Shadow Economies Around The World

Author : Leandro Medina,Mr.Friedrich Schneider
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 114 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2018-01-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484339176

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Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? by Leandro Medina,Mr.Friedrich Schneider Pdf

We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for 158 countries all over the world are presented over 1991 to 2015. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are assessed and a critical comparison and evaluation of the methods is carried out. The average size of the shadow economy of the 158 countries over 1991 to 2015 is 31.9 percent. The largest ones are Zimbabwe with 60.6 percent, and Bolivia with 62.3 percent of GDP. The lowest ones are Austria with 8.9 percent, and Switzerland with 7.2 percent. The new methods, especially the new macro method, Currency Demand Approach (CDA) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) in a structured hybrid-model based estimation procedure, are promising approaches from an econometric standpoint, alongside some new micro estimates. These estimations come quite close to others used by statistical offices or based on surveys.

Author : Friedrich Schneider,Dominik H. Enste
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2013-02-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781107034846

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The Shadow Economy by Friedrich Schneider,Dominik H. Enste Pdf

This book presents new data to give an overview of shadow economies from OECD countries and propose solutions to prevent illicit work.

Author : Mr.Friedrich Schneider,Dominik Enste
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2000-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1451844379

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Shadow Economies Around the World by Mr.Friedrich Schneider,Dominik Enste Pdf

This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods. We find that the growth of the shadow economy—which is now remarkably large in the 76 countries—is strongly related to increasing burdens of taxation and social security contributions, as well as to the extent of state regulatory activities. Rising corruption also has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy.

Author : LEANDRO; SCHNEIDER MEDINA (FRIEDRIC.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1484339215

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SHADOW ECONOMIES AROUND THE WORLD by LEANDRO; SCHNEIDER MEDINA (FRIEDRIC.) Pdf

Author : Friedrich Schneider
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 57 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1291216760

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Shadow Economies Around the World Size, Causes, and Consequences by Friedrich Schneider Pdf

This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods. We find that the growth of the shadow economy ő which is now remarkably large in the 76 countries ő is strongly related to increasing burdens of taxation and social security contributions, as well as to the extent of state regulatory activities. Rising corruption also has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy.

Author : Friedrich Schneider
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 543 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780857930880

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Handbook on the Shadow Economy by Friedrich Schneider Pdf

This original and insightful handbook presents the latest research on the size and development of the shadow economy (also known as the black or underground economy), an integral component of the most developing and many developed countries' economies.

Author : Mr.Friedrich Schneider,Dominik Enste
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2002-04-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1589060962

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Hiding in the Shadows by Mr.Friedrich Schneider,Dominik Enste Pdf

Examines the role of the shadow, or underground, economy. Looks at ways of measuring it, the relationship between the shadow economy and the main stream economy, why it has been growing in size, and its effects on overall economic growth. How can states limit the size of the shadow economy, and does it matter that it exists?

Author : Gorana Krstić,Friedrich Schneider
Publisher : Springer
Page : 179 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2015-04-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783319134376

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Formalizing the Shadow Economy in Serbia by Gorana Krstić,Friedrich Schneider Pdf

The main objective of this book is to develop a strategy and policy measures to enhance the formalization of the shadow economy in order to improve the competitiveness of the economy and contribute to economic growth; it explores these issues with special reference to Serbia. The size and development of the shadow economy in Serbia and other Central and Eastern European countries are estimated using two different methods (the MIMIC method and household-tax-compliance method). Micro-estimates are based on a special survey of business entities in Serbia, which for the first time allows us to explore the shadow economy from the perspective of enterprises and entrepreneurs. The authors identify the types of shadow economy at work in business entities, the determinants of shadow economy participation, and the impact of competition from the informal sector on businesses. Readers will learn both about the potential fiscal effects of reducing the shadow economy to the levels observed in more developed countries and the effects that formalization of the shadow economy can have on economic growth.

Author : Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 397 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2022-02-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464817540

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The Long Shadow of Informality by Franziska Ohnsorge,Shu Yu Pdf

A large percentage of workers and firms operate in the informal economy, outside the line of sight of governments in emerging market and developing economies. This may hold back the recovery in these economies from the deep recessions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic--unless governments adopt a broad set of policies to address the challenges of widespread informality. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the extent of informality and its implications for a durable economic recovery and for long-term development. It finds that pervasive informality is associated with significantly weaker economic outcomes--including lower government resources to combat recessions, lower per capita incomes, greater poverty, less financial development, and weaker investment and productivity.

Author : Colin C. Williams,Friedrich Schneider
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781784717995

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Measuring the Global Shadow Economy by Colin C. Williams,Friedrich Schneider Pdf

This book brings together two leading researchers in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of the shadow economy from a global perspective. Reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of measuring the informal sector, the authors evaluate its size and key determinants across the world. Williams and Schneider clearly establish the persistence and prevalence of the shadow economy, analysing the narrowness of existing policy approaches and explaining how these fail to address the key factors for its existence and may even exacerbate the problem. Proposing an alternative way forward, the authors argue that little headway will ever be made in reducing the shadow economy until there are changes not only to the character of formal institutions but also informal institutions (the values, beliefs and norms of citizens) through the introduction of macro-level structural changes. This timely, cutting-edge review of the global shadow economy and how it can be measured and tackled is an invaluable resource for postgraduate students, researchers and policy-makers, particularly those with a interest in tax evasion and informal labour.

Author : Mr.Ben Kelmanson,Koralai Kirabaeva,Leandro Medina,MissBorislava Mircheva,Jason Weiss
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2019-12-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513520698

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Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options by Mr.Ben Kelmanson,Koralai Kirabaeva,Leandro Medina,MissBorislava Mircheva,Jason Weiss Pdf

This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe. In the emerging European economies, the key determinants of shadow economy size are regulatory quality, government effectiveness, and human capital. The paper argues that a comprehensive package of reforms, focused on country-specific drivers, is needed to successfully combat the shadow economy. The menu of policies most relevant for Europe’s emerging economies include: reducing regulatory and administrative burdens, promoting transparency and improving government effectiveness, as well as improving tax compliance, automating procedures, and promoting electronic payments.

Author : Mr.Ben Kelmanson,Koralai Kirabaeva,Leandro Medina,MissBorislava Mircheva,Jason Weiss
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 29 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2019-12-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513523293

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Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options by Mr.Ben Kelmanson,Koralai Kirabaeva,Leandro Medina,MissBorislava Mircheva,Jason Weiss Pdf

This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern Europe. In the emerging European economies, the key determinants of shadow economy size are regulatory quality, government effectiveness, and human capital. The paper argues that a comprehensive package of reforms, focused on country-specific drivers, is needed to successfully combat the shadow economy. The menu of policies most relevant for Europe’s emerging economies include: reducing regulatory and administrative burdens, promoting transparency and improving government effectiveness, as well as improving tax compliance, automating procedures, and promoting electronic payments.

Author : James A. Nyman,Kevin R. Fogle,Mary C. Beaudry
Publisher : University Press of Florida
Page : 315 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2019-06-03
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780813057101

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The Historical Archaeology of Shadow and Intimate Economies by James A. Nyman,Kevin R. Fogle,Mary C. Beaudry Pdf

Emphasizing the important social relationships that form among people who participate in small-scale economic transactions, contributors to this volume explore often-overlooked networks of intimate and shadow economies—terms used to describe trade that takes place outside formal market systems. Case studies from a variety of historical contexts around the world reveal the ways such transactions created community and identity, subverted class and power relations, and helped people adapt to new social realities. In Maine, woven baskets sold by Native American artisans to Euroamerican consumers supported Native strategies for cultural survival and agency. Alcohol exchanged by Scandinavian merchants for furs and skins enabled their indigenous trading partners to expand social webs that contested colonialism. Moonshine production in Appalachia was an integral part of economic exchanges in isolated mountain communities. Caribbean and American plantations contain evidence of interactions, exchanges, and attachments between enslaved communities and poor whites that defied established racial boundaries. From brothel workers in Boston to seal hunters in Antarctica, the examples in this volume show how historical archaeologists can use the concept of intimate economies to uncover deeply meaningful connections that exist beyond the traditional framework of global capitalism.

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 414 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2021-07-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513575919

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The Global Informal Workforce by International Monetary Fund Pdf

The Global Informal Workforce is a fresh look at the informal economy around the world and its impact on the macroeconomy. The book covers interactions between the informal economy, labor and product markets, gender equality, fiscal institutions and outcomes, social protection, and financial inclusion. Informality is a widespread and persistent phenomenon that affects how fast economies can grow, develop, and provide decent economic opportunities for their populations. The COVID-19 pandemic has helped to uncover the vulnerabilities of the informal workforce.

Author : Friedrich Schneider,Dominik H. Enste
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2013-02-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781107311442

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The Shadow Economy by Friedrich Schneider,Dominik H. Enste Pdf

Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. This second edition uses new data to reassess currency demand and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 151 developing, transition, and OECD countries. This updated edition argues that during the 2000s the average size of the shadow economy varied from 19 per cent of GDP for OECD countries, to 30 per cent for transition countries, to 45 per cent for developing countries. It examines the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach to explain deviant behaviour that combines findings from economic, sociological, and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation and social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities, and the decline of the tax morale are all driving forces behind this growth, and they propose a reform of state public institutions in order to improve the dynamics of the official economy.