Structural Concrete Textbook Volume 4

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2010-06-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883940949

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Structural Concrete Textbook, Volume 4 by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

The second edition of the Structural Concrete Textbook is an extensive revision that reflects advances in knowledge and technology over the past decade. It was prepared in the intermediate period from the CEP-FIP Model Code 1990 (MC90) to fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (MC2010), and as such incorporates a significant amount of information that has been already finalized for MC2010, while keeping some material from MC90 that was not yet modified considerably. The objective of the textbook is to give detailed information on a wide range of concrete engineering from selection of appropriate structural system and also materials, through design and execution and finally behaviour in use. The revised fib Structural Concrete Textbook covers the following main topics: phases of design process, conceptual design, short and long term properties of conventional concrete (including creep, shrinkage, fatigue and temperature influences), special types of concretes (such as self compacting concrete, architectural concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, high and ultra high performance concrete), properties of reinforcing and prestressing materials, bond, tension stiffening, moment-curvature, confining effect, dowel action, aggregate interlock; structural analysis (with or without time dependent effects), definition of limit states, control of cracking and deformations, design for moment, shear or torsion, buckling, fatigue, anchorages, splices, detailing; design for durability (including service life design aspects, deterioration mechanisms, modelling of deterioration mechanisms, environmental influences, influences of design and execution on durability); fire design (including changes in material and structural properties, spalling, degree of deterioration), member design (linear members and slabs with reinforcement layout, deep beams); management, assessment, maintenance, repair (including, conservation strategies, risk management, types of interventions) as well as aspects of execution (quality assurance), formwork and curing. The updated textbook provides the basics of material and structural behaviour and the fundamental knowledge needed for the design, assessment or retrofitting of concrete structures. It will be essential reading material for graduate students in the field of structural concrete, and also assist designers and consultants in understanding the background to the rules they apply in their practice. Furthermore, it should prove particularly valuable to users of the new editions of Eurocode 2 for concrete buildings, bridges and container structures, which are based only partly on MC90 and partly on more recent knowledge which was not included in the 1999 edition of the textbook.

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2009-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883940918

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Structural Concrete, Volume 1 by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2012-06-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941021

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Structural Concrete Textbook, Volume 5 by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

The third edition of the Structural Concrete Textbook is an extensive revision that reflects advances in knowledge and technology over the past decade. It was prepared in the intermediate period from the CEP-FIP Model Code 1990 (MC90) tofib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (MC2010), and as such incorporates a significant amount of information that has been already finalized for MC2010, while keeping some material from MC90 that was not yet modified considerably. The objective of the textbook is to give detailed information on a wide range of concrete engineering from selection of appropriate structural system and also materials, through design and execution and finally behaviour in use. The revised fib Structural Concrete Textbook covers the following main topics: phases of design process, conceptual design, short and long term properties of conventional concrete (including creep, shrinkage, fatigue and temperature influences), special types of concretes (such as self compacting concrete, architectural concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, high and ultra high performance concrete), properties of reinforcing and prestressing materials, bond, tension stiffening, moment-curvature, confining effect, dowel action, aggregate interlock; structural analysis (with or without time dependent effects), definition of limit states, control of cracking and deformations, design for moment, shear or torsion, buckling, fatigue, anchorages, splices, detailing; design for durability (including service life design aspects, deterioration mechanisms, modelling of deterioration mechanisms, environmental influences, influences of design and execution on durability); fire design (including changes in material and structural properties, spalling, degree of deterioration), member design (linear members and slabs with reinforcement layout, deep beams); management, assessment, maintenance, repair (including, conservation strategies, risk management, types of interventions) as well as aspects of execution (quality assurance), formwork and curing. The updated textbook provides the basics of material and structural behaviour and the fundamental knowledge needed for the design, assessment or retrofitting of concrete structures. It will be essential reading material for graduate students in the field of structural concrete, and also assist designers and consultants in understanding the background to the rules they apply in their practice. Furthermore, it should prove particularly valuable to users of the new editions of Eurocode 2 for concrete buildings, bridges and container structures, which are based only partly on MC90 and partly on more recent knowledge which was not included in the 1999 edition of the textbook.

Author : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Publisher : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Page : 497 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941199

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Fibre-reinforced concrete:From design to structural applications by FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton Pdf

The FRC-2014 Workshop Fibre Reinforced Concrete: from Design to Structural Applications was the first ACI-fib joint technical event. The Workshop, held at Polytechnique Montreal (Canada) on July 24th and 25th 2014, was attended by 116 participants from 25 countries and 4 continents. The first international FRC workshop was held in Bergamo (Italy) in 2004. At that time, the lack of specific building codes and standards was identified as the main inhibitor to the application of this technology in engineering practice. Ten years after Bergamo, many of the objectives identified at that time have been achieved. The use of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) for designing structural members in bending and shear has recently been addressed in the fib Model Code 2010. Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has also been used structurally in several building and bridge projects in Europe and North-America. SFRC has been widely used in segmental tunnel linings all over the world. Members of ACI544 and fib TG-4.1 have been involved in writing code based specifications for the design of FRC structural members. More than fifty papers were presented at the Workshop from which forty-four were selected for this joint ACI/fib publication. The papers are organised in the document under six themes: Design guidelines and specifications, Material properties for design, Behaviour and design of beams and columns, Behaviour and design of slabs and other structures, Behaviour and design of foundations and underground components, and finally, Applications in structure and underground construction projects.

Author : fib - federation internationale du beton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 434 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2013-12-04
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783433030615

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fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 by fib - federation internationale du beton Pdf

The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) is a pre-normative organization. 'Pre-normative' implies pioneering work in codification. This work has now been realized with the fib Model Code 2010. The objectives of the fib Model Code 2010 are to serve as a basis for future codes for concrete structures, and present new developments with regard to concrete structures, structural materials and new ideas in order to achieve optimum behaviour. The fib Model Code 2010 is now the most comprehensive code on concrete structures, including their complete life cycle: conceptual design, dimensioning, construction, conservation and dismantlement. It is expected to become an important document for both national and international code committees, practitioners and researchers. The fib Model Code 2010 was produced during the last ten years through an exceptional effort by Joost Walraven (Convener; Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Agnieszka Bigaj-van Vliet (Technical Secretary; TNO Built Environment and Geosciences, The Netherlands) as well as experts out of 44 countries from five continents.

Author : fib Fédération Internationale du Béton
Publisher : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Page : 178 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2017-08-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941236

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Precast tunnel segments in fibre-reinforced concrete by fib Fédération Internationale du Béton Pdf

With the publication of this bulletin, fib Commission 1 is initiating a new series of documents related to the use of structural concrete in underground construction, where structural concrete plays a major and increasingly important role. The usage of underground space is more than ever a key issue of urban planning and fib decided to start addressing the issues related to the design and construction of concrete structures in this particular environment. In this context one the most significant applications of structural concrete is tunnel lining, for which the properties of reinforced concrete are particularly well suited through compressive strength, water tightness, ductility, and durability. Reinforced concrete tunnels linings have mostly been traditionally cast in situ, but the development of Tunnel Boring Machines has lead to the invention of precast concrete segmental lining technology, which is nowadays one of the most promising applications of Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC). Thanks to the courage and dedication of innovative designers and contractors, a number of large tunnels have already been built around the World with FRC precast linings, and this report presents the experience acquired with these projects, and also provides guidance about the way to apply 2010 fib Model Code recommendations on FRC to these structures. The main drivers of this evolution from RC to FRC are a better ductility, more durability, and easier fabrication and construction process. As Commission 1 chair, I am very grateful to Alberto Meda and to all members of this task group for opening the way to this new field of underground structures within our commission, and to have efficiently produced a document that will be useful to our members and to the construction community around the World.

Author : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Publisher : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Page : 145 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941205

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Partial factor methods for existing concrete structures by FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton Pdf

For a large part of the existing buildings and infrastructure the design life has been reached or will be reached in the near future. These structures might need to be reassessed in order to investigate whether the safety requirements are met. Current practice on the assessment of existing concrete structures however needs a thorough evaluation from a risk and reliability point of view, as they are mostly verified using simplified procedures based on the partial factor method commonly applied in design of new structures. Such assessments are often conservative and may lead to expensive upgrades. Although the last decades reliability-based assessment of existing concrete structures has gained wide attention in the research field, a consistent reliability-based assessment framework and a practically applicable codified approach which is compatible with the Eurocodes and accessible for common structural engineering problems in everyday practice is currently missing. Such an approach however allows for a more uniform, more objective and probably more widely applied assessment approach for existing concrete structures. Hence, in this bulletin two different partial factor formats are elaborated, i.e. the Design Value Method (DVM) and the Adjusted Partial Factor Method (APFM), enabling the incorporation of specific reliability related aspects for existing structures. The DVM proposes a fundamental basis for evaluating partial factors whereas the APFM provides adjustment factors to be applied on the partial factors for new structures in EN 1990. In this bulletin both methods are elaborated and evaluated and a basis is provided for decision making regarding the target safety level of existing structures.

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883940437

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Structural Concrete Textbook - Vol 3, first edition by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

The development of reinforced and prestressed concrete during the last 50 years was highly promoted by the ”Comité Euro-international du Béton (CEB)“ and the ”Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte (FIP)“. In 1998 these two associations merged, forming the ”Fédération Internationale du Béton (fib)“. The results of CEB and FIP had been distributed in different ways, such as 'CEB Bulletins d'Information', FIP–Reports, FIP–Notes and CEB–News. These Bulletins or reports comprised various kinds of information, such as State-of-the-Art-Reports, Research Reports, Application Manuals, Guides to Good Practice and the CEB/FIP Model Codes 1978 and 1990. These Model Codes provided design principles and application rules to the structural engineering profession and have been predominantly used for code drafting by many national and international standardizing bodies. The Textbook on Structural Concrete is now intended to provide background information and justification especially for the CEB/FIP Model Code 90 and in some fields of recently extended knowledge. It is addressed to advanced students: this means that basic information on structural analysis and behaviour of structural concrete is a required prerequisite. Practising structural engineers may utilize it for gaining background information on the CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (and national or regional codes as for ex. EUROCODE 2, based on MC 90). The Textbook is also conceived to assist teachers at technical universities or engineering schools to achieve better understanding of the recent theories on structural concrete. Having these targets in mind the General Assembly of CEB decided already in 1995 to set-up a Special Activity Group ”Dissemination of Knowledge“ to realise that work. The authors invited to draft the different chapters had been mostly involved already in drafting the Model Code 90. In this way consistent information could be provided, both for the code and the textbook. Each chapter has been thoroughly discussed and commented within the Special Activity Group 2. This textbook was first presented to fib members during the Technical Activity Workshop in October 1999 in Prague, held in connection with the first fib symposium. The authors are looking forward to receiving comments from various corners.

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1999-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 288394041X

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Structural Concrete Textbook Vol. 1, first edition by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

The development of reinforced and prestressed concrete during the last 50 years was highly promoted by the ”Comité Euro-international du Béton (CEB)“ and the ”Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte (FIP)“. In 1998 these two associations merged, forming the ”Fédération Internationale du Béton (fib)“. The results of CEB and FIP had been distributed in different ways, such as 'CEB Bulletins d'Information', FIP–Reports, FIP–Notes and CEB–News. These Bulletins or reports comprised various kinds of information, such as State-of-the-Art-Reports, Research Reports, Application Manuals, Guides to Good Practice and the CEB/FIP Model Codes 1978 and 1990. These Model Codes provided design principles and application rules to the structural engineering profession and have been predominantly used for code drafting by many national and international standardizing bodies. The Textbook on Structural Concrete is now intended to provide background information and justification especially for the CEB/FIP Model Code 90 and in some fields of recently extended knowledge. It is addressed to advanced students: this means that basic information on structural analysis and behaviour of structural concrete is a required prerequisite. Practising structural engineers may utilize it for gaining background information on the CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (and national or regional codes as for ex. EUROCODE 2, based on MC 90). The Textbook is also conceived to assist teachers at technical universities or engineering schools to achieve better understanding of the recent theories on structural concrete. Having these targets in mind the General Assembly of CEB decided already in 1995 to set-up a Special Activity Group ”Dissemination of Knowledge“ to realise that work. The authors invited to draft the different chapters had been mostly involved already in drafting the Model Code 90. In this way consistent information could be provided, both for the code and the textbook. Each chapter has been thoroughly discussed and commented within the Special Activity Group 2. This textbook was first presented to fib members during the Technical Activity Workshop in October 1999 in Prague, held in connection with the first fib symposium. The authors are looking forward to receiving comments from various corners.

Author : FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher : FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2018-10-08
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941274

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2018 fib Awards for Outstanding Concrete Structures by FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete Pdf

The fib Awards for Outstanding Concrete Structures are attributed every four years at the fib Congress, with the goal of enhancing the international recognition of concrete structures that demonstrate the versatility of concrete as a structural medium. The award consists of a bronze plaque to be displayed on the structure, and certificates presented to the main parties responsible for the work. Applications are invited by the fib secretariat via the National Member Groups. Information on the competition is also made available on the fib’s website, and in the newsletter fib-news published in Structural Concrete. The submitted structures must have been completed during the four years prior to the year of the Congress at which the awards are attributed. The jury may accept an older structure, completed one or two years before, provided that it was not already submitted for the previous award attribution (Mumbai, 2014). The submitted structures must also have the support of an fib Head of Delegation or National Member Group Secretary in order to confirm the authenticity of the indicated authors. Entries consist of the completed entry form, three to five representative photos of the whole structure and/or any important details or plans, and short summary texts explaining: - the history of the project; - description of the structure; - particularities of its realisation (difficulties encountered, special solutions found, etc.). A jury designated by the Presidium selects the winners. The awards are attributed in two categories, Civil Engineering Structures (including bridges) and Buildings. Two or three ‘Winners’ and two to four ‘Special Mention’ recipients are selected in each category, depending on the number of entries received. The jury takes into account criteria such as: - design aspects, including aesthetics and design detailing; - construction practice and quality of work; - environmental aspects of the design and its construction; - durability and sustainability aspects; - significance of the contribution made by the entry to the development and improvement of concrete construction. The decisions of the jury are definitive and cannot be challenged. They are unveiled at a special ceremony during the fib Congress in Melbourne.

Author : FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher : FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-15
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941595

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2022 fib Awards for Outstanding Concrete Structures by FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete Pdf

The fib has two major missions now. One is to work toward the publication of the Model Code 2020, and the other is to respond to the global movement toward carbon neutrality. While the former is steadily progressing toward completion, the latter will require significant efforts for generations to come. As we all know, cement, the primary material for concrete, is a sector that accounts for 8.5% of the world’s CO2 emissions. And the structural concrete that fib handles consume 60% of that. In other words, we need to know the reality that our structural concrete is emitting 5% of the world’s CO2. From now on, fib members, suppliers, designers, builders, owner’s engineers, and academic researchers will be asked how to solve this difficult problem. In general, most of the CO2 emissions in the life cycle of structural concrete come from the production stage of materials and the use stage after construction, i.e. A1 to A3 and B1 to B5 processes as defined in EN15978. Cement and steel sectors, which are the main materials for structural concrete, are expected to take various measures to achieve zero carbon in their respective sectors by 2050. Until then, we must deal with the transition with our low carbon technologies. Regarding the production stage, the fib has recently launched TG4.8 “Low carbon concrete”. And the latest low carbon technologies will be discussed there. On the other hand, in the use stage, there is very little data on the relationship between durability and intervention and maintenance so far. The data accumulation here is the work of the fib, a group of various experts on structural concrete. Through-life management using highly durable structures and precise monitoring will enable to realize minimum maintenance in the use stage and to minimize CO2 emissions. Furthermore, it is also possible to contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the further stage after the first cycle by responding to the circular economy, that is, deconstruction (C), reuse, and recycle (D). However, the technology in this field is still in its infancy, and further research and development is expected in the future. As described above, structural concrete can be carbon neutral in all aspects of its conception, and it can make a significant contribution when it is realized. The fib will have to address these issues in the future. Of course, it will not be easy, and it will take time. However, if we do not continue our efforts as the only international academic society on structural concrete in the world to achieve carbon neutrality, the significance of our very existence may be questioned. Long before Portland cement was invented, Roman concrete, made of volcanic ash and other materials, was the ultimate low-carbon material, and is still in use 2’000 years later because of its non-reinforced structure and lack of deterioration factors. Reinforced concrete, which made it possible to apply concrete to structures other than arches and domes, is only 150 years old. Prestressed concrete is even younger, with only 80 years of history. Now that we think about it, we realize that Roman concrete, which is non-reinforced low carbon concrete, is one of the examples of problem solving that we are trying to achieve. We have new materials, such as coated reinforcement, FRP, and fiber reinforced concrete, which can be used in any structural form. To overcome this challenge with all our wisdom would be to live up to the feat the Romans accomplished 2’000 years ago. Realizing highly durable and elegant structures with low-carbon concrete is the key to meet the demands of the world in the future. I hope you will enjoy reading this AOS brochure showing the Outstanding Concrete Structures Awards at the fib 2022 Congress in Oslo. And I also hope you will find some clues for the challenges we are facing.

Author : fib Fédération Internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération Internationale du béton
Page : 70 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2013-09-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941113

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Integrated life cycle assessment of concrete structures by fib Fédération Internationale du béton Pdf

Concrete is after water the second most used material. The production of concrete in the industrialized countries annually amounts to 1.5-3 tonne per capita and is still increasing. This has significant impact on the environment. Thus there is an urgent need for more effective use of concrete in structures and their assessment. The scope of activities of the fib Task Group 3.7 was to define the methodology for integrated life-cycle assessment of concrete structures considering main essential aspects of sustainability such as: environmental, economic and social aspects throughout the whole life of the concrete structure. The aim was to set up basic methodology to be helpful in development of design and assessment tools focused on sustainability of concrete structure within the whole life cycle. Integrated Life Cycle Assessment (ILCA) represents an advanced approach integrating different aspects of sustainability in one complex assessment procedure. The integrated approach is necessary to insure that the structure will serve during the whole expected service life with a maximum functional quality and safety, while environmental and economic loads will be kept at a low level. The effective application and quality of results are dependent on the availability of relevant input data obtained using a detailed inventory analysis, based on specific regional conditions. The evaluation of the real level of total quality of concrete structure should be based on a detailed ILCA analysis using regionally or locally relevant data sets.

Author : FIB – Féd. Int. du Béton
Publisher : FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941182

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Precast-concrete buildings in seismic areas by FIB – Féd. Int. du Béton Pdf

This document has a broad scope and is not focussed on design issues. Precast construction under seismic conditions is treated as a whole. The main principles of seismic design of different structural systems, their behavior and their construction techniques are presented through rules, construction steps and sequences, procedures, and details that should lead to precast structures built in seismic areas complying with the fundamental performance requirements of collapse prevention and life safety in major earthquakes and limited damage in more frequent earthquakes. The content of this document is largely limited to conventional precast construction and, although some information is provided on the well-known “PRESSS technology” (jointed ductile dry connections), this latter solution is not treated in detail in this document. The general overview, contained in this document, of alternative structural systems and connection solutions available to achieve desired performance levels, intends to provide engineers, architects, clients, and end-users (in general) with a better appreciation of the wide range of applications that modern precast concrete technology can have in various types of construction from industrial to commercial as well as residential. Lastly, the emphasis on practical aspects, from conceptual design to connection detailing, aims to help engineers to move away from the habit of blindly following prescriptive codes in their design, but instead go back to basic principles, in order to achieve a more robust understanding, and thus control, of the seismic behaviour of the structural system as a whole, as well as of its components and individual connections.

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2012-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883941038

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Design of precast concrete structures against accidental actions by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

Since the 1980’s, several buildings throughout the world have been subject to gas explosions, impact by cars or airplanes, or car bomb attacks. In many cases the effect of the impact or explosion has been the failure of a critical structural member at the perimeter of the building. After the failure, the load supported by that member could not be redistributed and part or all of the structure has collapsed in a progressive manner. The phenomenon that occurs when local failure is not confined to the area of initial distress, and spreads horizontally and/or vertically through the structure, is termed progressive collapse. Progressive collapse is a relatively rare event, as it requires both an accidental action to cause local damage and a structure that lacks adequate continuity, ductility, and redundancy to prevent the spread of damage. It is technically very difficult and economically prohibitive to design buildings for absolute safety. However it is possible to construct precast concrete buildings that afford an acceptable degree of safety with regard to accidental actions. A structure is normally designed to respond properly, without damage, under normal load conditions, but local and/or global damages cannot be avoided under the effect of an unexpected, but moderate degree of accidental overload. Properly designed and constructed structures usually possess reasonable probability not to collapse catastrophically under such loads, depending on different factors, for example: the type of loading; the degree and the location of accidental loading in regard to the structure and its structural members; the type of structural system, the construction technology, and the spans between structural vertical members, etc. No structure can be expected to be totally resistant to actions arising from an unexpected and extreme cause, but it should not be damaged to an extent that is disproportionate to the original cause. The aim of fib Bulletin 63 is to summarize the present knowledge on the subject and to provide guidance for the design of precast structures against progressive collapse. This is addressed in terms of (a) the classification of the actions, (b) their effect on the structural types, (c) the strategies to cope with such actions, (d) the design methods and (e) some typical detailing, all supplemented with illustrations from around the world, and some model calculations.

Author : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-01-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9782883940963

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Model Code 2010 - First complete draft - Volume 2 by fib Fédération internationale du béton Pdf

The Model Code for Concrete Structures is intended to serve as a basis for future codes. It takes into account new developments with respect to concrete structures, the structural material concrete and new ideas for the requirements to be formulated for structures in order to achieve optimum behaviour according to new insights and ideas. It is also intended as a source of information for updating existing codes or developing new codes for concrete structures. At the same time, the Model Code is intended as an operational document for normal design situations and structures.