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An important collection of Martin Hengel's studies on early Christology, including previously unpublished work.The essays include 'Jesus the Messiah of Israel', 'Jesus as Messianic Teacher of Wisdom and the Beginnings of Christology', 'Sit at My Right Hand', 'The Song about Christ in Earliest Worship', 'The Dionysiac Messiah', 'The Kingdom of Christ in John', 'Christological Titles in Early Christianity'.A substantial foreword describes the context of the essays in contemporary scholarship.
Studies on the Origin of Divine and Resurrection Christology by Andrew Ter Ern Loke Pdf
The origin and development of divine and resurrection Christologies are among the most important and controversial issues in the study of Christianity. One reason why there is a lack of consensus among scholars—even though they have access to the same historical material—is that different scholars analyze the material differently. Building upon his previous monographs The Origin of Divine Christology (Cambridge University Press, 2017) and Investigating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (Routledge, 2020), Andrew Loke demonstrates the fallacies of reasoning in the analyses of the works of numerous scholars such as Bart Ehrman, Paula Fredriksen, David Litwa, Richard Carrier, Raphael Lataster, Daniel Kirk, Matthew Larsen, and Dale Allison. Loke defends his proposal that a sizeable group of earliest Christians perceived that Jesus claimed and showed himself to be truly divine and resurrected, and replies to objections to his previous works. He contributes to the discussion on ancient Jewish monotheism, exalted mediator figures, comparison with Greco-Roman literature, Jesus-mythicism, Markan Christology, the historical reliability of the New Testament, as well as the use of philosophical and theological categories and the use of psychological studies on parallel apparitions, cognitive dissonance, mass hysteria, pareidolia, and memory for the study of early Christology.
"A compendium of approximately three hundred texts-in Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin, Ethiopic, Syriac, Coptic, and other languages-that are important for the study of Jewish messianism and early Christology, with a critical apparatus and translation for each text, thematic tagging that enables textual cross-referencing, and bibliography"--
More happened in the period between Jesus and Paul, Professor Hengel argues, than in the whole of the next seven centuries, up to the time when the doctrine of the early church was completed. Certainly these decades are crucial to our understanding of the development of earliest Christianity. However, they are very much a ÒtunnelÓ period, and there is little to shed light on it. This volume does something to pierce the darkness. Among other issues, it considers the origins of the Christian mission, the role of the Hellenists, the reliability of Luke as a geographer when he is dealing with events in Palestine in the Acts of the Apostles, and the development of christological belief, particularly in Christian worship. Those familiar with Professor Hengel's work will know that they will find here a wealth of valuable insight based on painstaking examination of all available sources.
Grace and Christology in the Early Church by Donald Fairbairn Pdf
Was there a genuine theological consensus about Christ in the early Church? Donald Fairbairn's persuasive study uses the concept of grace to clarify this question. There were two sharply divergent understandings of grace and christology. One understanding, characteristic of Theodore and Nestorius, saw grace as God's gift of co-operation to Christians and Christ as the uniquely graced man. The other understanding, characteristic of Cyril of Alexandria and John Cassian, saw grace asGod the Word's personal descent to the human sphere so as to give himself to humanity. Dealing with, among others, John Chrysostom, John of Antioch, and Leo the Great, Fairbairn suggests that these two understandings were by no means equally represented in the fifth century: Cyril's view was in factthe consensus of the early Church.
In Christology in Context, Marinus de Jonge presents the varied response to Jesus of Nazareth by his first-century followers. A scholarly yet highly accessible work, this book provides a knowledge base for formal, systematic analysis of New Testament Christology.
This study demonstrates that angel and angel-related traditions, especially those growing from the so-called "Angel of the Lord" in the Hebrew Bible, had a significant impact on the origins and early development of Christology to the point that an Angelomorphic Christology is discernable in several first century texts. Significant effort is given to tracing the antecedents of this Christology in the angels and divine hypostases of the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Jewish literature. The primary content of this volume is the presentation of pre-150 CE textual evidence of Angelomorphic Christology. This religio-historical study does not spawn a new Christology among the many scholarly "Christologies" already extant. Instead, it shows the interrelationship of various Christological trajectories and their adaptation from Jewish angelomorphic traditions.
The Earliest Christologies by James L. Papandrea Pdf
In this clear and concise introduction to second-century christologies, James Papandrea sets out five of the principal images of Christ that dominated the postapostolic age. Between varieties of adoptionism and brands of gnosticism, Papandrea helps us see how Logos Christology was forged as the beginning of the church's orthodox confession.
Testimony and Interpretation by Jiri Mrazek,Jan Roskovec,Petr Pokorný Pdf
This outstanding collection of essays on Christology is in honour of Professor Petr Pokorný on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Part 1 deals with Pauline Christology and includes essays by K.P. Donfried (the nature of Paul's Jewishness), R. Hoppe (the Corinthian controversy), L. Tichý (Paul's "mysticism"), J. Schröter (the controversy in Galatians), S.E. Porter (the Dionysian background of Ephesians) and L. J. Kreitzer (the contribution of archaeological evidence when interpreting Colossians, Philemon and Ephesians). Part 2 is devoted to the Christological problems in the synoptic traditions and includes contributions by M. Myllikoski (the relationship between the oral aspect and the written text in Mark), D.C. Allison (the problem of the hell in Jesus' message), D. Dormeyer (the hellenistic background for the notion of ascension), M. Hengel (the evidence about Jesus outside the Gospels), H. Klein (the Christology of the birth narrative in Matthew), W. Schrage (the Christology of the Sermon on the Mount). Part 3 examines Johannine Christology and includes essays by J. Bolyki (patterns of ancient drama in John), H Hübner (the question of truth in Heidegger and in John), J.H. Charlesworth (the possible influence of the Enoch traditions on the Johannine concept of the Son of Man), S. Pisarek (the motif of vine) and K. Syreeni (incarnation in the Farewell Discourse). The last part relates issues of christology to the church, both of old and of today and includes essays from J.M. Court, P. Ellingworth and Z. Sázava. JSNTS 272
How God Became Jesus by Michael F. Bird,Craig A. Evans,Simon Gathercole,Charles E. Hill,Chris Tilling Pdf
In his recent book How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher From Galilee historian Bart Ehrman explores a claim that resides at the heart of the Christian faith— that Jesus of Nazareth was, and is, God. According to Ehrman, though, this is not what the earliest disciples believed, nor what Jesus claimed about himself. The first response book to this latest challenge to Christianity from Ehrman, How God Became Jesus features the work of five internationally recognized biblical scholars. While subjecting his claims to critical scrutiny, they offer a better, historically informed account of why the Galilean preacher from Nazareth came to be hailed as “the Lord Jesus Christ.” Namely, they contend, the exalted place of Jesus in belief and worship is clearly evident in the earliest Christian sources, shortly following his death, and was not simply the invention of the church centuries later.
Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard Pdf
Professor Pollard attempts to show how the early Church interpreted the Gospel of John and its witness to the person of Christ. The two paradoxes implicit in John's theology - the distinction between the Father and the Son in the unity of the Godhead, and the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ - were developed in varying ways and the resultant heresies arose from attempts to deny one element or the other in each paradox. In their refutation of the heresies, on the other hand, the Fathers struggled to keep both elements of the paradoxes in equipoise. The different traditions came into conflict in the controversy which raged around the figure of Arius and his supporters in the fourth century, of which the climax came in the debate about the views of Marcellus of Ancyra.
Preaching Christology in the Roman Near East by Philip Michael Forness Pdf
Preaching formed one of the primary, regular avenues of communication between ecclesiastical elites and a wide range of society. Clergy used homilies to spread knowledge of complex theological debates prevalent in late antique Christian discourse. Some sermons even offer glimpses into the locations in which communities gathered to hear orators preach. Although homilies survive in greater number than most other types of literature, most do not specify the setting of their initial delivery, dating, and authorship. Preaching Christology in the Roman Near East addresses how we can best contextualize sermons devoid of such information. The first chapter develops a methodology for approaching homilies that draws on a broader understanding of audience as both the physical audience and the readership of sermons. The remaining chapters offer a case study on the renowned Syriac preacher Jacob of Serugh (c. 451-521) whose metrical homilies form one of the largest sermon collections in any language from late antiquity. His letters connect him to a previously little-known Christological debate over the language of the miracles and sufferings of Christ through his correspondence with a monastery, a Roman military officer, and a Christian community in South Arabia. He uses this language in homilies on the Council of Chalcedon, on Christian doctrine, and on biblical exegesis. An analysis of these sermons demonstrates that he communicated miaphysite Christology to both elite reading communities as well as ordinary audiences. Philip Michael Forness provides a new methodology for working with late antique sermons and discloses the range of society that received complex theological teachings through preaching.
The Development of Christology during the First Hundred Years by Charles H. Talbert Pdf
Using four models from Jewish and Greco-Roman traditions, this book offers a synthetic view of how early Christian Christologies developed during the churches' first 100 years.