Scientific Objectivity And Its Contexts

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Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts

Evandro Agazzi
Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts Book PDF

Author : Evandro Agazzi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2014-03-11
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319046600

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Scientific Objectivity and Its Contexts by Evandro Agazzi Pdf

The first part of this book is of an epistemological nature and develops an original theory of scientific objectivity, understood in a weak sense (as intersubjective agreement among the specialists) and a strong sense (as having precise concrete referents). In both cases it relies upon the adoption of operational criteria designed within the particular perspective under which any single science considers reality. The “object” so attained has a proper ontological status, dependent on the specific character of the criteria of reference (regional ontologies). This justifies a form of scientific realism. Such perspectives are also the result of a complex cultural-historical situation. The awareness of such a “historical determinacy” of science justifies including in the philosophy of science the problems of ethics of science, relations of science with metaphysics and social dimensions of science that overstep the traditional restriction of the philosophy of science to an epistemology of science. It is to this “context” that the second part of the book is devoted.

Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education

Mansoor Niaz
Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education Book PDF

Author : Mansoor Niaz
Publisher : Springer
Page : 237 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2017-10-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319677262

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Evolving Nature of Objectivity in the History of Science and its Implications for Science Education by Mansoor Niaz Pdf

This book explores the evolving nature of objectivity in the history of science and its implications for science education. It is generally considered that objectivity, certainty, truth, universality, the scientific method and the accumulation of experimental data characterize both science and science education. Such universal values associated with science may be challenged while studying controversies in their original historical context. The scientific enterprise is not characterized by objectivity or the scientific method, but rather controversies, alternative interpretations of data, ambiguity, and uncertainty. Although objectivity is not synonymous with truth or certainty, it has eclipsed other epistemic virtues and to be objective is often used as a synonym for scientific. Recent scholarship in history and philosophy of science has shown that it is not the experimental data (Baconian orgy of quantification) but rather the diversity / plurality in a scientific discipline that contributes toward understanding objectivity. History of science shows that objectivity and subjectivity can be considered as the two poles of a continuum and this dualism leads to a conflict in understanding the evolving nature of objectivity. The history of objectivity is nothing less than the history of science itself and the evolving and varying forms of objectivity does not mean that one replaced the other in a sequence but rather each form supplements the others. This book is remarkable for its insistence that the philosophy of science, and in particular that discipline’s analysis of objectivity as the supposed hallmark of the scientific method, is of direct value to teachers of science. Meticulously, yet in a most readable way, Mansoor Niaz looks at the way objectivity has been dealt with over the years in influential educational journals and in textbooks; it’s fascinating how certain perspectives fade, while basic questions show no sign of going away. There are few books that take both philosophy and education seriously – this one does! Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University, chemist, writer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry

Varieties of Scientific Realism

Evandro Agazzi
Varieties of Scientific Realism Book PDF

Author : Evandro Agazzi
Publisher : Springer
Page : 405 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2017-03-08
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319516080

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Varieties of Scientific Realism by Evandro Agazzi Pdf

This book offers a comprehensive update on the scientific realism debate, enabling readers to gain a novel appreciation of the role of objectivity and truth in science and to understand fully the various ways in which antirealist conceptions have been subjected to challenge over recent decades. Authoritative representatives of different philosophical traditions explain their perspectives on the meaning and validity of scientific realism and describe the strategies being adopted to counter persisting antirealist positions. The coverage extends beyond the usual discussion of realism within the context of the natural sciences, and especially physics, to encompass also its applicability in mathematics, logic, and the human sciences. The book will appeal to all with an interest in the recent realist epistemologies of science, the nature of current philosophical debate, and the ongoing rehabilitation of truth as the legitimate goal of scientific research.

Objectivity in Science

Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou
Objectivity in Science Book PDF

Author : Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou
Publisher : Springer
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2015-03-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319143491

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Objectivity in Science by Flavia Padovani,Alan Richardson,Jonathan Y. Tsou Pdf

This highly multidisciplinary collection discusses an increasingly important topic among scholars in science and technology studies: objectivity in science. It features eleven essays on scientific objectivity from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy of science, history of science, and feminist philosophy. Topics addressed in the book include the nature and value of scientific objectivity, the history of objectivity, and objectivity in scientific journals and communities. Taken individually, the essays supply new methodological tools for theorizing what is valuable in the pursuit of objective knowledge and for investigating its history. The essays offer many starting points, while suggesting new avenues of research. Taken collectively, the essays exemplify the very virtues of objectivity that they theorize—in reading them together, the reader can sense various anxieties about the dangerously subjective in our age and locate commonalities of concern as well as differences of approach. As a result, the volume offers an expansive vision of a research community seeking a communal understanding of its own methods and its own epistemic anxieties, struggling to enunciate the key problems of knowledge of our time and offer insight into how to overcome them.

Objectivity and Diversity

Sandra Harding
Objectivity and Diversity Book PDF

Author : Sandra Harding
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2015-05-18
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780226241364

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Objectivity and Diversity by Sandra Harding Pdf

DivSandra Harding is Distinguished Professor of Education and Gender Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Distinguished Affiliate Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University. She is the editor of The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader and the author of Sciences from Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialities, and Modernities./div

Science as Social Knowledge

Helen E. Longino
Science as Social Knowledge Book PDF

Author : Helen E. Longino
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2020-03-31
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780691209753

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Science as Social Knowledge by Helen E. Longino Pdf

Conventional wisdom has it that the sciences, properly pursued, constitute a pure, value-free method of obtaining knowledge about the natural world. In light of the social and normative dimensions of many scientific debates, Helen Longino finds that general accounts of scientific methodology cannot support this common belief. Focusing on the notion of evidence, the author argues that a methodology powerful enough to account for theories of any scope and depth is incapable of ruling out the influence of social and cultural values in the very structuring of knowledge. The objectivity of scientific inquiry can nevertheless be maintained, she proposes, by understanding scientific inquiry as a social rather than an individual process. Seeking to open a dialogue between methodologists and social critics of the sciences, Longino develops this concept of "contextual empiricism" in an analysis of research programs that have drawn criticism from feminists. Examining theories of human evolution and of prenatal hormonal determination of "gender-role" behavior, of sex differences in cognition, and of sexual orientation, the author shows how assumptions laden with social values affect the description, presentation, and interpretation of data. In particular, Longino argues that research on the hormonal basis of "sex-differentiated behavior" involves assumptions not only about gender relations but also about human action and agency. She concludes with a discussion of the relation between science, values, and ideology, based on the work of Habermas, Foucault, Keller, and Haraway.

The Edge of Objectivity

Charles Coulston Gillispie
The Edge of Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Charles Coulston Gillispie
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 600 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781400883585

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The Edge of Objectivity by Charles Coulston Gillispie Pdf

Originally published in 1960, The Edge of Objectivity helped to establish the history of science as a full-fledged academic discipline. In the mid-1950s, a young professor at Princeton named Charles Gillispie began teaching Humanities 304, one of the first undergraduate courses offered anywhere in the world on the history of science. From Galileo's analysis of motion to theories of evolution and relativity, Gillispie introduces key concepts, individuals, and themes. The Edge of Objectivity arose out of this course. It must have been a lively class. The Edge of Objectivity is pointed, opinionated, and selective. Even at six hundred pages, the book is, as the title suggests, an essay. Gillispie is unafraid to rate Mendel higher than Darwin, Maxwell above Faraday. Full of wry turns of phrase, the book effectively captures people and places. And throughout the book, Gillispie pushes an argument. He views science as the progressive development of more objective, detached, mathematical ways of viewing the world, and he orchestrates his characters and ideas around this theme. This edition of Charles Coulston Gillispie’s landmark book introduces a new generation of readers to his provocative and enlightening account of the advancement of scientific thought over the course of four centuries. Since the original publication of The Edge of Objectivity, historians of science have focused increasingly on the social context of science rather than its internal dynamics, and they have frequently viewed science more as a threatening instance of power than as an accumulation of knowledge. Nevertheless, Gillispie’s book remains a sophisticated, fast-moving, idiosyncratic account of the development of scientific ideas over four hundred years, by one of the founding intellects in the history of science. Featuring a new foreword by Theodore Porter, who places the work in its intellectual context and the development of the field, this edition of The Edge of Objectivity is a monumental work by one of the founding intellects of the history of science.

Objectivity

Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison
Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 345 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2021-02-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781942130611

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Objectivity by Lorraine Daston,Peter Galison Pdf

Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences — and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences — from anatomy to crystallography — are those featured in scientific atlases: the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye: snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, even elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity — or truth-to-nature or trained judgment — is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity — and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.

Science, Values, and Objectivity

Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters
Science Values and Objectivity Book PDF

Author : Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 327 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822970866

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Science, Values, and Objectivity by Peter Machamer,Gereon Wolters Pdf

Collection of essays that identify the values crucial to science, distinguish some of the criteria that can be used for value identification, and elaborate the conditions for warranting certain values as necessary or central to scientific research.

Historical Epistemology and European Philosophy of Science

Fabio Minazzi
Historical Epistemology and European Philosophy of Science Book PDF

Author : Fabio Minazzi
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 415 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2022-04-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030963323

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Historical Epistemology and European Philosophy of Science by Fabio Minazzi Pdf

This book offers a comprehensive analysis on the evolution of philosophy of science, with a special emphasis on the European tradition of the twentieth century. At first, it shows how the epistemological problem of the objectivity of knowledge and axiomatic knowledge have been previously tackled by transcendentalism, critical rationalism and hermeneutics. In turn, it analyses the axiological dimension of scientific research, moving from traditional model of science and of scientific methods, to the construction of a new image of knowledge that leverages the philosophical tradition of the Milan School. Using this historical-epistemological approach, the author rethinks the Kantian Transcendental, showing how it could be better integrated in the current philosophy of science, to answer important questions such as the relationship between science and history, scientific and social perspectives and philosophy and technology, among others. Not only this book provides a comprehensive study of the evolution of European Philosophy of Science in the twentieth century, yet it offers a new, historical and epistemological-based approach, that could be used to answers many urgent questions of contemporary societies.

Scientific Knowledge as a Culture

Igal Galili
Scientific Knowledge as a Culture Book PDF

Author : Igal Galili
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 477 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2022-02-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030802011

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Scientific Knowledge as a Culture by Igal Galili Pdf

This book, in its first part, contains units of conceptual history of several topics of physics based on the research in physics education and research based articles with regard to several topics involved in teaching science in general and physics in particular. The second part of the book includes the framework used, the approach considering science knowledge as a special type of culture – discipline-culture. Within this approach, scientific knowledge is considered as comprised of a few inclusive fundamental theories each hierarchically structured in a triadic pattern: nucleus-body-periphery. While nucleus incorporates the basic principles and body comprises their implementations in the variety of laws, models, and experiments, periphery includes concepts at odds to the nucleus. This structure introduces knowledge in its conceptual variation thus converting disciplinary knowledge to cultural-disciplinary one. The approach draws on history and philosophy of science (HPS) necessary for meaningful learning of science. It is exemplified in several aspects regarding teaching physics, presenting history in classes, considering the special nature of science, and using artistic images in regular teaching. The revealed conceptual debate around the chosen topics clarifies the subject matter for school students and teachers encouraging construction of Cultural Content Knowledge. Often missed in teachers' preparation and common curriculum it helps genuine understanding of science thus providing remedy of students' misconceptions reported in educational research.

Objectivity in the Feminist Philosophy of Science

Karen Cordrick Haely
Objectivity in the Feminist Philosophy of Science Book PDF

Author : Karen Cordrick Haely
Publisher : A&C Black
Page : 157 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2008-05-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780826499547

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Objectivity in the Feminist Philosophy of Science by Karen Cordrick Haely Pdf

Raises awareness of the features of science and objectivity that are important to feminist programmes and how feminist views can improve how we think about science.

Science, Objectivity, and Consciousness

Emilios Bouratinos
Science Objectivity and Consciousness Book PDF

Author : Emilios Bouratinos
Publisher : ICRL Press
Page : 270 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2024-06-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781936033300

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Science, Objectivity, and Consciousness by Emilios Bouratinos Pdf

This thought-provoking work offers a profound scholarly examination of how the process of objectification has come to limit our scientific and philosophical views of reality. The author proposes a new self-reflective interdisciplinary science of consciousness, one that recognizes subjective experience as a vital component of the activity of consciousness. By creating a bridge over the subject-object divide, Emilios Bouratinos hopes to open a door to a new kind of science, leading to both the betterment of research in many fields and the long-term assurance of human survival.

Objectivity in Science

Stephen John
Objectivity in Science Book PDF

Author : Stephen John
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 75 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2021-06-30
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 1009065335

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Objectivity in Science by Stephen John Pdf

Objectivity is a key concept both in how we talk about science in everyday life and in the philosophy of science. This Element explores various ways in which recent philosophers of science have thought about the nature, value and achievability of objectivity. The first section explains the general trend in recent philosophy of science away from a notion of objectivity as a 'view from nowhere' to a focus on the relationship between objectivity and trust. Section 2 discusses the relationship between objectivity and recent arguments attacking the viability or desirability of 'value free' science. Section 3 outlines Longino's influential 'social' account of objectivity, suggesting some worries about drawing too strong a link between epistemic and ethical virtues. Section 4 turns to the value of objectivity, exploring concerns that notions of objectivity are politically problematic, and cautiously advocating in response a view of objectivity in terms of invariance.

Cogent Science in Context

William Rehg
Cogent Science in Context Book PDF

Author : William Rehg
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 357 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2011-08-19
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780262264464

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Cogent Science in Context by William Rehg Pdf

A proposal for an interdisciplinary, context-sensitive framework for assessing the strength of scientific arguments that melds Jürgen Habermas's discourse theory and sociological contextualism. Recent years have seen a series of intense, increasingly acrimonious debates over the status and legitimacy of the natural sciences. These “science wars” take place in the public arena—with current battles over evolution and global warming—and in academia, where assumptions about scientific objectivity have been called into question. Given these hostilities, what makes a scientific claim merit our consideration? In Cogent Science in Context, William Rehg examines what makes scientific arguments cogent—that is, strong and convincing—and how we should assess that cogency. Drawing on the tools of argumentation theory, Rehg proposes a multidimensional, context-sensitive framework both for understanding the cogency of scientific arguments and for conducting cooperative interdisciplinary assessments of the cogency of actual scientific arguments. Rehg closely examines Jürgen Habermas's argumentation theory and its implications for understanding cogency, applying it to a case from high-energy physics. A series of problems, however, beset Habermas's approach. In response, Rehg outlines his own “critical contextualist” approach, which uses argumentation-theory categories in a new and more context-sensitive way inspired by ethnography of science.