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Author : Lester C. Thurow,Robert E. B. Lucas,United States. Congress. Joint Economic Committee
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 66 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Income
ISBN : STANFORD:36105045227118
Author : Lester C. Thurow,Robert E. B. Lucas (économiste).),États-Unis. Congress. Joint economic committee
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Income distribution
ISBN : OCLC:340828
Author : Lester C. Thurow,Robert E. B. Lucas
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1768 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Balance of payments
ISBN : NWU:35559007701364
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 583 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2017-04-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309452960
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author : Daniel J. Slottje
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2014-06-28
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781483296401
The various issues involved in measuring income inequality in the U.S. are analyzed in this book. In describing the level of inequality inherent in a particular graduation it is important which income recipient and which data set is used and also the measure of income inequality used as the appropriate summary statistic. Recent trends in labor markets are examined and the book attempts to trace the impact of these trends on the distribution of income for various age, race and occupational cohorts, and across states. Some new methods for analyzing inequality in a multidimensional framework are also discussed. This book provides one of the most comprehensive treatments of income inequality available to date.
Author : Samuel A. Morley
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 169 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Equality
ISBN : 9211557895
This publication examines the impact of structural reform on income distribution in the nine countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Distribution in the region is the most unequal in the world, and this publication identifies and discusses the contributing factors
Author : Ms. Era Dabla-Norris,Ms. Kalpana Kochhar,Mrs. Nujin Suphaphiphat,Mr. Frantisek Ricka,Evridiki Tsounta
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 33 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2015-06-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513547435
This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Author : Samuel A. Morley,United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Publisher : Santiago, Chile : ECLAC
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCSD:31822029884525
Provides a profile of income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean and summarises trends from the 1970s to the 1990s. Examines the determinants of income distribution and explores the impact of economic growth and economic reforms. Analyses data on the determinants of income distribution for 16 countries and presents more detailed case studies for nine countries. Discusses policy implications.
Author : D. G. Champernowne,F. A. Cowell
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521589592
Economic inequality has become a focus of prime interest for economic analysts and policy makers. This book provides an integrated approach to the topics of inequality and personal income distribution. It covers the practical and theoretical bases for inequality analysis, applications to real world problems and the foundations of theoretical approaches to income distribution. It also analyses models of the distribution of labour earnings and of income from wealth. The long-run development of income - and wealth - distribution over many generations is also examined. Special attention is given to an assessment of the merits and weaknesses of standard economic models, to illustrating the implications of distributional mechanisms using real data and illustrative examples, and to providing graphical interpretation of formal arguments. Examples are drawn from US, UK and international sources.
Author : Vito Tanzi,Ke-young Chu
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0262201097
The contributors argue that there need not be a trade-off between growth and equity in the long run. However, attempts by government to influence income distribution through large-scale tax and transfer programs can have a negative impact on growth. The contrast is vivid. While the majority of people in the industrial world and some in the developing world enjoy unprecedented affluence, a far greater number of people in the low-income countries live in abject poverty. Although several developing countries are achieving rapid economic growth and poverty reduction, most formerly centrally planned countries are struggling to implement market-oriented reforms in the midst of economic deterioration and rising poverty. The paramount importance of reducing poverty worldwide is forcing economists and policymakers to look at how income distribution and economic growth interact. The essays in this volume grew out of a 1995 conference sponsored by the International Monetary Fund. The contributors are scholars and policymakers from academic institutions, governments, and international organizations. The questions discussed include: How does income distribution interact with economic growth in the short run and the long run? To what extent can government use transfer programs to increase the incomes of the poor? How can government use social programs to help the poor increase their income-earning capacity? Does distributional inequality create an obstacle to long-term poverty reduction? Alternatively, is distributional inequality a necessary means of achieving economic growth? Generally, the contributors agree that there need not be a trade-off between growth and equity in the long run. However, attempts by government to influence income distribution through large-scale tax and transfer programs can have a negative impact on growth.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2008-10-21
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264044197
This report provides evidence of a fairly generalised increase in income inequality over the past two decades across OECD countries, but the timing, intensity and causes of the increase differ from what is typically suggested in the media.
Author : Charles M. Beach,Frank Flatters,David E. Card
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 1981-12-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781442633384
Distribution analysis has advanced remarkably in recent years, and this is a valuable application of its principles to a Canadian context. The book provides an extensive survey of recent literature and a new source of income and wealth distribution data for Ontario, drawn from newly available microdata sets. It also presents an evaluation of the data as a basis for measuring inequality in the distribution of economic and well-being. The empirical results illustrate how incomes vary significantly with age according to labour market attachment and experience, educational attainment and occupation, transfer receipts, and investment benefits. Similarly, strong age effects on net worth account reflect life-cycle patterns in asset holdings and debts typically associated with family investment in housing and financial adjustments for retirement. Differences in family size and composition have a substantial effect on the structure of family economic well-being. The inequality effects of adjusting for accrued capital gains and net worth holdings can also be quite significant. It is found that the distributional effects of CPP net benefits are considerable, although they are not as equalizing as one may have expected because of marked cohort effects. The detailed findings suggest that the life-cycle framework is a very useful one for evaluating the distributional effects of certain government programs, particularly intertemporal ones, and they underline the need for a range of different types of policies to address low income problems. The study urges greater recognition of the inequality of treatment and opportunity among different groups of the population. It also points out that conventional income distribution figures are only very imperfect estimates of the state of inequality in the underlying distribution of economic well-being.
Author : Richard Charles Webb
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1977
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0674358309
Monograph measuring the impact of economic policy on income distribution in Peru from 1963 to 1973 - examines regional level and rural area inequalities in income trends (incl. Agricultural income) from 1950 to 1966, analyses the effects of tax reform under various governments, presents an economic model providing a framework for the study of alternative income redistribution strategies, and argues that poverty might be reduced by employment creation in the traditional sector. References and statistical tables.
Author : K. Miyazawa
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 147 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783642481468
The purpose of this study is in keeping with the shift in concern over the eco nomic problems of growth to those of income distribution in recent years. Income distribution problems may be analyzed by not only the traditional procedures, but also by some extensions of the input-output technique as I shall demonstrate in this volume of the Lecture Notes. Some fruitful results are obtained by applying the extended input-output technique to income analysis as well as to output analysis. This volume consists of three parts. These parts may be viewed along two veins, with some overlapping unavoidable: (1) Parts One and Two contain extensions of the input-output analysis and (2) Parts One and Three contain studies of the effects of the structure of income distribution on some other economic relationships. First, as an extension of the input-output analysis, we present a synthesis of the Leontief interindustry matrix multiplier and the Keynesian income multiplier in disaggregated form, and introduce a new concept which may be called the "Interrela tional Income Multiplier" as a matrix. It is designed to analyze the interrelation ships among various income-groups in the process of income formation through the medium of industrial production activity. Although this multi-sector multiplier follows from Leontief's interindustry matrix multiplier, it is formulated by the inclusion of the income generation process, which is omitted in the usual input output open model, and by projecting the multiplier process into not only the output determination side, but also into the income-determination side.
Author : J.A. Hartog
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789400987609
Het is mogelijk dat het orimogelijk is om iets nieuwer enjuister te zeggen, maar over al het geschrevene daalt het stof der tijden neer, en ik peins daarom dat het goed is als er om de 10 jaar een andere een kruis trekt over al die oude dingen, en de wereld-van-vandaag opnieuw uitspreekt 1 met andere woorden.-Louis Paul Boon (1972) 1.1 THE PROBLEM The distribution of labor incomes is a problem with two aspects, each of which has received ample attention in the literature. The first aspect relates to the shape of the frequency distribution of individuals according to their (labor) incomes. Analytical contributions include the so-called stochastic theories of income dis tribution, such as Gibrat's law of proportionate effect, Champernowne's and Rutherford's Markov-chain models, and Pigou's puzzle. The question is, If abil ities are normally distributed, why should the distribution of incomes deviate from this shape? This deviation is the basic fact that these theories explain: in come distributions, whatever the time and place of observation, are positively skewed. 2 CHAPTER 1 The second aspect of the distribution of labor incomes is the problem of wage differentials: why do wages differ, why do all workers not earn the same wage? This question has been a standard problem ever since Adam Smith dealt with it.
