Risk And Decisions About Disposition Of Transuranic And High Level Radioactive Waste

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Risk and Decisions About Disposition of Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Risk-Based Approaches for Disposition of Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste
Risk and Decisions About Disposition of Transuranic and High Level Radioactive Waste Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Risk-Based Approaches for Disposition of Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 231 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2005-03-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309095495

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Risk and Decisions About Disposition of Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Risk-Based Approaches for Disposition of Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste Pdf

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) manages dozens of sites across the nation that focus on research, design, and production of nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors for defense applications. Radioactive wastes at these sites pose a national challenge, and DOE is considering how to most effectively clean them up. Some of the greatest projected risks, cleanup costs, and technical challenges come from processing and disposing transuranic and high-level radioactive waste. This report addresses how DOE should incorporate risk into decisions about whether the nation should use alternatives to deep geologic disposal for some of these wastes. It recommends using an exemption process involving risk assessment for determining how to dispose of problematic wastes. The report outlines criteria for risk assessment and key elements of a risk-informed approach. The report also describes the types of wastes that are candidates for alternative disposition paths, potential alternatives to deep geologic disposal for disposition of low-hazard waste, and whether these alternatives are compatible with current regulations.

Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes
Improving the Regulation and Management of Low Activity Radioactive Wastes Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2003-10-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309090919

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Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes Pdf

Low-activity radioactive wastes include a broad spectrum of materials for which a regulatory patchwork has evolved over almost 60 years. These wastes present less of a radiation hazard than either spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste. Low-activity wastes, however, may produce potential radiation exposure at well above background levels and if not properly controlled may represent a significant chronic (and, in some cases, an acute) hazard. For some low-activity wastes the present system of controls may be overly restrictive, but it may result in the neglect of others that pose an equal or higher risk. The purpose of this interim report is to provide an overview of current low-activity waste regulations and management practices. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes: Interim Report on Current Regulations, Inventories, and Practices identifies gaps and inconsistencies that suggest areas for improvements. The final report will assess options for improving the current practices and provide recommendations.

Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management
Disposition of High Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1999-11-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 0309067782

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Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Radioactive Waste Management Pdf

During the next several years, decisions are expected to be made in several countries on the further development and implementation of the geological disposition option. The Board on Radioactive Waste Management (BRWM) of the U.S. National Academies believes that informed and reasoned discussion of relevant scientific, engineering and social issues can-and should-play a constructive role in the decision process by providing information to decision makers on relevant technical and policy issues. A BRWM-initiated project including a workshop at Irvine, California on November 4-5, 1999, and subsequent National Academies' report to be published in spring, 2000, are intended to provide such information to national policy makers both in the U.S. and abroad. To inform national policies, it is essential that experts from the physical, geological, and engineering sciences, and experts from the policy and social science communities work together. Some national programs have involved social science and policy experts from the beginning, while other programs have only recently recognized the importance of this collaboration. An important goal of the November workshop is to facilitate dialogue between these communities, as well as to encourage the sharing of experiences from many national programs. The workshop steering committee has prepared this discussion for participants at the workshop. It should elicit critical comments and help identify topics requiring in-depth discussion at the workshop. It is not intended as a statement of findings, conclusions, or recommendations. It is rather intended as a vehicle for stimulating dialogue among the workshop participants. Out of that dialogue will emerge the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the National Academies' report.

Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation
Disposition of High Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 215 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2001-07-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309073172

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Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Disposition of High-Level Radioactive Waste Through Geological Isolation Pdf

Focused attention by world leaders is needed to address the substantial challenges posed by disposal of spent nuclear fuel from reactors and high-level radioactive waste from processing such fuel. The biggest challenges in achieving safe and secure storage and permanent waste disposal are societal, although technical challenges remain. Disposition of radioactive wastes in a deep geological repository is a sound approach as long as it progresses through a stepwise decision-making process that takes advantage of technical advances, public participation, and international cooperation. Written for concerned citizens as well as policymakers, this book was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and waste management organizations in eight other countries.

Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop
Low Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 163 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309456784

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Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop Pdf

The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE) is responsible for the safe cleanup of sites used for nuclear weapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research. Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is the most volumetrically significant waste stream generated by the DOE cleanup program. LLW is also generated through commercial activities such as nuclear power plant operations and medical treatments. The laws and regulations related to the disposal of LLW in the United States have evolved over time and across agencies and states, resulting in a complex regulatory structure. DOE asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to organize a workshop to discuss approaches for the management and disposition of LLW. Participants explored the key physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of low-level waste that govern its safe and secure management and disposal in aggregate and in individual waste streams, and how key characteristics of low level waste are incorporated into standards, orders, and regulations that govern the management and disposal of LLW in the United States and in other major waste-producing countries. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 186 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 1996-11-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309175548

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The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Pdf

This volume discusses the readiness of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facility near Carlsbad, New Mexico, to serve as a geological repository for transuranic radioactive waste. WIPP is located in a Permian-age bedded salt deposit 658 meters below the surface. The committee has long reviewed DOE's readiness efforts, now aimed at demonstrating compliance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations. Site characterization studies and performance assessment modeling are among the topics considered in this volume.

Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization

International Atomic Energy Agency
Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization Book PDF

Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher : IAEA
Page : 188 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UOM:39015068766214

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Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization by International Atomic Energy Agency Pdf

Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.

Calculated Risks

Kenneth A. Rogers,Marvin G. Kingsley
Calculated Risks Book PDF

Author : Kenneth A. Rogers,Marvin G. Kingsley
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2016-04-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781317170143

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Calculated Risks by Kenneth A. Rogers,Marvin G. Kingsley Pdf

This well-documented study examines one of the increasingly pressing problems for US homeland security: the storage and management of radioactive waste. Despite pressing homeland security and energy security concerns associated with highly radioactive waste, political considerations have prevented policy makers from adopting adequate long-term solutions to the problem. This book explores nuclear waste problems through the broader lens of federal, state and local government and the resultant constraints on policy that emerge within the American political system. Presenting specific case studies to highlight the deficiencies in current policy and planning as well as the possibility of terrorist activity, it is highly suited to courses on security studies and environmental politics.

Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste
Improving the Regulation and Management of Low Activity Radioactive Wastes Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2006-05-24
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309101424

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Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste Pdf

The largest volumes of radioactive wastes in the United States contain only small amounts of radioactive material. These low-activity wastes (LAW) come from hospitals, utilities, research institutions, and defense installations where nuclear material is used. Millions of cubic feet of LAW also arise every year from non-nuclear enterprises such as mining and water treatment. While LAW present much less of a radiation hazard than spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive wastes, they can cause health risks if controlled improperly. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes asserts that LAW should be regulated and managed according to the degree of risk they pose for treatment, storage, and disposal. Current regulations are based primarily on the type of industry that produced the waste-the waste's origin-rather than its risk. In this report, a risk-informed approach for regulating and managing all types of LAW in the United States is proposed. Implemented in a gradual or stepwise fashion, this approach combines scientific risk assessment with public values and perceptions. It focuses on the hazardous properties of the waste in question and how they compare with other waste materials. The approach is based on established principles for risk-informed decision making, current risk-informed initiatives by waste regulators in the United States and abroad, solutions available under current regulatory authorities, and remedies through new legislation when necessary.

Going the Distance?

National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Transportation of Radioactive Waste
Going the Distance Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Transportation of Radioactive Waste
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2006-07-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309100045

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Going the Distance? by National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Transportation of Radioactive Waste Pdf

This new report from the National Research Council's Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) and the Transportation Research Board reviews the risks and technical and societal concerns for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in the United States. Shipments are expected to increase as the U.S. Department of Energy opens a repository for spent fuel and high-level waste at Yucca Mountain, and the commercial nuclear industry considers constructing a facility in Utah for temporary storage of spent fuel from some of its nuclear waste plants. The report concludes that there are no fundamental technical barriers to the safe transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive and the radiological risks of transport are well understood and generally low. However, there are a number of challenges that must be addressed before large-quantity shipping programs can be implemented successfully. Among these are managing "social" risks. The report does not provide an examination of the security of shipments against malevolent acts but recommends that such an examination be carried out.

Fuel Cycle to Nowhere

Richard B. Stewart,Jane B. Stewart
Fuel Cycle to Nowhere Book PDF

Author : Richard B. Stewart,Jane B. Stewart
Publisher : Vanderbilt University Press
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : History
ISBN : 9780826517746

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Fuel Cycle to Nowhere by Richard B. Stewart,Jane B. Stewart Pdf

The origins of the current nuclear waste disposal crisis and directions for future policy

Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 1999-02-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309062978

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Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Pdf

Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.

Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Disposal of Surplus Plutonium at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Review of the Department of Energy s Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Disposal of Surplus Plutonium at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020-06-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309498616

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Review of the Department of Energy's Plans for Disposal of Surplus Plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Disposal of Surplus Plutonium at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Pdf

In 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine issued an Interim Report evaluating the general viability of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration's (DOE-NNSA's) conceptual plans for disposing of 34 metric tons (MT) of surplus plutonium in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a deep geologic repository near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It provided a preliminary assessment of the general viability of DOE-NNSA's conceptual plans, focused on some of the barriers to their implementation. This final report addresses the remaining issues and echoes the recommendations from the interim study.

Tank Waste Retrieval, Processing, and On-site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste Streams Stored in Tanks at Three Department of Energy Sites
Tank Waste Retrieval Processing and On site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste Streams Stored in Tanks at Three Department of Energy Sites
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2006-09-12
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309180146

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Tank Waste Retrieval, Processing, and On-site Disposal at Three Department of Energy Sites by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on the Management of Certain Radioactive Waste Streams Stored in Tanks at Three Department of Energy Sites Pdf

DOE Tank Waste: How clean is clean enough? The U.S. Congress asked the National Academies to evaluate the Department of Energy's (DOE's) plans for cleaning up defense-related radioactive wastes stored in underground tanks at three sites: the Hanford Site in Washington State, the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, and the Idaho National Laboratory. DOE plans to remove the waste from the tanks, separate out high-level radioactive waste to be shipped to an off-site geological repository, and dispose of the remaining lower-activity waste onsite. The report concludes that DOE's overall plan is workable, but some important challenges must be overcomeâ€"including the removal of residual waste from some tanks, especially at Hanford and Savannah River. The report recommends that DOE pursue a more risk-informed, consistent, participatory, and transparent for making decisions about how much waste to retrieve from tanks and how much to dispose of onsite. The report offers several other detailed recommendations to improve the technical soundness of DOE's tank cleanup plans.

Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters

National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations
Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha Emitters Book PDF

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 623 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1988-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780309037891

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Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations Pdf

This book describes hazards from radon progeny and other alpha-emitters that humans may inhale or ingest from their environment. In their analysis, the authors summarize in one document clinical and epidemiological evidence, the results of animal studies, research on alpha-particle damage at the cellular level, metabolic pathways for internal alpha-emitters, dosimetry and microdosimetry of radionuclides deposited in specific tissues, and the chemical toxicity of some low-specific-activity alpha-emitters. Techniques for estimating the risks to humans posed by radon and other internally deposited alpha-emitters are offered, along with a discussion of formulas, models, methods, and the level of uncertainty inherent in the risk estimates.