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The Bretton Woods-GATT System by Orin Kirshner Pdf
A collection by founders and early leaders of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), presenting the current thinking on the past, present and future of the postwar system of international finance and trade.
"The multilateral trading system based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is being eroded by a shift to bilateralism, surging protectionism, and flouting of its rules by the major trading countries. The inclusion of the complex issues of services, intellectual property, and investment in the Uruguay Round has only increased the strain on the GATT's structure. Reform and strengthening of the GATT system can no longer be delayed. Jackson argues that part of the problem lies in the defective constitutional nature of the GATT itself. He examines the institutional and constitutional changes the GATT would need in order to contain protectionist pressure and respond to the new issues in the evolving international economy. Jackson outlines the provisions of a new charter that would strengthen the foundations of the system. His proposed reform challenges policymakers and practitioners to think beyond the modest objectives of the Uruguay Round"--Unedited summary from book cover.
In 1944, an international conference was convened in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to lay out a framework for international economic relations in the postwar world. The institutions that grew out of that conference --the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)--have generally served us well. But today's international economic environment is much different than could have been foreseen in 1944, and the time may be ripe for a broad rethinking of international economic institutions and arrangements. Four fundamental policy questions underlie debates about the future nature and purposes of international economic institutions. First, should concerted efforts be made to stabilize exchange rates among major currencies? Second, has the expansion of private credit and capital markets eliminated the need for official sources of international credit? Third, do the GATT principles of nondiscrimination and multilateralism still provide the best basis for expanding world trade? Fourth, what aspects of economic regulation require international cooperation?
Author : Michael D. Bordo,Barry Eichengreen Publisher : University of Chicago Press Page : 692 pages File Size : 55,9 Mb Release : 2007-12-01 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : 9780226066905
A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System by Michael D. Bordo,Barry Eichengreen Pdf
At the close of the Second World War, when industrialized nations faced serious trade and financial imbalances, delegates from forty-four countries met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in order to reconstruct the international monetary system. In this volume, three generations of scholars and policy makers, some of whom participated in the 1944 conference, consider how the Bretton Woods System contributed to unprecedented economic stability and rapid growth for 25 years and discuss the problems that plagued the system and led to its eventual collapse in 1971. The contributors explore adjustment, liquidity, and transmission under the System; the way it affected developing countries; and the role of the International Monetary Fund in maintaining a stable rate. The authors examine the reasons for the System's success and eventual collapse, compare it to subsequent monetary regimes, such as the European Monetary System, and address the possibility of a new fixed exchange rate for today's world.
Promoting Development by Jo Marie Griesgraber,Bernhard G. Gunter Pdf
Twenty-two entertainment lawyers share their expertise in legal matters affecting musicians using precise, colloquial language that every guitar player should understand. It's an A to Z treatment outlining topics such as preparing for group breakups before you sign the record deal (and hire an attorney), copyright laws, a legal overview of sampling, songwriter agreements, music publishing and licensing, club contracts, and the record label "package." The volume's presentation is stylish and organized for quick reference. This second expanded edition was published in 1986 under the title The Musician's Manual. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The Monfort Plan is a five-year, forward looking plan to eradicate extreme poverty from the developing world, and details how microfinance has made a difference to developing countries. This book proposes a new institution based in the developing world with the potential to provide a basic, free, and universal service in the areas of water, sanitation, healthcare, and education to the extreme poor worldwide. The provision will be subject to a certain degree of conditionality in areas ranging from corruption to legal environment. The new institution will be established in a new international territory based within a specific country in Subsaharan Africa and will emerge in 2015. In The Monfort Plan author Jaime Pozuelo-Monfort engineers and designs a solution to lessen the burden of poverty. In order to do so he relies on the social sciences to bring about innovation and forward looking economic policies and financial instruments in the context of a paradigm shift. This book presents a multidisciplinary approach to policymaking that combines a range of fields in the social sciences, looking at the history behind the Marshall Plan, the formation of the European Union, and the Bretton Woods Institutions, in order to determine how a Marshall Plan for Africa-and the creation of New Institutions in the developing world-could work. We live a moment of crisis in which creative policymaking might prove useful when proposing outcomes for a revitalized framework for capitalism to thrive and better serve the world. Walks you through the technicalities of the new architecture of capitalism in a straightforward manner Provides a holistic view of how microfinance combined with the right economic policies and financial instruments could help change the world for the poor Contains sweeping and detailed recommendations on how to build a new capitalist paradigm that helps elevate the poor and improve the human condition Incorporating commentary from some of the top minds in the field of microfinance, this book puts the method of microfinance in perspective.
Douglas A. Irwin,Petros C. Mavroidis,Alan O. Sykes
Author : Douglas A. Irwin,Petros C. Mavroidis,Alan O. Sykes Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 315 pages File Size : 42,5 Mb Release : 2008-06-16 Category : Law ISBN : 9781139471343
The Genesis of the GATT by Douglas A. Irwin,Petros C. Mavroidis,Alan O. Sykes Pdf
This book is part of a wider project on the economic logic behind the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This volume asks: What does the historical record indicate about the aims and objectives of the framers of the GATT? Where did the provisions of the GATT come from and how did they evolve through various international meetings and drafts? To what extent does the historical record provide support for one or more of the economic rationales for the GATT? This book examines the motivations and contributions of the two main framers of the GATT, the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as the smaller role of other countries. The framers desired a commercial agreement on trade practices as well as negotiated reductions in trade barriers. Both were sought as a way to expand international trade to promote world prosperity, restrict the use of discriminatory policies to reduce conflict over trade, and thereby establish economic foundations for maintaining world peace.
Recounts the events of the Bretton Woods accords, presents portaits of the two men at the center of the drama, and reveals Harry White's admiration for Soviet economic planning and communications with intelligence officers.
Mega-Regional Trade Agreements by Thilo Rensmann Pdf
This book provides an in-depth analysis of "Mega-Regionals", the new generation of trans-regional free-trade agreements (FTAs) currently under negotiation, and their effect on the future of international economic law. The main focus centres on the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), but the findings are also applicable to similar agreements under negotiation, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).The specific features of Mega-Regional Trade Agreements raise a number of issues with respect to their potential effect on the current system of international trade and investment law. These include the consequences of Mega-Regionals for the most-favoured-nation (MFN) principle, their relation to the multilateral system of the World Trade Organization (WTO), their democratic legitimacy and their interaction with existing bilateral investment treaties (BITs).The book is intended for academics and practitioners working in the field of international economic law.
The international economic order established at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944 has contributed significantly to world growth and stability. But the world economy will be very different in the 21st century due to the end of the Cold War, the advent of new economic powers, and the globalization of markets and companies. The Group of Seven major industrial democracies, at their Naples summit in July 1994, decided to consider "What framework of institutions will be required to meet the challenges of the 21st century?" and "How can we adapt existing institutions and build new institutions to ensure the future prosperity and security of our people?"
The Oxford Handbook on The World Trade Organization by Amrita Narlikar,Martin Daunton,Robert M. Stern Pdf
This handbook provides a holistic understanding of what the World Trade Organization does, how it goes about fulfilling its tasks, its achievements and problems, and how it might contend with some critical challenges.
European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2014 by Christoph Herrmann,Markus Krajewski,Jörg Philipp Terhechte Pdf
In 2014, the global economic system celebrates two anniversaries: Seventy years ago, on 22 July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Articles of Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Worldbank) were adopted. Since then the global financial and monetary system underwent significant policy changes, but the institutional framework remained the same. More recently, twenty years ago, on 15 April 1994, the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations was signed and its key component, the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, entered into force on 1 January 1995. Even though the beginning of the multilateral trading system dates back to the late 1940s, the founding of the WTO constitutes a significant institutional reform which marks the beginning of a new era. Anniversaries are usually moments of celebration. However, even a superficial observer will notice that neither the current international financial and monetary regime nor the international trade regime is in a stage which invites celebration. Instead, both are facing difficult and fundamental challenges to their very existence from the outside but also from within. So while there may be no time to celebrate, anniversaries are also often used for reflection about the past and the future. Hence, EYIEL 5 (2014) considers these two anniversaries ample moments to reflect on the legacy and the current status of the main two pillars of International Economic Law in its Part one. Part two of EYIEL 5 (2014) brings together contributions on the EU’s Deep Trade Agenda, on Current Approaches to the International Investment Regime in South America, on the Multilayered System of Regional Economic Integration in West Africa and on the Tripartite Free Trade Area, as well as on India and her Trade Agreements. Part three contains treatises of developments in the World Customs Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and in International Investment Law. After the book reviews in Part four, EYIEL 5 (2014) is complemented with an Annex containing the Case (on exchange-rate manipulation and crisis-caused guarantees to financial institutions) and the Best Submissions of the 11th EMC2 ELSA WTO Moot Court Competition (of the Harvard team for the complainant and the Leuven team for the respondent). The case not only addresses issues of current interest but also links the subjects of our two special focusses nicely together.
The Legal and Economic Analysis of the WTO/FTA System by Dukgeun Ahn Pdf
The Legal and Economic Analysis of the WTO/FTA System presents a collation of interdisciplinary studies covering a wide range of issues from WTO dispute settlement issues to trade remedy systems and FTA negotiations. The author applies legal as well as economic rationales and methods to analyze core issues in the world trading system and in doing so, sheds an interesting light on various trade issues. The interdisciplinary analysis on WTO and FTA issues provides a unique opportunity to reconsider many conventional trade topics. For instance, the author shows that third country dumping rarely used in the GATT/WTO system may have a new role with economic incentives in the context of FTAs. Contents:Dispute Settlement in the WTO System:Understanding Non-litigated Disputes in the WTO Dispute Settlement SystemKorea in the GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System: Legal Battle for Economic DevelopmentPractices and Theoretical Foundations of the Trade Remedy System:Alternative Approach to Causation Analysis in Trade Remedy Investigations: 'Cost of Production' TestThird Country Dumping: Origin, Evolution and ProspectRestructuring the WTO Safeguard Mechanism in The WTO Trade Remedy SystemFoe or Friend of GATT Article XXIV: Diversity in Trade Remedy RulesCountervailing Duty against China: Opening a Pandora's Box in the WTO System?United States — Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China: Never Ending Zeroing in the WTO?International Decisions: United States — Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from ChinaInterrelation between Trade and Finance:Linkages between International Trade and Financial Institutions: IMF, World Bank and WTOWTO Disciplines Under the IMF Program: Congruence or Conflict?Is the Chinese Exchange-rate Regime 'WTO-legal'?Book Review: International Law in Financial Regulation and Monetary AffairsLegal and Economic Analysis of Free Trade Agreements:Dispute Settlement Systems in Asian FTAs: Issues and ProblemsAnalysis of Anti-dumping Use in Free Trade AgreementsLegal Issues for Korea's "Internal Trade" in the WTO System Readership: Researchers, students, and members of the public who are interested in international trade or economic law, international economics and international political economy.
Who really runs the global economy? Who benefits most from it? The answer is a triad of 'governance institutions' - The IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. Globalization massively increased the power of these institutions and they drastically affected the livelihoods of peoples across the world. Yet they operate undemocratically and aggressively promote a particular kind of neoliberal capitalism. Under the 'Washington Consensus' they proposed, poverty was to be ended by increasing inequality. This new edition of Unholy Trinity, completely updated and revised, argues that neoliberal global capitalism has now entered a period of crisis so severe that governance will become impossible. Huge incomes for a small number of super-rich people produced an unstable global economy, rife with speculation and structurally prone to crises. The IMF is in disgrace, the WTO can hardly meet anymore and the World Bank survives as a global philanthropist. Is this the end for the Unholy Trinity?
