Review Of The Environmental Protection Agency S State Of The Science Evaluation Of Nonmonotonic Dose Response Relationships As They Apply To Endocrine Disruptors

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Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's State-of-the-Science Evaluation of Nonmonotonic Dose-Response Relationships as they Apply to Endocrine Disruptors

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's State of the Science Paper on Nonmonotonic Dose Reponse
Review of the Environmental Protection Agency s State of the Science Evaluation of Nonmonotonic Dose Response Relationships as they Apply to Endocrine Disruptors Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's State of the Science Paper on Nonmonotonic Dose Reponse
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2014-05-27
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309297578

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Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's State-of-the-Science Evaluation of Nonmonotonic Dose-Response Relationships as they Apply to Endocrine Disruptors by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's State of the Science Paper on Nonmonotonic Dose Reponse Pdf

Potential health effects from chemicals that disrupt endocrine function pose an environmental health concern because of their ability to interfere with normal hormone function in human and wildlife populations. The endocrine system regulates biological processes throughout the body and is sensitive to small changes in hormone concentrations. Endocrine-disruptor research has focused primarily on chemicals that affect three hormone pathways that play important roles in reproduction and development - the estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone pathways. Some of this research has identified dose-response relationships that have nonmonotonic curves. Nonmonotonic dose-response curves (NMDRs) are of concern because they do not follow the usual assumption made in toxicology that as dose decreases the response also decreases. The existence of NMDRs has been a controversial topic for decades, and there has been considerable debate about their implications for how chemicals are tested and for how risks from such chemicals are assessed. Toxicity tests are designed to identify hazards and to characterize dose-response relationships, so tests are aimed at finding a (high) dose that elicits a response, and dose-response is explored by testing lower doses spaced to identify statistically a no- or lowest-observed-adverse-effect level. The concern for NMDRs is that such studies, as currently designed, might not detect the inflection of the dose-response curve if only a few doses are tested or if the change in inflection occurs below the range of doses tested. Another concern is that some NMDRs are found for biological effects that are not usually evaluated in toxicity tests. If current testing strategies are inadequate to account for NMDRs, changes to risk assessment practices might be necessary. To help address these issues, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a draft State-of-the-Science Evaluation: Nonmonotonic Dose Responses as they Apply to Estrogen, Androgen, and Thyroid Pathways and EPA Testing and Assessment Procedures. EPA asked the National Research Council to conduct an independent review of this evaluation to ensure that it is scientifically sound and of high quality. Review of Environmental Protection Agency's State-of-the-Science Evaluation of Nonmonotonic Dose-Response as they Apply to Endocrine Disrupters evaluates whether EPA's evaluation presents a scientifically sound and high-quality analysis of the literature on NMDRs. This report reviews how well the EPA evaluation described how the assessment was performed, whether consistent methods and criteria were applied in the analysis of different evidence streams, and whether appropriate methods were applied to evaluating the evidence. The report makes recommendations to improve EPA's process and strengthen the evaluation.

Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity
Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 423 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2017-07-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309458658

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Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity Pdf

To safeguard public health, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must keep abreast of new scientific information and emerging technologies so that it can apply them to regulatory decision-making. For decades the agency has dealt with questions about what animal-testing data to use to make predictions about human health hazards, how to perform dose-response extrapolations, how to identify and protect susceptible subpopulations, and how to address uncertainties. As alternatives to traditional toxicity testing have emerged, the agency has been faced with additional questions about how to incorporate data from such tests into its chemical assessments and whether such tests can replace some traditional testing methods. Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) have raised concerns that traditional toxicity-testing protocols might be inadequate to identify all potential hazards to human health because they have the ability to modulate normal hormone function, and small alterations in hormone concentrations, particularly during sensitive life stages, can have lasting and significant effects. To address concerns about potential human health effects from EACs at low doses, this report develops a strategy to evaluate the evidence for such low-dose effects.

Endocrine Disruption and Human Health

Philippa D. Darbre
Endocrine Disruption and Human Health Book PDF

Author : Philippa D. Darbre
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2015-03-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780128011201

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Endocrine Disruption and Human Health by Philippa D. Darbre Pdf

Endocrine Disruption and Human Health starts with an overview of what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, and the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem. This is followed by an overview of the mechanisms of action and assay systems. The third section includes chapters written by specialists on different aspects of concern for the effects of endocrine disruption on human health. Finally, the authors consider the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and the pertinent regulation developed by the EU, the US FDA, as well as REACH and NGOs. The book has been written for researchers and research clinicians interested in learning about the actions of endocrine disruptors and current evidence justifying concerns for human health but is useful for those approaching the subject for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students. Provides readers with access to a range of information from the basic mechanisms and assays to cutting-edge research investigating concerns for human health Presents a comprehensive, translational look at all aspects of endocrine disruption and its effects on human health Offers guidance on the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and current relevant regulatory considerations

Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Incorporating 21st Century Science into Risk-Based Evaluations
Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk Related Evaluations Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Incorporating 21st Century Science into Risk-Based Evaluations
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 201 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2017-02-16
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309453516

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Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Incorporating 21st Century Science into Risk-Based Evaluations Pdf

Over the last decade, several large-scale United States and international programs have been initiated to incorporate advances in molecular and cellular biology, -omics technologies, analytical methods, bioinformatics, and computational tools and methods into the field of toxicology. Similar efforts are being pursued in the field of exposure science with the goals of obtaining more accurate and complete exposure data on individuals and populations for thousands of chemicals over the lifespan; predicting exposures from use data and chemical-property information; and translating exposures between test systems and humans. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations makes recommendations for integrating new scientific approaches into risk-based evaluations. This study considers the scientific advances that have occurred following the publication of the NRC reports Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy and Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Given the various ongoing lines of investigation and new data streams that have emerged, this publication proposes how best to integrate and use the emerging results in evaluating chemical risk. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations considers whether a new paradigm is needed for data validation, how to integrate the divergent data streams, how uncertainty might need to be characterized, and how best to communicate the new approaches so that they are understandable to various stakeholders.

Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Assessing Toxicologic Risks to Human Subjects Used in Controlled Exposure Studies of Environmental Pollutants
Controlled Human Inhalation Exposure Studies at EPA Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Assessing Toxicologic Risks to Human Subjects Used in Controlled Exposure Studies of Environmental Pollutants
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 159 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2017-04-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309452526

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Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Assessing Toxicologic Risks to Human Subjects Used in Controlled Exposure Studies of Environmental Pollutants Pdf

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a mission and regulatory responsibility to protect human health and the environment. EPA's pursuit of that goal includes a variety of research activities involving human subjects, such as epidemiologic studies and surveys. Those research activities also involve studies of individuals who volunteer to be exposed to air pollutants intentionally in controlled laboratory settings so that measurements can be made of transient and reversible biomarker or physiologic responses to those exposures that can indicate pathways of toxicity and mechanisms of air-pollution responses. The results of those controlled human inhalation exposure (CHIE) studies, also referred to as human clinical studies or human challenge studies, are used to inform policy decisions and help establish or revise standards to protect public health and improve air quality. Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA addresses scientific issues and provides guidance on the conduct of CHIE studies. This report assesses the utility of CHIE studies to inform and reduce uncertainties in setting air-pollution standards to protect public health and assess whether continuation of such studies is warranted. It also evaluates the potential health risks to test subjects who participated in recent studies of air pollutants at EPA's clinical research facility.

Risk Assessment for Environmental Health

Mark G. Robson,William A. Toscano,Qingyu Meng,Debra A. Kaden
Risk Assessment for Environmental Health Book PDF

Author : Mark G. Robson,William A. Toscano,Qingyu Meng,Debra A. Kaden
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2022-12-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781000816099

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Risk Assessment for Environmental Health by Mark G. Robson,William A. Toscano,Qingyu Meng,Debra A. Kaden Pdf

Understanding risk to humans is one of the most important problems in environmental public health. Risk assessment is constantly changing with the advent of new exposure assessment tools, more sophisticated models, and a better understanding of disease processes. Risk assessment is also gaining greater acceptance in the developing world where major environmental problems exist. Developed in partnership with the Association of Schools of Public Health, this comprehensive text offers a thorough survey of risk assessment, management, and communications as these practices apply to public health. Key Features: Provides a practical overview of environmental risk assessment and its application by discussing the process and providing case studies and examples Focuses on tools and approaches used for humans in an environment involving potential chemical hazards Fully updated, the first part introduces the underlying principles and techniques of the field, and the second examines case studies in terms of different risk assessment scenarios Risk assessment is a core requirement for the MPH degree in environmental health Useful “stories” suitable for case studies

Comprehensive Toxicology

Anonim
Comprehensive Toxicology Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 8639 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2017-12-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780081006122

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Comprehensive Toxicology by Anonim Pdf

Comprehensive Toxicology, Third Edition, Fifteen Volume Set discusses chemical effects on biological systems, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms by which chemicals induce adverse health effects. Organized by organ system, this comprehensive reference work addresses the toxicological effects of chemicals on the immune system, the hematopoietic system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hepatic toxicology, renal toxicology, gastrointestinal toxicology, reproductive and endocrine toxicology, neuro and behavioral toxicology, developmental toxicology and carcinogenesis, also including critical sections that cover the general principles of toxicology, cellular and molecular toxicology, biotransformation and toxicology testing and evaluation. Each section is examined in state-of-the-art chapters written by domain experts, providing key information to support the investigations of researchers across the medical, veterinary, food, environment and chemical research industries, and national and international regulatory agencies. Thoroughly revised and expanded to 15 volumes that include the latest advances in research, and uniquely organized by organ system for ease of reference and diagnosis, this new edition is an essential reference for researchers of toxicology. Organized to cover both the fundamental principles of toxicology and unique aspects of major organ systems Thoroughly revised to include the latest advances in the toxicological effects of chemicals on the immune system Features additional coverage throughout and a new volume on toxicology of the hematopoietic system Presents in-depth, comprehensive coverage from an international author base of domain experts

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2016-09-26
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309449182

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Pdf

Extremely hazardous substances can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where these substances are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 20 reviews and updates the technical support document on acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for selected chloroformates. This update focuses on establishing AEGL-3 values for n-propyl chloroformate and isopropyl chloroformate, but will also consider whether any new data are available that would affect the proposed values for the other 10 chloroformates. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three levels - AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 - are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 65 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2016-05-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309390781

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Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines Pdf

Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts. NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Predictive-Toxicology Approaches for Military Assessments of Acute Exposures
Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Predictive-Toxicology Approaches for Military Assessments of Acute Exposures
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 134 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2015-09-01
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309376693

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Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Predictive-Toxicology Approaches for Military Assessments of Acute Exposures Pdf

The US Department of Defense (DOD) is faced with an overwhelming task in evaluating chemicals that could potentially pose a threat to its deployed personnel. There are over 84,000 registered chemicals, and testing them with traditional toxicity-testing methods is not feasible in terms of time or money. In recent years, there has been a concerted effort to develop new approaches to toxicity testing that incorporate advances in systems biology, toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, and computational toxicology. Given the advances, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine how DOD could use modern approaches for predicting chemical toxicity in its efforts to prevent debilitating, acute exposures to deployed personnel. This report provides an overall conceptual approach that DOD could use to develop a predictive toxicology system. Application of Modern Toxicology Approaches for Predicting Acute Toxicity for Chemical Defense reviews the current state of computational and high-throughput approaches for predicting acute toxicity and suggests methods for integrating data and predictions. This report concludes with lessons learned from current high-throughput screening programs and suggests some initial steps for DOD investment.

Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the IRIS Process
Review of EPA s Integrated Risk Information System IRIS Process Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the IRIS Process
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2014-06-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309304177

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Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review the IRIS Process Pdf

The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is a program within the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that is responsible for developing toxicologic assessments of environmental contaminants. An IRIS assessment contains hazard identifications and dose-response assessments of various chemicals related to cancer and noncancer outcomes. Although the program was created to increase consistency among toxicologic assessments within the agency, federal, state, and international agencies and other organizations have come to rely on IRIS assessments for setting regulatory standards, establishing exposure guidelines, and estimating risks to exposed populations. Over the last decade, the National Research Council (NRC) has been asked to review some of the more complex and challenging IRIS assessments, including those of formaldehyde, dioxin, and tetrachloroethylene. In 2011, an NRC committee released its review of the IRIS formaldehyde assessment. Like other NRC committees that had reviewed IRIS assessments, the formaldehyde committee identified deficiencies in the specific assessment and more broadly in some of EPA's general approaches and specific methods. Although the committee focused on evaluating the IRIS formaldehyde assessment, it provided suggestions for improving the IRIS process and a roadmap for its revision in case EPA decided to move forward with changes to the process. Congress directed EPA to implement the report's recommendations and then asked the National Research Council to review the changes that EPA was making (or proposing to make) in response to the recommendations. Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process provides an overview of some general issues associated with IRIS assessments. This report then addresses evidence identification and evaluation for IRIS assessments and discusses evidence integration for hazard evaluation and methods for calculating reference values and unit risks. The report makes recommendations and considerations for future directions. Overall, Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System Process finds that substantial improvements in the IRIS process have been made, and it is clear that EPA has embraced and is acting on the recommendations in the NRC formaldehyde report. The recommendations of this report should be seen as building on the progress that EPA has already made.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 492 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2014-05-27
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309304795

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Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Pdf

Extremely hazardous substances can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where these substances are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 17 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for selected AEGL documents for acrylonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, cyanogen, epichlorohydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene, trimethylacetyl chloride, hydrogen bromide, and boron tribromide in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three levels - AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 - are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity
Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 423 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-08-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309458627

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Application of Systematic Review Methods in an Overall Strategy for Evaluating Low-Dose Toxicity from Endocrine Active Chemicals by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Endocrine-Related Low-Dose Toxicity Pdf

To safeguard public health, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must keep abreast of new scientific information and emerging technologies so that it can apply them to regulatory decision-making. For decades the agency has dealt with questions about what animal-testing data to use to make predictions about human health hazards, how to perform dose-response extrapolations, how to identify and protect susceptible subpopulations, and how to address uncertainties. As alternatives to traditional toxicity testing have emerged, the agency has been faced with additional questions about how to incorporate data from such tests into its chemical assessments and whether such tests can replace some traditional testing methods. Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) have raised concerns that traditional toxicity-testing protocols might be inadequate to identify all potential hazards to human health because they have the ability to modulate normal hormone function, and small alterations in hormone concentrations, particularly during sensitive life stages, can have lasting and significant effects. To address concerns about potential human health effects from EACs at low doses, this report develops a strategy to evaluate the evidence for such low-dose effects.

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment

National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 453 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2000-02-03
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309064194

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Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment by National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment Pdf

Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occursâ€"in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environmentâ€"and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents.

Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents
Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2006-05-07
Category : Nature
ISBN : 0309100925

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Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents Pdf

Toxicity testing in laboratory animals provides much of the information used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the hazards and risks associated with exposure to environmental agents that might harm public health or the environment. The data are used to establish maximum acceptable concentrations of environmental agents in drinking water, set permissible limits of exposure of workers, define labeling requirements, establish tolerances for pesticides residues on food, and set other kinds of limits on the basis of risk assessment. Because the number of regulations that require toxicity testing is growing, EPA called for a comprehensive review of established and emerging toxicity-testing methods and strategies. This interim report reviews current toxicity-testing methods and strategies and near-term improvements in toxicity-testing approaches proposed by EPA and others. It identifies several recurring themes and questions in the various reports reviewed. The final report will present a long-range vision and strategic plan to advance the practices of toxicity testing and human health assessment of environmental contaminants.