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Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety by David C Viano Pdf
Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety addresses the historic debate over seatback stiffness, energy absorbing yielding, occupant retention and whiplash prevention; and it provides a scientific foundation for the direction GM pursued in the development and validation of future seat designs. It also describes the multi-year research study into the role of the seat in rear crash safety - first by addressing the need for occupant retention in the more severe rear crashes; and then by addressing the needs for an adequately positioned head restraint and changes in the compliance of the seatback to lower the risks of the whiplash in low-speed crashes.
Automotive rear impacts are the most common type of car accident, with 2.5 million occuring each year. Most often, the vehicle property damage is minor with no occupant injury. However, more serious rear-end collisions can result in life-changing events. There are two major injury types caused by rear impact accidents. Whiplash (non-lethal injury) and Seat-Collapse (potential serious or lethal injury). Driver and front passenger seats all too often fail, with the seatback collapsing, ejecting the occupants rearward into the rear seat area with serious consequences. Seat design strength requiements are covered by FMVSS 207 Seat Systems Standard. The auto companies rely on this standard to test their seatsdard. The FMVSS 207 standard for seatback strength is flawed auto compaies use this requirement to allow the seatback to deform during a serious rear-impact, to achive enery-management. The controversy over seatback strength, Rigid verus Yielding, continues today. An occupied front seat that collapses during a rear-impact can entrap rear seat occupants, especially children that are required to sit in the rear row seats. Safety advocates and researchers report that for the period 1990 to 2014 nearly 900 children seated behind a front-seated occupant or in a center rear seat died in rear impacts of 1990 and later model-year cars. Law suites are prevalent and multi-million dollar penalties or settlements resulted and litigation continue today. Rear-end crashes also involve vehicle occupants in other automotive design hazards. Use of Child Restraints (CRS) is essentaial.
Impact Biomechanics by Society of Automotive Engineers Pdf
Thirteen papers from the biomechanics technical sessions of the 2002 SAE congress use laboratory experiments, computer models, and field data to evaluate the human body's kinematics, kinetics, and injury potential in response to impact loads caused by automobile accidents. Topics include finite elem
Developments in Modern Racecar Driver Crash Protection and Safety by John Melvin,J Kirk Russell Pdf
For many years, the evolution of safety improvements in motorsports was the result of a combination of science and perceived safe practices. Most safety developments were not based on rigorous laboratory testing, but rather on intuition and a “let’s try it and see what happens” approach. During the last few decades, motorsports has benefited from the organized research efforts made possible by academia, manufacturers, and sanctioning bodies, leading to present-day motorsports safety methodologies based on solid data and testing. This compendium, edited by some of the foremost racing safety experts, comprises selected technical papers that document the development and implementation of key motorsports safety technologies now in use. It is intended to provide racing professionals and enthusiasts with a concise overview of the significant engineering developments in motorsports driver safety that has occurred during the past two decades. The 13 papers chosen for this compendium, published between 1990 and 2013, reflect landmark safety studies and developments of that time. Eleven of the papers were published by SAE International and two were presented at the Stapp Car Crash Conference. The papers cover the following topics: • Crash testing simulations • Human crash injury and survival • Reducing driver injury in severe crashes • Head and neck restraints, including the HANS device • Race car seats • Restraint systems • Track safety and barrier systems The final paper is a study on the detailed performance of restraint systems and seats in examples of severe stock car crashes. The paper represents a succinct example of modern crash investigation of racing crashes with crash recording data, detailed injury analysis, and protective system performance. The progress in motorsports safety, as described in this compendium, has been dramatically effective in reducing driver injuries at the top levels of motorsports. Unfortunately, this is not true at the lower levels, where drivers continue to suffer preventable injuries and fatalities.
Integrated Automotive Safety Handbook by Mark Gonter,Ulrich W Seiffert Pdf
Even though a number of developed countries enjoy a high level of vehicle safety, more than 1.2 million fatalities still occur each year on roadways worldwide. There remains a need to continue improving vehicle and road safety. New technologies in sensors and electronic control units, and the growing knowledge of car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure technologies have led to a fusion of the previously separated areas of accident avoidance (popularly known as active safety) and mitigation of injuries (popularly known as passive safety) into the newer concept of integrated vehicle safety. This new approach represents a further step toward lowering accident rates. This book, written by two of the foremost automotive engineering safety experts, takes a unique and comprehensive approach to describing all areas of vehicle safety: accident avoidance, pre-crash, mitigation of injuries, and post-crash technologies, providing a solutions-based perspective of integrated vehicle safety. Also covered are accident investigation and worldwide legislation as they apply to integrated vehicle safety. The man-machine interface, biomechanics and development and simulation techniques are also key concepts that are thoroughly described. Special attention is given to driver assistance systems and to compatibility in car-to-car crashes and pedestrian protection. Chapters cover: accident research, functions of integrated safety, biomechanics and protection criteria, injury mitigation, adaptive occupant protection, compatibility, calculation and simulation, and the future. The book is useful for those interested in any aspect of automotive safety. Engineers and scientists from the automotive industry can learn new details as well as the broad perspective of vehicle safety today. The book also provides key information to traffic safety professionals, law enforcement, insurance practitioners, and journalists. Those who help shape traffic and vehicle legislation can gain a wider understanding of the topic to help them craft better laws. The book also serves as a valuable learning resource for academicians and students.
Automotive Safety Handbook by Lothar Wech,Ulrich W Seiffert Pdf
Examining the state-of-the-art in passenger car vehicle safety, the book features thorough discussion of the interrelationships among the occupant, the vehicle, and the restraint system (in frontal, lateral, and rear impacts and rollover).