatment comparisons.” To facilitate the assessment of methodological quality, a plethora of tools has emerged. Some of these tools were developed for specific study designs (e.g., randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies), while others were intended to be applied to a range of designs. The tools often incorporate characteristics that may be associated with bias; however, many tools also contain elements related to reporting (e.g., was the study population described) and design (e.g., was a sample size calculation performed) that are not related to bias. The Cochrane Collaboration recently developed a tool to assess the potential risk of bias in RCTs. The Risk of Bias (ROB) tool was developed to address some of the shortcomings of existing quality assessment instruments, including over-reliance on reporting rather than methods. Several systematic reviews have catalogued and critiqued the numerous tools available to assess methodological quality, or risk of bias of primary studies. In summary, few existing tools have undergone extensive inter-rater reliability or validity testing. Moreover, the focus of much of the tool development or testing that has been done has been on criterion or face validity. Therefore it is unknown whether, or to what extent, the summary assessments based on these tools differentiate between studies with biased and unbiased results (i.e., studies that may over- or underestimate treatment effects). There is a clear need for inter-rater reliability testing of different tools in order to enhance consistency in their application and interpretation across different systematic reviews. Further, validity testing is essential to ensure that the tools being used can identify studies with biased results. Finally, there is a need to determine inter-rater reliability and validity in order to support the uptake and use of individual tools that are recommended by the systematic review community, and specifically the ROB tool within the Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program. In this project we focused on two tools that are commonly used in systematic reviews. The Cochrane ROB tool was designed for RCTs and is the instrument recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration for use in systematic reviews of RCTs. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale is commonly used for nonrandomized studies, specifically cohort and case-control studies.

Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development

Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development Book PDF

Author : Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 442 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2020
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198865360

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Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development by Florent Bédécarrats,Isabelle Guérin,François Roubaud Pdf

In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? The first of its kind, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Bringing together leading specialists in the field from a range of backgrounds and disciplines (economics, econometrics, mathematics, statistics, political economy, socioeconomics, anthropology, philosophy, global health, epidemiology, and medicine), it presents a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. Without disputing the contribution of RCTs to scientific knowledge, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind. Written in plain language, this book offers experts and laypeople alike a unique opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.

Randomised Controlled Trials

Alejandro R. Jadad
Randomised Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : Alejandro R. Jadad
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
Page : 123 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0727912089

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Randomised Controlled Trials by Alejandro R. Jadad Pdf

The contributors to this study present a balanced view of the strengths and weaknesses of randomised controlled trials in the medical setting. They cover all the essential issues without using statistics.

Using Randomised Controlled Trials in Education

Paul Connolly,Andy Biggart,Dr. Sarah Miller,Liam O′Hare,Allen Thurston
Using Randomised Controlled Trials in Education Book PDF

Author : Paul Connolly,Andy Biggart,Dr. Sarah Miller,Liam O′Hare,Allen Thurston
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-03
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781473965881

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Using Randomised Controlled Trials in Education by Paul Connolly,Andy Biggart,Dr. Sarah Miller,Liam O′Hare,Allen Thurston Pdf

The use of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), most commonly a medical sciences research tool, is a hotly debated topic in Education. This book examines the controversial aspects of RCTs in Education and sets out the potential and pitfalls of the method. Drawing on their own extensive experience of running RCTs, and their work at the Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation (CESI) at Queen’s University, Belfast, the authors provide a thorough practical introduction to the use of randomised controlled trials in education. Using real data sets, chapters equip the reader with all of the key knowledge and skills required to design, run, analyse and report an RCT. Coverage includes: · Step-by-step guidance on analysing data · How to assess the reliability and validity of results · Advice on balancing the demands of various stakeholders Essential reading for postgraduate and more experienced researchers, as well as teachers and educationalists seeking to increase their knowledge and understanding of the use of such methods in education.

Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trials

Cynthia J. Girman,Mary E. Ritchey
Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trials Book PDF

Author : Cynthia J. Girman,Mary E. Ritchey
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 500 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2021-04-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128176641

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Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trials by Cynthia J. Girman,Mary E. Ritchey Pdf

Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trials Using Primary Data Collection and Electronic Health Records addresses the practical aspects and challenges of the design, implementation, and dissemination of pragmatic randomized trials, also sometimes referred to as practical or hybrid randomized trials. While less restrictive and more generalizable than traditional randomized controlled trials, such trials have specific challenges which are addressed in this book. The book contains chapters encompassing common designs along with advantages and limitations of such designs, analytic aspects in planning trials and estimating sample size, and how to use patient partners to help design and operationalize pragmatic randomized trials. Pragmatic trials conducted using primary data collection and trials embedded in electronic health records - including electronic medical records and administrative insurance claims - are addressed. This comprehensive resource is valuable not only for pharmacoepidemiologists, biostatisticians and clinical researchers, but also across the biomedical field for those who are interested in applying pragmatic randomized clinical trials in their research. Addresses typical designs and challenges of pragmatic randomized clinical trials (pRCTs) Encompasses analytic aspects of such trials Discusses real cases on operational challenges in launching and conducting pRCTs in electronic health records

The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology

Jonathan S. Comer,Philip C. Kendall
The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology Book PDF

Author : Jonathan S. Comer,Philip C. Kendall
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 476 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2013-05-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199793549

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The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology by Jonathan S. Comer,Philip C. Kendall Pdf

The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology has recruited some of the field's foremost experts to explicate the essential research strategies currently used across the modern clinical psychology landscape that maximize both scientific rigor and clinical relevance.

The State of Economics, the State of the World

Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda
The State of Economics the State of the World Book PDF

Author : Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 553 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2020-01-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262039994

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The State of Economics, the State of the World by Kaushik Basu,David Rosenblatt,Claudia Sepulveda Pdf

Leading economists address the ongoing challenges to economics in theory and practice in a time of political and economic crises. More than a decade of financial crises, sovereign debt problems, political conflict, and rising xenophobia and protectionism has left the global economy unsettled and the ability of economics as a discipline to account for episodes of volatility uncertain. In this book, leading economists consider the state of their discipline in a world of ongoing economic and political crises. The book begins with three sweeping essays by Nobel laureates Kenneth Arrow (in one of his last published works), Amartya Sen, and Joseph Stiglitz that offer a summary of the theoretical foundations of modern economics—the twin pillars of general equilibrium theory and welfare economics. Contributors then turn to macroeconomic stabilization and growth and, finally, new areas of research that depart from traditional theory, methodology, and concerns: climate change, behavioral economics, and evolutionary game theory. The 2019 Nobel Prize laureates, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer, contribute a paper on the use of randomized control trials indevelopment economics. Contributors Philippe Aghion, Ingela Alger, Kenneth Arrow, Abhijit Banerjee, Kaushik Basu, Lawrence Blume, Guillermo Calvo, Francesco Caselli, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Shantayanan Devarajan, Esther Duflo, Samuel Fankhauser, James Foster, Varun Gauri, Xavier Gine, Gäel Giraud, Gita Gopinath, Robert Hockett, Karla Hoff, Ravi Kanbur, Aart Kraay, Michael Kremer, David McKenzie, Célestin Monga, Maurice Obstfeld, Hamid Rashid, Martin Ravallion, Amartya Sen, Luis Servén, Hyun Song Shin, Nicholas Stern, Joseph Stiglitz, Cass Sunstein, Michael Toman, Jörgen Weibull

Handbook of Statistical Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials

KyungMann Kim,Frank Bretz,Ying Kuen K. Cheung,Lisa V. Hampson
Handbook of Statistical Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials Book PDF

Author : KyungMann Kim,Frank Bretz,Ying Kuen K. Cheung,Lisa V. Hampson
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 655 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2021-08-23
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9781498714648

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Handbook of Statistical Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials by KyungMann Kim,Frank Bretz,Ying Kuen K. Cheung,Lisa V. Hampson Pdf

Statistical concepts provide scientific framework in experimental studies, including randomized controlled trials. In order to design, monitor, analyze and draw conclusions scientifically from such clinical trials, clinical investigators and statisticians should have a firm grasp of the requisite statistical concepts. The Handbook of Statistical Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials presents these statistical concepts in a logical sequence from beginning to end and can be used as a textbook in a course or as a reference on statistical methods for randomized controlled trials. Part I provides a brief historical background on modern randomized controlled trials and introduces statistical concepts central to planning, monitoring and analysis of randomized controlled trials. Part II describes statistical methods for analysis of different types of outcomes and the associated statistical distributions used in testing the statistical hypotheses regarding the clinical questions. Part III describes some of the most used experimental designs for randomized controlled trials including the sample size estimation necessary in planning. Part IV describe statistical methods used in interim analysis for monitoring of efficacy and safety data. Part V describe important issues in statistical analyses such as multiple testing, subgroup analysis, competing risks and joint models for longitudinal markers and clinical outcomes. Part VI addresses selected miscellaneous topics in design and analysis including multiple assignment randomization trials, analysis of safety outcomes, non-inferiority trials, incorporating historical data, and validation of surrogate outcomes.