Science And Objectivity

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Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts

Evandro Agazzi
Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts Book PDF

Author : Evandro Agazzi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2014-03-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319046600

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Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts by Evandro Agazzi Pdf

The first part of this book is of an epistemological nature and develops an original theory of scientific objectivity, understood in a weak sense (as intersubjective agreement among the specialists) and a strong sense (as having precise concrete referents). In both cases it relies upon the adoption of operational criteria designed within the particular perspective under which any single science considers reality. The “object” so attained has a proper ontological status, dependent on the specific character of the criteria of reference (regional ontologies). This justifies a form of scientific realism. Such perspectives are also the result of a complex cultural-historical situation. The awareness of such a “historical determinacy” of science justifies including in the philosophy of science the problems of ethics of science, relations of science with metaphysics and social dimensions of science that overstep the traditional restriction of the philosophy of science to an epistemology of science. It is to this “context” that the second part of the book is devoted.

Objectivity

Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison
Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2021-02-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781942130611

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Objectivity by Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison Pdf

Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences — and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences — from anatomy to crystallography — are those featured in scientific atlases: the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye: snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, even elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity — or truth-to-nature or trained judgment — is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity — and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.

The Advancement of Science : Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions

San Diego Philip Kitcher Professor of Philosophy University of California
The Advancement of Science Science without Legend Objectivity without Illusions Book PDF

Author : San Diego Philip Kitcher Professor of Philosophy University of California
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 433 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 1993-05-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780198021506

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The Advancement of Science : Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions by San Diego Philip Kitcher Professor of Philosophy University of California Pdf

During the last three decades, reflections on the growth of scientific knowledge have inspired historians, sociologists, and some philosophers to contend that scientific objectivity is a myth. In this book, Kitcher attempts to resurrect the notions of objectivity and progress in science by identifying both the limitations of idealized treatments of growth of knowledge and the overreactions to philosophical idealizations. Recognizing that science is done not by logically omniscient subjects working in isolation, but by people with a variety of personal and social interests, who cooperate and compete with one another, he argues that, nonetheless, we may conceive the growth of science as a process in which both our vision of nature and our ways of learning more about nature improve. Offering a detailed picture of the advancement of science, he sets a new agenda for the philosophy of science and for other "science studies" disciplines.

Objectivity & Diversity

Sandra Harding
Objectivity Diversity Book PDF

Author : Sandra Harding
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2015-05-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780226241531

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Objectivity & Diversity by Sandra Harding Pdf

Worries about scientific objectivity seem never-ending. Social critics and philosophers of science have argued that invocations of objectivity are often little more than attempts to boost the status of a claim, while calls for value neutrality may be used to suppress otherwise valid dissenting positions. Objectivity is used sometimes to advance democratic agendas, at other times to block them; sometimes for increasing the growth of knowledge, at others to resist it. Sandra Harding is not ready to throw out objectivity quite yet. For all of its problems, she contends that objectivity is too powerful a concept simply to abandon. In Objectivity and Diversity, Harding calls for a science that is both more epistemically adequate and socially just, a science that would ask: How are the lives of the most economically and politically vulnerable groups affected by a particular piece of research? Do they have a say in whether and how the research is done? Should empirically reliable systems of indigenous knowledge count as "real science"? Ultimately, Harding argues for a shift from the ideal of a neutral, disinterested science to one that prizes fairness and responsibility.

Science, Values, and Objectivity

Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters
Science Values and Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822970866

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Science, Values, and Objectivity by Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters Pdf

Collection of essays that identify the values crucial to science, distinguish some of the criteria that can be used for value identification, and elaborate the conditions for warranting certain values as necessary or central to scientific research.

Objectivity in Science

Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou
Objectivity in Science Book PDF

Author : Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou
Publisher : Springer
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2015-03-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319143491

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Objectivity in Science by Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou Pdf

This highly multidisciplinary collection discusses an increasingly important topic among scholars in science and technology studies: objectivity in science. It features eleven essays on scientific objectivity from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy of science, history of science, and feminist philosophy. Topics addressed in the book include the nature and value of scientific objectivity, the history of objectivity, and objectivity in scientific journals and communities. Taken individually, the essays supply new methodological tools for theorizing what is valuable in the pursuit of objective knowledge and for investigating its history. The essays offer many starting points, while suggesting new avenues of research. Taken collectively, the essays exemplify the very virtues of objectivity that they theorize—in reading them together, the reader can sense various anxieties about the dangerously subjective in our age and locate commonalities of concern as well as differences of approach. As a result, the volume offers an expansive vision of a research community seeking a communal understanding of its own methods and its own epistemic anxieties, struggling to enunciate the key problems of knowledge of our time and offer insight into how to overcome them.

The Philosophy of Science

George Couvalis
The Philosophy of Science Book PDF

Author : George Couvalis
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1997-04-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0761951016

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The Philosophy of Science by George Couvalis Pdf

This comprehensive textbook provides a clear nontechnical introduction to the philosophy of science. Through asking whether science can provide us with objective knowledge of the world, the book provides a thorough and accessible guide to the key thinkers and debates that define the field. George Couvalis surveys traditional themes around theory and observation, induction, probability, falsification and rationality as well as more recent challenges to objectivity including relativistic, feminist and sociological readings. This provides a helpful framework in which to locate the key intellectual contributions to these debates, ranging from those of Mill and Hume, through Popper and Kuhn to Laudan, Bloor and Garfinkel among

Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal

Heather Douglas
Science Policy and the Value Free Ideal Book PDF

Author : Heather Douglas
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 227 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2009-07-15
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780822973577

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Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal by Heather Douglas Pdf

The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be “value-free.” In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence. Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.

Science as Social Knowledge

Helen E. Longino
Science as Social Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Helen E. Longino
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2020-03-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780691209753

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Science as Social Knowledge by Helen E. Longino Pdf

Conventional wisdom has it that the sciences, properly pursued, constitute a pure, value-free method of obtaining knowledge about the natural world. In light of the social and normative dimensions of many scientific debates, Helen Longino finds that general accounts of scientific methodology cannot support this common belief. Focusing on the notion of evidence, the author argues that a methodology powerful enough to account for theories of any scope and depth is incapable of ruling out the influence of social and cultural values in the very structuring of knowledge. The objectivity of scientific inquiry can nevertheless be maintained, she proposes, by understanding scientific inquiry as a social rather than an individual process. Seeking to open a dialogue between methodologists and social critics of the sciences, Longino develops this concept of "contextual empiricism" in an analysis of research programs that have drawn criticism from feminists. Examining theories of human evolution and of prenatal hormonal determination of "gender-role" behavior, of sex differences in cognition, and of sexual orientation, the author shows how assumptions laden with social values affect the description, presentation, and interpretation of data. In particular, Longino argues that research on the hormonal basis of "sex-differentiated behavior" involves assumptions not only about gender relations but also about human action and agency. She concludes with a discussion of the relation between science, values, and ideology, based on the work of Habermas, Foucault, Keller, and Haraway.

Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education

Mansoor Niaz
Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education Book PDF

Author : Mansoor Niaz
Publisher : Springer
Page : 237 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2017-10-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319677262

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Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education by Mansoor Niaz Pdf

This book explores the evolving nature of objectivity in the history of science and its implications for science education. It is generally considered that objectivity, certainty, truth, universality, the scientific method and the accumulation of experimental data characterize both science and science education. Such universal values associated with science may be challenged while studying controversies in their original historical context. The scientific enterprise is not characterized by objectivity or the scientific method, but rather controversies, alternative interpretations of data, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Although objectivity is not synonymous with truth or certainty, it has eclipsed other epistemic virtues and to be objective is often used as a synonym for scientific. Recent scholarship in history and philosophy of science has shown that it is not the experimental data (Baconian orgy of quantification) but rather the diversity / plurality in a scientific discipline that contributes toward understanding objectivity. History of science shows that objectivity and subjectivity can be considered as the two poles of a continuum and this dualism leads to a conflict in understanding the evolving nature of objectivity. The history of objectivity is nothing less than the history of science itself and the evolving and varying forms of objectivity does not mean that one replaced the other in a sequence but rather each form supplements the others. This book is remarkable for its insistence that the philosophy of science, and in particular that discipline’s analysis of objectivity as the supposed hallmark of the scientific method, is of direct value to teachers of science. Meticulously, yet in a most readable way, Mansoor Niaz looks at the way objectivity has been dealt with over the years in influential educational journals and in textbooks; it’s fascinating how certain perspectives fade, while basic questions show no sign of going away. There are few books that take both philosophy and education seriously – this one does! Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University, chemist, writer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry

Objectivity in Science

Stephen John
Objectivity in Science Book PDF

Author : Stephen John
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 129 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2021-06-10
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781009079440

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Objectivity in Science by Stephen John Pdf

Objectivity is a key concept both in how we talk about science in everyday life and in the philosophy of science. This Element explores various ways in which recent philosophers of science have thought about the nature, value and achievability of objectivity. The first section explains the general trend in recent philosophy of science away from a notion of objectivity as a 'view from nowhere' to a focus on the relationship between objectivity and trust. Section 2 discusses the relationship between objectivity and recent arguments attacking the viability or desirability of 'value free' science. Section 3 outlines Longino's influential 'social' account of objectivity, suggesting some worries about drawing too strong a link between epistemic and ethical virtues. Section 4 turns to the value of objectivity, exploring concerns that notions of objectivity are politically problematic, and cautiously advocating in response a view of objectivity in terms of invariance.

Everyday Practice of Science

Frederick Grinnell
Everyday Practice of Science Book PDF

Author : Frederick Grinnell
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2008-12-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 0199723540

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Everyday Practice of Science by Frederick Grinnell Pdf

Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on "scientific method." Everyday Practice of Science also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.

Objectivity and Diversity

Sandra Harding
Objectivity and Diversity Book PDF

Author : Sandra Harding
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2015-05-18
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226241364

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Objectivity and Diversity by Sandra Harding Pdf

DivSandra Harding is Distinguished Professor of Education and Gender Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Distinguished Affiliate Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University. She is the editor of The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader and the author of Sciences from Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialities, and Modernities./div

The Edge of Objectivity

Charles Coulston Gillispie
The Edge of Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Charles Coulston Gillispie
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 591 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1960
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780691023502

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The Edge of Objectivity by Charles Coulston Gillispie Pdf

Full circle -- Art, life, and experiment -- The new philosophy -- Newton with his prism and silent face -- Science and the Enlightenment -- The rationalization of matter -- The history of nature -- Biology comes of age -- Early energetics -- Field physics -- Epilogue.

Objectivity: A Very Short Introduction

Stephen Gaukroger
Objectivity A Very Short Introduction Book PDF

Author : Stephen Gaukroger
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 129 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2012-05-24
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191642098

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Objectivity: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Gaukroger Pdf

- Is objectivity possible? - Can there be objectivity in matters of morals, or tastes? - What would a truly objective account of the world be like? - Is everything subjective, or relative? - Are moral judgments objective or culturally relative? Objectivity is both an essential and elusive philosophical concept. An account is generally considered to be objective if it attempts to capture the nature of the object studied without judgement of a conscious entity or subject. Objectivity stands in contrast to subjectivity: an objective account is impartial, one which could ideally be accepted by any subject, because it does not draw on any assumptions, prejudices, or values of particular subjects. Stephen Gaukroger shows that it is far from clear that we can resolve moral or aesthetic disputes in this way and it has often been argued that such an approach is not always appropriate for disciplines that deal with human, rather than natural, phenomena. Moreover, even in those cases where we seek to be objective, it may be difficult to judge what a truly objective account would look like, and whether it is achievable. This Very Short Introduction demonstrates that there are a number of common misunderstandings about what objectivity is, and explores the theoretical and practical problems of objectivity by assessing the basic questions raised by it. As well as considering the core philosophical issues, Gaukroger also deals with the way in which particular understandings of objectivity impinge on social research, science, and art. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.