Sol Gel Preparation And Characterization Of Metal Silica And Metal Oxide Silica Nanocomposites

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Sol-Gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal-Silica and Metal Oxide-Silica Nanocomposites

G. Piccaluga,A. Corrias,G. Ennas,A. Musinu
Sol Gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal Silica and Metal Oxide Silica Nanocomposites Book PDF

Author : G. Piccaluga,A. Corrias,G. Ennas,A. Musinu
Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2000-02-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783035705942

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Sol-Gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal-Silica and Metal Oxide-Silica Nanocomposites by G. Piccaluga,A. Corrias,G. Ennas,A. Musinu Pdf

Materials with nanometer size particles exhibit unique chemical and physical properties. In particular, nanocomposite materials, composed of nanometric metal and metal oxide particles embedded in vitreous matrices, present a variety of interesting magnetic, electric and catalytic properties, that are strongly size-dependent. Among the different preparation methods which can be used to obtain this kind of materials, the sol-gel process is particularly interesting because it is affected by several parameters which allow a versatile control of the structural, textural and chemical properties of the final products. The present volume focusses on the preparation of metal-silica and metal oxide-silica (Me=Ni, Fe, Zn) nanocomposites by the sol-gel method and the characterization of their structural and magnetic properties.

Sol-Gel Nanocomposites

Massimo Guglielmi,Guido Kickelbick,Alessandro Martucci
Sol Gel Nanocomposites Book PDF

Author : Massimo Guglielmi,Guido Kickelbick,Alessandro Martucci
Publisher : Springer
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2014-07-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781493912094

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Sol-Gel Nanocomposites by Massimo Guglielmi,Guido Kickelbick,Alessandro Martucci Pdf

This book provides comprehensive coverage of nanocomposite materials obtained by the sol-gel method, from synthesis to applications and including design tools for combining different properties. Sol-gel nanocomposites are of great interest in meeting processing and application requirements for the development of multifunctional materials. These materials are already commercialized for a number of applications from scratch-resistant and anti-adhesive coatings to optical materials with active and passive properties. Biomedical applications, holographic recordings, fuel cells and hydrogen storage, resists and catalysts are among the potential uses. The novel mechanical, optical and electronic properties of nanocomposite materials depend not only on the individual component materials, but also on their morphology and nanoscale interfacial characteristics. Sol-gel is a highly versatile method for obtaining both the matrix and the filler of the nanocomposite and for chemically adjusting the interface to optimize structure and properties. Although nanocomposites are widely discussed in the literature, the focus has been mainly on polymer nanocomposites. This book addresses nanocomposites based on inorganic or hybrid organic-inorganic matrices, with an emphasis on the scientific principles which are the basis for nanocomposite sol-gel synthesis and applications. A didactic approach is followed, with different topics developed from a fundamental point of view together with key examples and case studies. First comprehensive treatment of nanocomposites obtained by sol-gel methods Focuses on nanocomposites with inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic matrices Describes design tools to optimize structure and properties for various applications Covers synthesis, processing, characterization, and modeling Uses first principles to describe the influence of interfacial characteristics on materials properties Presents case studies for both films and bulk applications Provides examples of products on the market, with descriptions of the scientific principles at the base of their success Includes contributions from recognized leaders in this multidisciplinary area.

Aerogels Handbook

Michel Andre Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias M. Koebel
Aerogels Handbook Book PDF

Author : Michel Andre Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias M. Koebel
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 929 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2011-06-10
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781441975898

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Aerogels Handbook by Michel Andre Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias M. Koebel Pdf

Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today. Key Features: •Edited and written by recognized worldwide leaders in the field •Appeals to a broad audience of materials scientists, chemists, and engineers in academic research and industrial R&D •Covers inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels •Describes military, aerospace, building industry, household, environmental, energy, and biomedical applications among others

Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources

Jürgen Garche,Chris K. Dyer,Patrick T. Moseley,Zempachi Ogumi,David A. J. Rand,Bruno Scrosati
Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources Book PDF

Author : Jürgen Garche,Chris K. Dyer,Patrick T. Moseley,Zempachi Ogumi,David A. J. Rand,Bruno Scrosati
Publisher : Newnes
Page : 4532 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2013-05-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780444527455

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Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources by Jürgen Garche,Chris K. Dyer,Patrick T. Moseley,Zempachi Ogumi,David A. J. Rand,Bruno Scrosati Pdf

The Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources is a truly interdisciplinary reference for those working with batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers, supercapacitors, and photo-electrochemical cells. With a focus on the environmental and economic impact of electrochemical power sources, this five-volume work consolidates coverage of the field and serves as an entry point to the literature for professionals and students alike. Covers the main types of power sources, including their operating principles, systems, materials, and applications Serves as a primary source of information for electrochemists, materials scientists, energy technologists, and engineers Incorporates nearly 350 articles, with timely coverage of such topics as environmental and sustainability considerations

Sol-gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal-silica and Metal Oxide-silica Nanocomposites

Anonim
Sol gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal silica and Metal Oxide silica Nanocomposites Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 70 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Nature
ISBN : UOM:39015049639837

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Sol-gel Preparation and Characterization of Metal-silica and Metal Oxide-silica Nanocomposites by Anonim Pdf

Materials with nanometer size particles exhibit unique and physical properties. In particular, nanocomposite materials, composed of nanometric metal and metal oxide particles embedded in vitreous matrices, present a variety of interesting magnetic, electric and catalytic properties, that are strongly size-dependent. Among the different preparation methods which can be used to obtain this kind of materials, the sol-gel process is particularly interesting because it is affected by several parameters which allow a versatile control of the structural, textural and chemical properties of the final products.

Smart Ceramics

Ajay Kumar Mishra
Smart Ceramics Book PDF

Author : Ajay Kumar Mishra
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2018-03-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781351671637

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Smart Ceramics by Ajay Kumar Mishra Pdf

Recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the development of new smart materials. The term "smart ceramics" refers to ceramic materials fabricated from ultrafine particles. They have attracted the attention of researchers and scientists thanks to their potential to manipulate the length scale in the nanorange, leading to better and some unusual material properties. Smart ceramics ensure control of particle size, surface contamination, and degree of agglomeration. They play a crucial role in challenging applications such as bone surgery (e.g., the development of substitutes for load-bearing bone parts) and in biomedical science, especially in tissue engineering, dental applications, and drug and antigen delivery using modified ceramics. Porous nanostructured ceramics have potential use in both simple and complex applications, such as bioimaging, sensors, paints and pigments, optics, and electronics, because of their surface- and size-dependent properties. For the synthesis of smart ceramics, the sol-gel route has been mainly utilized because of its ability to produce a large variety of compositions and to ensure homogeneous mixing of the constituent particles at low temperature. This book describes the innovations in technologies through the development of functionalized ceramic materials for various applications. It also describes recent and expected challenges, along with their potential solutions, in advanced techniques for the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceramics and their composites: bioceramics, bioactive ceramics, multifunctional nanoceramics, transparent ceramics, nanocore shells, nanowires, thin films, nanotubes, and nanorods. The applications include the environment, health care, electrochemical sensors, high-temperature superconductors, nuclear reactor fuels, electrical insulators, refractory materials, electrical transformers, and magnetic core memory. The book will benefit researchers, scientists, engineers, and technologists working in the industry and in national and international research laboratories; academics who are interested in traditional and advanced smart ceramic composites; and students pursuing their postgraduate, graduate, and undergraduate degrees in smart ceramics, nanomaterials, nanoscience, and engineering.

Nanoparticle-Reinforced Polymers

Ana María Díez-Pascual
Nanoparticle Reinforced Polymers Book PDF

Author : Ana María Díez-Pascual
Publisher : MDPI
Page : 334 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2019-07-23
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783039212835

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Nanoparticle-Reinforced Polymers by Ana María Díez-Pascual Pdf

This book, a collection of 12 original contributions and 4 reviews, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and applications of polymeric nanocomposites comprising nanoparticles. The concept of nanoparticle-reinforced polymers came about three decades ago, following the outstanding discovery of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. One of the main ideas behind this approach is to improve the matrix mechanical performance. The nanoparticles exhibit higher specific surface area, surface energy, and density compared to microparticles and, hence, lower nanofiller concentrations are needed to attain properties comparable to, or even better than, those obtained by conventional microfiller loadings, which facilitates processing and minimizes the increase in composite weight. The addition of nanoparticles into different polymer matrices opens up an important research area in the field of composite materials. Moreover, many different types of inorganic nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, metal oxides, and ceramic and metallic nanoparticles, have been incorporated into polymers for their application in a wide range of fields, ranging from medicine to photovoltaics, packaging, and structural applications.

The Sol-Gel Handbook

David Levy,Marcos Zayat
The Sol Gel Handbook Book PDF

Author : David Levy,Marcos Zayat
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1616 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2015-08-28
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527670840

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The Sol-Gel Handbook by David Levy,Marcos Zayat Pdf

This comprehensive three-volume handbook brings together a review of the current state together with the latest developments in sol-gel technology to put forward new ideas. The first volume, dedicated to synthesis and shaping, gives an in-depth overview of the wet-chemical processes that constitute the core of the sol-gel method and presents the various pathways for the successful synthesis of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials, bio- and bio-inspired materials, powders, particles and fibers as well as sol-gel derived thin films, coatings and surfaces. The second volume deals with the mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived materials and the methods for their characterization such as diffraction methods and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The third volume concentrates on the various applications in the fields of membrane science, catalysis, energy research, biomaterials science, biomedicine, photonics and electronics.

Nanocomposite Science and Technology

Pulickel M. Ajayan,Linda S. Schadler,Paul V. Braun
Nanocomposite Science and Technology Book PDF

Author : Pulickel M. Ajayan,Linda S. Schadler,Paul V. Braun
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2006-03-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527605170

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Nanocomposite Science and Technology by Pulickel M. Ajayan,Linda S. Schadler,Paul V. Braun Pdf

In recent years, nanocomposites have captured and held the attention and imagination of scientists and engineers alike. Based on the simple premise that by using a wide range of building blocks with dimensions in the nanosize region, it is possible to design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvements in their physical properties. This book contains the essence of this emerging technology, the underlying science and motivation behind the design of these structures and the future, particularly from the perspective of applications. It is intended to be a reference handbook for future scientists and hence carries the basic science and the fundamental engineering principles that lead to the fabrication and property evaluation of nanocomposite materials in different areas of materials science and technology.

Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing

Sumio Sakka
Handbook of sol gel science and technology 1 Sol gel processing Book PDF

Author : Sumio Sakka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 716 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Science
ISBN : 1402079664

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Handbook of sol-gel science and technology. 1. Sol-gel processing by Sumio Sakka Pdf

Since Dr. Disiich of Germany prepared a glass lens by the sol-gel method around 1970, sol-gel science and technology has continued to develop. Since then this field has seen remarkable technical developments as well as a broadening of the applications of sol-gel science and technology. There is a growing need for a comprehensive reference that treats both the fundamentals and the applications, and this is the aim of "Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology."The primary purpose of sol-gel science and technology is to produce materials, active and non-active including optical, electronic, chemical, sensor, bio- and structural materials. This means that sol-gel science and technology is related to all kinds of manufacturing industries. Thus Volume 1, "Sol-Gel Processing," is devoted to general aspects of processing. Newly developed materials such as organic-inorganic hybrids, photonic crystals, ferroelectric coatings, photocatalysts will be covered. Topics in this volume include: Volume 2, "Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials and Products, "highlights the important fact that useful materials are only produced when characterization is tied to processing. Furthermore, characterization is essential to the understanding of nanostructured materials, and sol-gel technology is a most important technology in this new field. Since nanomaterials display their functional property based on their nano- and micro-structure, "characterization" is very important. Topics found in Volume 2 include: Sol-gel technology is a versatile technology, making it possible to produce a wide variety of materials and to provide existing substances with novel properties. This technology was applied to producingnovel materials, for example organic-inorganic hybrids, which are quite difficult to make by other fabricating techniques, and it was also applied to producing materials based on high temperature superconducting oxides. "Applications of Sol-Gel Technology," (Volume 3), will cover applications such as:

Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

Shirish H. Sonawane,Y. Pydi Setty,T. Bala Narsaiah,S. Srinu Naik
Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Book PDF

Author : Shirish H. Sonawane,Y. Pydi Setty,T. Bala Narsaiah,S. Srinu Naik
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2017-12-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781315341514

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Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by Shirish H. Sonawane,Y. Pydi Setty,T. Bala Narsaiah,S. Srinu Naik Pdf

This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advance oxidation processes, and adsorption. The book focuses on a variety of advanced treatment techniques that are useful for the degradation of organic components, dyes, heavy metals effluent, etc. in wastewater. Industrial wastewater consists of variety of discharges based on the type of industry, such as the dairy/food industries, which generate more fats and high BOD value with variation in the pH value, while the electroplating industry may expel more inorganic matter and dissolved solids. The oil extraction industries will have more solvents contained in the effluent, and dyes and textiles industry create a higher organic load with high TDS. Hence, every type of manufacturing industry needs a different method for the treatment of its effluents. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make cleaner environment, Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater explores the new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. Conventional wastewater treatment processes require a significant amount of energy and involve expensive equipment and maintenance. Sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, however, involve less generation of energy and employ more economically feasible treatment methods, requiring less equipment and fewer maintenance costs. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make a cleaner environment, this volume explores new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes, and adsorption.

Silica and Clay Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposites

Md Rezaur Rahman
Silica and Clay Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposites Book PDF

Author : Md Rezaur Rahman
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2018-06-13
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780081021309

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Silica and Clay Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposites by Md Rezaur Rahman Pdf

The production of ‘polymer nanocomposites’ has recently gained considerable attention from both the academic and industrial community, especially in the area of nanoscience. This is mainly due to their enhanced improvements in physico-mechanical, thermal and barrier properties compared to micro and more conventional composites. Their nanoscale dimensions, biodegradable character, cost-effectiveness and sustainability have constituted a stimulus for this increasing interest. Currently there is no limit to the possibility of applications. However, despite all this progress, it is still difficult to achieve uniform dispersion between the filler and the matrix, as agglomerations form far too easily and the production of polymer nanocomposites with high mechanical and thermal properties is still limited. The authors of this proposed book, are of the opinion, that with the increase in scientific publications and the rapid progress in processing possibilities to produce nanocomposites based on various nanoscale fillers (silica/clay), a book that collects all of these scientific findings in one place would be timely and of great interest to both students and scientific researchers, who are concerned with the production, and application of nanocomposites as new innovative materials. The authors aim is to present the latest research findings on the fabrication, properties and applications of nanofillers as reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites. Particular emphasis will be placed on the introduction of various nanofillers (silica/clay) into different elastomeric polymer matrices that will enhance the properties of these materials and their applications. The book will provide an up-to-date review of major innovations in the field and act as a reference for future research in materials science and engineering, which is highly topical due to the demand to produce more sustainable and eco-friendly innovative advanced materials from elastomeric polymers. Emphasis on silica/clay as outstanding reinforcing potential in elastomeric polymer matrices Up-to-date on the most relevant innovations in the field of silica/clay nanocomposites and their extensive applications in advanced material science Establishes the most suitable fabrication methods, properties and applications as a solid foundation in materials science and engineering disciplines Includes the incorporation of dual nanofillers that significantly improve the properties of nanocomposites

Springer Handbook of Aerogels

Michel A. Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias Koebel,Stephen A. Steiner III
Springer Handbook of Aerogels Book PDF

Author : Michel A. Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias Koebel,Stephen A. Steiner III
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 1778 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783030273224

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Springer Handbook of Aerogels by Michel A. Aegerter,Nicholas Leventis,Matthias Koebel,Stephen A. Steiner III Pdf

This indispensable handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the current state-of-the-art in inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels – from synthesis and characterization to cutting-edge applications and their potential market impact. Built upon Springer’s successful Aerogels Handbook published in 2011, this handbook features extensive revisions and timely updates, reflecting the changes in this fast-growing field. Aerogels are the lightest solids known to man. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density only four times that of air, they possess extraordinarily high thermal, electrical, and acoustic insulation properties, and boast numerous entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to incorporate non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal, and ceramic materials. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation, and household uses are being developed. Readers of this fully updated and expanded edition will find an exhaustive source for all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and the most recent advances towards applications and commercial use. This key reference is essential reading for a combined audience of graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals.

Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

Lisa Klein,Mario Aparicio,Andrei Jitianu
Handbook of Sol Gel Science and Technology Book PDF

Author : Lisa Klein,Mario Aparicio,Andrei Jitianu
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 3755 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2018-05-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319321011

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Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology by Lisa Klein,Mario Aparicio,Andrei Jitianu Pdf

This completely updated and expanded second edition stands as a comprehensive knowledgebase on both the fundamentals and applications of this important materials processing method. The diverse, international team of contributing authors of this reference clarify in extensive detail properties and applications of sol-gel science and technology as it pertains to the production of substances, active and non-active, including optical, electronic, chemical, sensor, bio- and structural materials. Essential to a wide range of manufacturing industries, the compilation divides into the three complementary sections: Sol-Gel Processing, devoted to general aspects of processing and recently developed materials such as organic-inorganic hybrids, photonic crystals, ferroelectric coatings, and photocatalysts; Characterization of Sol-Gel Materials and Products, presenting contributions that highlight the notion that useful materials are only produced when characterization is tied to processing, such as determination of structure by NMR, in-situ characterization of the sol-gel reaction process, determination of microstructure of oxide gels, characterization of porous structure of gels by the surface measurements, and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid; and Applications of Sol-Gel Technology, covering applications such as the sol-gel method used in processing of bulk silica glasses, bulk porous gels prepared by sol-gel method, application of sol-gel method to fabrication of glass and ceramic fibers, reflective and antireflective coating films, application of sol-gel method to formation of photocatalytic coating films, and application of sol-gel method to bioactive coating films. The comprehensive scope and integrated treatment of topics make this reference volume ideal for R&D scientists and engineers across a wide range of disciplines and professional interests.

The Sol-Gel Handbook, 3 Volume Set

David Levy,Marcos Zayat
The Sol Gel Handbook 3 Volume Set Book PDF

Author : David Levy,Marcos Zayat
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 1604 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2015-11-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783527334865

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The Sol-Gel Handbook, 3 Volume Set by David Levy,Marcos Zayat Pdf

This comprehensive three-volume handbook brings together a review of the current state together with the latest developments in sol-gel technology to put forward new ideas. The first volume, dedicated to synthesis and shaping, gives an in-depth overview of the wet-chemical processes that constitute the core of the sol-gel method and presents the various pathways for the successful synthesis of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials, bio- and bio-inspired materials, powders, particles and fibers as well as sol-gel derived thin films, coatings and surfaces. The second volume deals with the mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived materials and the methods for their characterization such as diffraction methods and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The third volume concentrates on the various applications in the fields of membrane science, catalysis, energy research, biomaterials science, biomedicine, photonics and electronics.