Resilient Architecture Design For Voltage Variation

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Resilient Architecture Design for Voltage Variation

Vijay Janapa Reddi,Meeta Sharma Gupta
Resilient Architecture Design for Voltage Variation Book PDF

Author : Vijay Janapa Reddi,Meeta Sharma Gupta
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017391

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Resilient Architecture Design for Voltage Variation by Vijay Janapa Reddi,Meeta Sharma Gupta Pdf

Shrinking feature size and diminishing supply voltage are making circuits sensitive to supply voltage fluctuations within the microprocessor, caused by normal workload activity changes. If left unattended, voltage fluctuations can lead to timing violations or even transistor lifetime issues that degrade processor robustness. Mechanisms that learn to tolerate, avoid, and eliminate voltage fluctuations based on program and microarchitectural events can help steer the processor clear of danger, thus enabling tighter voltage margins that improve performance or lower power consumption. We describe the problem of voltage variation and the factors that influence this variation during processor design and operation. We also describe a variety of runtime hardware and software mitigation techniques that either tolerate, avoid, and/or eliminate voltage violations. We hope processor architects will find the information useful since tolerance, avoidance, and elimination are generalizable constructs that can serve as a basis for addressing other reliability challenges as well. Table of Contents: Introduction / Modeling Voltage Variation / Understanding the Characteristics of Voltage Variation / Traditional Solutions and Emerging Solution Forecast / Allowing and Tolerating Voltage Emergencies / Predicting and Avoiding Voltage Emergencies / Eliminiating Recurring Voltage Emergencies / Future Directions on Resiliency

Principles of Secure Processor Architecture Design

Jakub Szefer
Principles of Secure Processor Architecture Design Book PDF

Author : Jakub Szefer
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 154 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017605

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Principles of Secure Processor Architecture Design by Jakub Szefer Pdf

With growing interest in computer security and the protection of the code and data which execute on commodity computers, the amount of hardware security features in today's processors has increased significantly over the recent years. No longer of just academic interest, security features inside processors have been embraced by industry as well, with a number of commercial secure processor architectures available today. This book aims to give readers insights into the principles behind the design of academic and commercial secure processor architectures. Secure processor architecture research is concerned with exploring and designing hardware features inside computer processors, features which can help protect confidentiality and integrity of the code and data executing on the processor. Unlike traditional processor architecture research that focuses on performance, efficiency, and energy as the first-order design objectives, secure processor architecture design has security as the first-order design objective (while still keeping the others as important design aspects that need to be considered). This book aims to present the different challenges of secure processor architecture design to graduate students interested in research on architecture and hardware security and computer architects working in industry interested in adding security features to their designs. It aims to educate readers about how the different challenges have been solved in the past and what are the best practices, i.e., the principles, for design of new secure processor architectures. Based on the careful review of past work by many computer architects and security researchers, readers also will come to know the five basic principles needed for secure processor architecture design. The book also presents existing research challenges and potential new research directions. Finally, this book presents numerous design suggestions, as well as discusses pitfalls and fallacies that designers should avoid.

Energy Efficient High Performance Processors

Jawad Haj-Yahya,Avi Mendelson,Yosi Ben Asher,Anupam Chattopadhyay
Energy Efficient High Performance Processors Book PDF

Author : Jawad Haj-Yahya,Avi Mendelson,Yosi Ben Asher,Anupam Chattopadhyay
Publisher : Springer
Page : 165 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2018-03-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789811085543

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Energy Efficient High Performance Processors by Jawad Haj-Yahya,Avi Mendelson,Yosi Ben Asher,Anupam Chattopadhyay Pdf

This book explores energy efficiency techniques for high-performance computing (HPC) systems using power-management methods. Adopting a step-by-step approach, it describes power-management flows, algorithms and mechanism that are employed in modern processors such as Intel Sandy Bridge, Haswell, Skylake and other architectures (e.g. ARM). Further, it includes practical examples and recent studies demonstrating how modem processors dynamically manage wide power ranges, from a few milliwatts in the lowest idle power state, to tens of watts in turbo state. Moreover, the book explains how thermal and power deliveries are managed in the context this huge power range. The book also discusses the different metrics for energy efficiency, presents several methods and applications of the power and energy estimation, and shows how by using innovative power estimation methods and new algorithms modern processors are able to optimize metrics such as power, energy, and performance. Different power estimation tools are presented, including tools that break down the power consumption of modern processors at sub-processor core/thread granularity. The book also investigates software, firmware and hardware coordination methods of reducing power consumption, for example a compiler-assisted power management method to overcome power excursions. Lastly, it examines firmware algorithms for dynamic cache resizing and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for memory sub-systems.

AI for Computer Architecture

Lizhong Chen,Drew Penney,Daniel Jiménez
AI for Computer Architecture Book PDF

Author : Lizhong Chen,Drew Penney,Daniel Jiménez
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 124 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017704

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AI for Computer Architecture by Lizhong Chen,Drew Penney,Daniel Jiménez Pdf

Artificial intelligence has already enabled pivotal advances in diverse fields, yet its impact on computer architecture has only just begun. In particular, recent work has explored broader application to the design, optimization, and simulation of computer architecture. Notably, machine-learning-based strategies often surpass prior state-of-the-art analytical, heuristic, and human-expert approaches. This book reviews the application of machine learning in system-wide simulation and run-time optimization, and in many individual components such as caches/memories, branch predictors, networks-on-chip, and GPUs. The book further analyzes current practice to highlight useful design strategies and identify areas for future work, based on optimized implementation strategies, opportune extensions to existing work, and ambitious long term possibilities. Taken together, these strategies and techniques present a promising future for increasingly automated computer architecture designs.

Die-stacking Architecture

Yuan Xie,Jishen Zhao
Die stacking Architecture Book PDF

Author : Yuan Xie,Jishen Zhao
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 113 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017476

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Die-stacking Architecture by Yuan Xie,Jishen Zhao Pdf

The emerging three-dimensional (3D) chip architectures, with their intrinsic capability of reducing the wire length, promise attractive solutions to reduce the delay of interconnects in future microprocessors. 3D memory stacking enables much higher memory bandwidth for future chip-multiprocessor design, mitigating the "memory wall" problem. In addition, heterogenous integration enabled by 3D technology can also result in innovative designs for future microprocessors. This book first provides a brief introduction to this emerging technology, and then presents a variety of approaches to designing future 3D microprocessor systems, by leveraging the benefits of low latency, high bandwidth, and heterogeneous integration capability which are offered by 3D technology.

Datacenter Design and Management

Benjamin C. Lee
Datacenter Design and Management Book PDF

Author : Benjamin C. Lee
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 110 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017520

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Datacenter Design and Management by Benjamin C. Lee Pdf

An era of big data demands datacenters, which house the computing infrastructure that translates raw data into valuable information. This book defines datacenters broadly, as large distributed systems that perform parallel computation for diverse users. These systems exist in multiple forms—private and public—and are built at multiple scales. Datacenter design and management is multifaceted, requiring the simultaneous pursuit of multiple objectives. Performance, efficiency, and fairness are first-order design and management objectives, which can each be viewed from several perspectives. This book surveys datacenter research from a computer architect's perspective, addressing challenges in applications, design, management, server simulation, and system simulation. This perspective complements the rich bodies of work in datacenters as a warehouse-scale system, which study the implications for infrastructure that encloses computing equipment, and in datacenters as distributed systems, which employ abstract details in processor and memory subsystems. This book is written for first- or second-year graduate students in computer architecture and may be helpful for those in computer systems. The goal of this book is to prepare computer architects for datacenter-oriented research by describing prevalent perspectives and the state-of-the-art.

Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory

Abhishek Bhattacharjee,Daniel Lustig
Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory Book PDF

Author : Abhishek Bhattacharjee,Daniel Lustig
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017575

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Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory by Abhishek Bhattacharjee,Daniel Lustig Pdf

This book provides computer engineers, academic researchers, new graduate students, and seasoned practitioners an end-to-end overview of virtual memory. We begin with a recap of foundational concepts and discuss not only state-of-the-art virtual memory hardware and software support available today, but also emerging research trends in this space. The span of topics covers processor microarchitecture, memory systems, operating system design, and memory allocation. We show how efficient virtual memory implementations hinge on careful hardware and software cooperation, and we discuss new research directions aimed at addressing emerging problems in this space. Virtual memory is a classic computer science abstraction and one of the pillars of the computing revolution. It has long enabled hardware flexibility, software portability, and overall better security, to name just a few of its powerful benefits. Nearly all user-level programs today take for granted that they will have been freed from the burden of physical memory management by the hardware, the operating system, device drivers, and system libraries. However, despite its ubiquity in systems ranging from warehouse-scale datacenters to embedded Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the overheads of virtual memory are becoming a critical performance bottleneck today. Virtual memory architectures designed for individual CPUs or even individual cores are in many cases struggling to scale up and scale out to today's systems which now increasingly include exotic hardware accelerators (such as GPUs, FPGAs, or DSPs) and emerging memory technologies (such as non-volatile memory), and which run increasingly intensive workloads (such as virtualized and/or "big data" applications). As such, many of the fundamental abstractions and implementation approaches for virtual memory are being augmented, extended, or entirely rebuilt in order to ensure that virtual memory remains viable and performant in the years to come.

Deep Learning for Computer Architects

Brandon Reagen,Robert Adolf,Paul Whatmough,Gu-Yeon Wei,David Brooks
Deep Learning for Computer Architects Book PDF

Author : Brandon Reagen,Robert Adolf,Paul Whatmough,Gu-Yeon Wei,David Brooks
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 109 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017568

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Deep Learning for Computer Architects by Brandon Reagen,Robert Adolf,Paul Whatmough,Gu-Yeon Wei,David Brooks Pdf

Machine learning, and specifically deep learning, has been hugely disruptive in many fields of computer science. The success of deep learning techniques in solving notoriously difficult classification and regression problems has resulted in their rapid adoption in solving real-world problems. The emergence of deep learning is widely attributed to a virtuous cycle whereby fundamental advancements in training deeper models were enabled by the availability of massive datasets and high-performance computer hardware. This text serves as a primer for computer architects in a new and rapidly evolving field. We review how machine learning has evolved since its inception in the 1960s and track the key developments leading up to the emergence of the powerful deep learning techniques that emerged in the last decade. Next we review representative workloads, including the most commonly used datasets and seminal networks across a variety of domains. In addition to discussing the workloads themselves, we also detail the most popular deep learning tools and show how aspiring practitioners can use the tools with the workloads to characterize and optimize DNNs. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the design and optimization of hardware and architectures for machine learning. As high-performance hardware was so instrumental in the success of machine learning becoming a practical solution, this chapter recounts a variety of optimizations proposed recently to further improve future designs. Finally, we present a review of recent research published in the area as well as a taxonomy to help readers understand how various contributions fall in context.

Optimization and Mathematical Modeling in Computer Architecture

Karu Sankaralingam,Michael Ferris,Tony Nowatzki
Optimization and Mathematical Modeling in Computer Architecture Book PDF

Author : Karu Sankaralingam,Michael Ferris,Tony Nowatzki
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017735

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Optimization and Mathematical Modeling in Computer Architecture by Karu Sankaralingam,Michael Ferris,Tony Nowatzki Pdf

In this book we give an overview of modeling techniques used to describe computer systems to mathematical optimization tools. We give a brief introduction to various classes of mathematical optimization frameworks with special focus on mixed integer linear programming which provides a good balance between solver time and expressiveness. We present four detailed case studies -- instruction set customization, data center resource management, spatial architecture scheduling, and resource allocation in tiled architectures -- showing how MILP can be used and quantifying by how much it outperforms traditional design exploration techniques. This book should help a skilled systems designer to learn techniques for using MILP in their problems, and the skilled optimization expert to understand the types of computer systems problems that MILP can be applied to.

Security Basics for Computer Architects

Ruby B. Lee
Security Basics for Computer Architects Book PDF

Author : Ruby B. Lee
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 96 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017421

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Security Basics for Computer Architects by Ruby B. Lee Pdf

Design for security is an essential aspect of the design of future computers. However, security is not well understood by the computer architecture community. Many important security aspects have evolved over the last several decades in the cryptography, operating systems, and networking communities. This book attempts to introduce the computer architecture student, researcher, or practitioner to the basic concepts of security and threat-based design. Past work in different security communities can inform our thinking and provide a rich set of technologies for building architectural support for security into all future computers and embedded computing devices and appliances. I have tried to keep the book short, which means that many interesting topics and applications could not be included. What the book focuses on are the fundamental security concepts, across different security communities, that should be understood by any computer architect trying to design or evaluate security-aware computer architectures.

The Datacenter as a Computer

Luis Andre Barroso,Jimmy Clidaras
The Datacenter as a Computer Book PDF

Author : Luis Andre Barroso,Jimmy Clidaras
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2013-08-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017414

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The Datacenter as a Computer by Luis Andre Barroso,Jimmy Clidaras Pdf

As computation continues to move into the cloud, the computing platform of interest no longer resembles a pizza box or a refrigerator, but a warehouse full of computers. These new large datacenters are quite different from traditional hosting facilities of earlier times and cannot be viewed simply as a collection of co-located servers. Large portions of the hardware and software resources in these facilities must work in concert to efficiently deliver good levels of Internet service performance, something that can only be achieved by a holistic approach to their design and deployment. In other words, we must treat the datacenter itself as one massive warehouse-scale computer (WSC). We describe the architecture of WSCs, the main factors influencing their design, operation, and cost structure, and the characteristics of their software base. We hope it will be useful to architects and programmers of today’s WSCs, as well as those of future many-core platforms which may one day implement the equivalent of today’s WSCs on a single board. Notes for the Second Edition After nearly four years of substantial academic and industrial developments in warehouse-scale computing, we are delighted to present our first major update to this lecture. The increased popularity of public clouds has made WSC software techniques relevant to a larger pool of programmers since our first edition. Therefore, we expanded Chapter 2 to reflect our better understanding of WSC software systems and the toolbox of software techniques for WSC programming. In Chapter 3, we added to our coverage of the evolving landscape of wimpy vs. brawny server trade-offs, and we now present an overview of WSC interconnects and storage systems that was promised but lacking in the original edition. Thanks largely to the help of our new co-author, Google Distinguished Engineer Jimmy Clidaras, the material on facility mechanical and power distribution design has been updated and greatly extended (see Chapters 4 and 5). Chapters 6 and 7 have also been revamped significantly. We hope this revised edition continues to meet the needs of educators and professionals in this area.

On-Chip Photonic Interconnects

Christopher J. Nitta,Matthew Farrens,Venkatesh Akella
On Chip Photonic Interconnects Book PDF

Author : Christopher J. Nitta,Matthew Farrens,Venkatesh Akella
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 91 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2022-06-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017742

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On-Chip Photonic Interconnects by Christopher J. Nitta,Matthew Farrens,Venkatesh Akella Pdf

As the number of cores on a chip continues to climb, architects will need to address both bandwidth and power consumption issues related to the interconnection network. Electrical interconnects are not likely to scale well to a large number of processors for energy efficiency reasons, and the problem is compounded by the fact that there is a fixed total power budget for a die, dictated by the amount of heat that can be dissipated without special (and expensive) cooling and packaging techniques. Thus, there is a need to seek alternatives to electrical signaling for on-chip interconnection applications. Photonics, which has a fundamentally different mechanism of signal propagation, offers the potential to not only overcome the drawbacks of electrical signaling, but also enable the architect to build energy efficient, scalable systems. The purpose of this book is to introduce computer architects to the possibilities and challenges of working with photons and designing on-chip photonic interconnection networks.

Analyzing Analytics

Rajesh Bordawekar,Bob Blainey,Ruchir Puri
Analyzing Analytics Book PDF

Author : Rajesh Bordawekar,Bob Blainey,Ruchir Puri
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 118 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017490

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Analyzing Analytics by Rajesh Bordawekar,Bob Blainey,Ruchir Puri Pdf

This book aims to achieve the following goals: (1) to provide a high-level survey of key analytics models and algorithms without going into mathematical details; (2) to analyze the usage patterns of these models; and (3) to discuss opportunities for accelerating analytics workloads using software, hardware, and system approaches. The book first describes 14 key analytics models (exemplars) that span data mining, machine learning, and data management domains. For each analytics exemplar, we summarize its computational and runtime patterns and apply the information to evaluate parallelization and acceleration alternatives for that exemplar. Using case studies from important application domains such as deep learning, text analytics, and business intelligence (BI), we demonstrate how various software and hardware acceleration strategies are implemented in practice. This book is intended for both experienced professionals and students who are interested in understanding core algorithms behind analytics workloads. It is designed to serve as a guide for addressing various open problems in accelerating analytics workloads, e.g., new architectural features for supporting analytics workloads, impact on programming models and runtime systems, and designing analytics systems.

Research Infrastructures for Hardware Accelerators

Yakun Sophia Shao,David Brooks
Research Infrastructures for Hardware Accelerators Book PDF

Author : Yakun Sophia Shao,David Brooks
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 85 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017506

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Research Infrastructures for Hardware Accelerators by Yakun Sophia Shao,David Brooks Pdf

Hardware acceleration in the form of customized datapath and control circuitry tuned to specific applications has gained popularity for its promise to utilize transistors more efficiently. Historically, the computer architecture community has focused on general-purpose processors, and extensive research infrastructure has been developed to support research efforts in this domain. Envisioning future computing systems with a diverse set of general-purpose cores and accelerators, computer architects must add accelerator-related research infrastructures to their toolboxes to explore future heterogeneous systems. This book serves as a primer for the field, as an overview of the vast literature on accelerator architectures and their design flows, and as a resource guidebook for researchers working in related areas.

General-Purpose Graphics Processor Architectures

Tor M. Aamodt,Wilson Wai Lun Fung,Timothy G. Rogers
General Purpose Graphics Processor Architectures Book PDF

Author : Tor M. Aamodt,Wilson Wai Lun Fung,Timothy G. Rogers
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 122 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783031017599

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General-Purpose Graphics Processor Architectures by Tor M. Aamodt,Wilson Wai Lun Fung,Timothy G. Rogers Pdf

Originally developed to support video games, graphics processor units (GPUs) are now increasingly used for general-purpose (non-graphics) applications ranging from machine learning to mining of cryptographic currencies. GPUs can achieve improved performance and efficiency versus central processing units (CPUs) by dedicating a larger fraction of hardware resources to computation. In addition, their general-purpose programmability makes contemporary GPUs appealing to software developers in comparison to domain-specific accelerators. This book provides an introduction to those interested in studying the architecture of GPUs that support general-purpose computing. It collects together information currently only found among a wide range of disparate sources. The authors led development of the GPGPU-Sim simulator widely used in academic research on GPU architectures. The first chapter of this book describes the basic hardware structure of GPUs and provides a brief overview of their history. Chapter 2 provides a summary of GPU programming models relevant to the rest of the book. Chapter 3 explores the architecture of GPU compute cores. Chapter 4 explores the architecture of the GPU memory system. After describing the architecture of existing systems, Chapters 3 and 4 provide an overview of related research. Chapter 5 summarizes cross-cutting research impacting both the compute core and memory system. This book should provide a valuable resource for those wishing to understand the architecture of graphics processor units (GPUs) used for acceleration of general-purpose applications and to those who want to obtain an introduction to the rapidly growing body of research exploring how to improve the architecture of these GPUs.