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Seed Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa by Venkatachalam Venkatesan Pdf
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 266. Seed production and distribution are important factors in determining the pace of agricultural development. For a seed system to be effective, it must satisfy the different requirements of each crop. Presently
Gender dynamics in seed systems development by Kramer, Berber,Galiè, Alessandra Pdf
All agricultural production—whether of crops, trees, forages, livestock, or fish—starts with seeds,* mak-ing seed security vital to food security. Seed secu-rity means that producers—smallholder farmers es-pecially—have permanent and unrestricted access to adequate quantities of quality seed that is suita-ble to their agroecological conditions and socio-economic needs. Efforts to enhance seed security should be inclusive, without disparities related to in-come, social class, age, or gender. Yet, gender gaps reveal themselves across the seed system, in-cluding in the breeding, production, selection, and distribution stages, as well as in how the seeds are used and who reaps the benefits from this use.
Regulatory options to improve seed systems for vegetatively propagated crops in developing countries by Spielman, David J.,Gatto, Marcel,Wossen, Tesfamicheal,McEwan, Margaret,Abdoulaye, Tahirou,Maredia, Mywish K.,Hareau, Guy Pdf
In many developing countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield of and returns on VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulatory initiatives designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem is the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops, which dominate narratives on seed system reforms. Drawing on qualitative analysis of policy and practice, this study examines reform options related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The study highlights theory and evidence on existing models of regulation; alternative models that may better incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution; and recommendations for policy, regulation, and investment in VPC seed markets. Findings indicate that regulations designed around strict and centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. These findings suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate internal (producer-level) quality assurance with external (regulatory) quality assurance.
Seed System Development by Steven Jaffee,Jitendra Srivastava Pdf
This paper analyzes the economic and institutional factors affecting the appropriate roles for the public and private sectors in seed supply systems, it also examines the current mix of public and private sector seed activities world-wide, and traces changes in the structure and operation of national seed systems in selected industrialized and developed countries. By defining the scope for private sector involvement in seed development and supply activities as well as critical and complementary roles for the public sector in development of efficient seed systems, this paper seeks to contribute to the design of improved strategies for seed system development in developing countries and in formerly centrally planned countries.
Farmers' Seed Production by Conny Almekinders,N. P. Louwaars Pdf
This handbook covers a whole range of issues relating to local seed supply systems, including participatory plant breeding, and both technical and practical information on seed production and variety maintenance. It suggests new approaches and methods to support on-farm seed production by small-scale farmers in developing countries. The first part of the book describes the functioning of local seed systems and discusses their strengths, limitations and possibilities for improvement. The authors discuss in detail issues of genetic diversity and in-situ conservation, farmers' rights and legislation. The cases presented here illustrate the functioning of local seed systems and experiences with improving them. The second part contains technical information on seed production, selection, storage and distribution, and varietal maintenance and improvement of different groups of important food crops, which can be applied and implemented at the level of small-scale farming. The third part contains practical guidelines about how on researchers and agriculturalists might carry out surveys to investigate local seed systems and their limitations, and how they can involve interested farmers in practical experimentation to improve their crop seed. This book will be of great value and interest to people who work directly with farmers, including extension agents, national and international NGOs, and farmers' cooperative workers.
Promoting seed systems for stress-tolerant varieties at scale: Potential for bundling with insurance-advisory services by Cecchi, Francesco,Aredo, Samson Dejene,Kivuva, Benjamin,Omondi, Simon,Chegeh, Joseph,Tabalia, Amos,Kramer, Berber Pdf
Smallholder farmers may suffer losses from ex-treme weather events, pests and disease. This is expected to worsen in the face of climate change. Natural disasters are a threat to food security not only ex post, by inducing farmers to sell their as-sets, keep children out of school or borrow at high rates; they also threaten livelihoods ex ante, by discouraging farmers from investing in high-return practices and technologies (Elbers et al., 2007). Fortunately, significant progress has been made in the past two decades in developing and releasing seeds with genetic traits that are more tolerant to weather shocks, pests and disease. These im-provements in seed technology are offering prom-ising pathways to improve farmers’ adaptive ca-pacity, increasing investments and thereby agri-cultural productivity (Emerick et al., 2016).
Quality local seeds to farmers: Supporting seed system development in Uganda and Nepal by CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) Pdf
Seed is a critical input for agricultural production. In many developing countries, limited access to and availability of quality seeds affects farmers’ food and nutrition security and impedes efforts to make agrifood systems more productive, inclusive, environmentally sustainable, and nutrition sensitive.
Seed systems and markets: Reflection on policy progress and political economy by Spielman, David J. Pdf
Over the past two decades, seed systems and markets in many sub-Saharan African countries have become a central topic in the public discourse around agricultural development. The issues are complex, and often shaped by the specific nature of the crop itself, the agroecology it is cultivated in, and the channels through which farmers obtain seed. What attracts less attention are the political economy factors that shape seed systems development. Not since an array of scholars working with the Institute of Development Studies published a deep and thoughtful volume on the Politics of Seed in Africa’s Green Revolution has the topic of political economy received such attention.
Performance of direct seed marketing pilot program in Ethiopia: Lessons for scaling-up by Mekonen, Leulsegged Kasa,Minot, Nicholas,Warner, James,Abate, Gashaw T. Pdf
This study evaluates the impact in the main cropping season of 2015 of a new approach to the distribution of improved seed in Ethiopia, known as Direct Seed Marketing (DSM). Under DSM, seed producers are allowed to sell seed directly to farmers, in contrast to the conventional seed marketing (CSM) system in which seed passes from seed producers to regional Bureaus of Agriculture to woreda Agricultural Offices to Development Agents, cooperative unions, and primary cooperatives, who, in turn, sell the seed to farmers. The study is based on a survey of 800 farmers, 118 agricultural extension workers, 75 seed sellers, and 24 seed producers in Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP), and Tigray regions. The performance of the DSM program in 2015 was evaluated on eight criteria: seed availability, sufficiency of supply, timeliness of delivery, seed pricing, quality, ensuring accountability for low-quality seed, ease of purchase, and use of public resources. The results indicate that DSM had heterogeneous effects across the different regions, showing the need to strengthen the sharing of experiences with the program across the regions of Ethiopia to scale up DSM’s benefits. However, when we consider the overall DSM program without regional disaggregation, the DSM and CSM systems do not differ significantly on most of the eight criteria, although DSM required significantly less of the time of the farmer-level agricultural extension agents, the Development Agents. DSM performed as well as CSM across the eight criteria examined, while requiring 39 percent less time for the involvement the Development Agents. Farmers’ subjective views of DSM were quite positive. On most criteria, 50 to 65 percent of farmers said DSM performed “better” or “much better” than CSM. The study also identifies specific areas where the performance of DSM needs to be improved. A review of international experience with seed systems is used to provide some additional recommendations regarding the longer-term development of seed systems in Ethiopia.
Seed system of Pakistan: Policy challenges and prospects by Rana, Abdul Wajid,Gill, Sitara,Akram, Iqra Pdf
The seed industry in Pakistan has undergone significant developments since the 1950s and has transitioned from ‘Green Revolution’ to ‘Gene Revolution’. The 2015 amendment in the Seed Act, 1976, and the enactment of Plant Breeders’ Rights Act and Rules have provided long awaited intellectual property protection for proprietary seed. Notwithstanding this fundamental change, the challenge of effective enforcement of intellectual property rights remains. This paper presents how the seed industry has evolved over the years through evaluating the regulatory and institutional framework along with looking into the major challenges that still plague the seed system of Pakistan. It also explores how the private sector can be incentivized to invest in the seed sector while protecting the farmers’ rights. Findings reveal that there seems to be a lot of scope for strengthening the seed system of Pakistan via encouraging private sector participation mainly through developing proactive markets with strong institutional mechanism along with scientific and time bound regulatory approval framework. An appraisal of the international best practices divulges that technological backstopping, developing public-private partnerships, building institutional capacity for effective enforcement of regulatory regime and availability of information to farmers for selecting quality seed are equally vital for creating a well-functioning seed system in Pakistan
Growing Smartly by Sara Boettiger,Aline O'Connor,Edward Mabaya,Vivienne Anthony,Louise Sperling,Ian Barker,Lloyd Le Page,Stephanie Haile,Katrin Kuhlmann Pdf
Growing Smartly addresses a question the international development community has asked for many years: how do we scale up the adoption of technologies among the poor? The book focuses on agricultural technologies, and seed in particular, discussing the challenges of scaling seed systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
This book argues that the development and diversification of national seed systems requires a thorough re-examination of public regulatory responsibilities. It presents a summary of current experience and a set of practical suggestions about how regulatory reform can contribute to the growth of national seed systems.
