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Author : Nicholas Addison Phillips Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Great Britain
ISBN : 0105569860
Author : BSE Inquiry
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0105569844
Author : Lord Nicholas Phillips
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 308 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Animals
ISBN : 0105569704
The BSE Inquiry was set up to: establish and review the history of the emergence and identification of BSE and variant CJD in the United Kingdom, and of the action taken in response to it up to 20 March 1996; reach conclusions on the adequacy of that response, taking into account the state of knowledge at the time; and to report on these matters to the Government. This executive summary presents the overview of the key findings and conclusions. BSE developed into an epidemic as a consequence of an intensive farming practice - the recycling of animal protein in ruminant feed. The report states that in the years up to March 1996 most of those responsible for responding to the challenge posed by BSE emerge with credit. However, there were a number of shortcomings in the way things were done. The Government took measures to address both the hazard to animal health and human health, but these were not always timely nor adequately implemented and enforced. The Inquiry found that the rigour with which policy measures were implemented for the protection of human health was affected by the belief of many prior to early 1996 that BSE was not a potential threat to human life. The Government was anxious to act in the best interests of human and animal health. To this end it sought and followed the advice of independent scientific experts - sometimes when decisions could have been reached more swiftly and satisfactorily within government. At times officials showed a lack of rigour in considering how policy should be turned into practice, to the detriment of the efficacy of the measures taken, and on occasion the bureaucratic processes resulted in unacceptable delay in giving effect to policy. The report demonstrates that the Government introduced measures to guard against the risk that BSE might be a matter of life and death not merely for cattle but also for humans, but the possibility of a risk to humans was not communicated to the public or to those whose job it was to implement and enforce the precautionary measures. The Inquiry concludes that the Government did not lie to the public about BSE. It believed that the risks posed by BSE to humans were remote. The Government was preoccupied with preventing an alarmist over-reaction to BSE because it believed that the risk was remote. It is stated that the campaign of reassurance was a mistake. When on 20 March 1996 the Government announced that BSE had probably been transmitted to humans, the public felt that they had been betrayed. Confidence in government pronouncements about risk was a further casualty of BSE. Cases of a new variant of CJD (vCJD) were identified by the CJD Surveillance Unit and the conclusion that they were probably linked to BSE was reached as early as was reasonably possible. The link between BSE and vCJD is now clearly established, though the manner of infection is not clear. This volume is accompanied by a CD ROM which contains the Inquiry's full report.
Author : Louise Cummings
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2010-08-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789048195046
In 1986, the emergence of a novel brain disease in British cattle presented a unique challenge to scientists. How that challenge was addressed has been the subject of a public inquiry and numerous academic studies conducted to date. However, none of these investigations has sought to examine the reasoning of scientists during this critical period in the public health of the UK. Using concepts and techniques in informal logic, argumentation and fallacy theory, this study reconstructs and evaluates the reasoning of scientists in the ten-year period between 1986 and 1996. Specifically, a form of presumptive reasoning is described in which extensive use is made of arguments traditionally identified as informal fallacies. In the context of the adverse epistemic conditions that confronted scientists during the BSE epidemic, these arguments were anything but fallacious, serving instead to confer a number of epistemic gains upon scientific inquiry. This book argues for a closer integration of philosophy with public health science, an integration that is exemplified by the case of scientific reasoning during the BSE affair. It will therefore be of interest to advanced students, academics, researchers and professionals in the areas of public health science and epidemiology, as well as philosophical disciplines such as informal logic, argumentation and fallacy theory and epistemology.
Author : Elizabeth Fisher
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 318 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2007-07-30
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781847313720
Over the last decade the regulatory evaluation of environmental and public health risks has been one of the most legally controversial areas of contemporary government activity. Much of that debate has been understood as a conflict between those promoting 'scientific' approaches to risk evaluation and those promoting 'democratic' approaches. This characterization of disputes has ignored the central roles of public administration and law in technological risk evaluation. This is problematic because, as shown in this book, legal disputes over risk evaluation are disputes over administrative constitutionalism in that they are disputes over what role law should play in constituting and limiting the power of administrative risk regulators. This is shown by five case studies taken from five different legal cultures: an analysis of the bifurcated role of the Southwood Working Party in the UK BSE crisis; the development of doctrines in relation to judicial review of risk evaluation in the US in the 1970s; the interpretation of the precautionary principle by environmental courts and generalist tribunals carrying out merits review in Australia; the interpretation of the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement as part of the WTO dispute settlement process; and the interpretation of the precautionary principle in the EU context. A strong argument is thus made for re-orienting the focus of scholarship in this area.
Author : Elizabeth Fisher,Bettina Lange,Eloise Scotford
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 1160 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2013-04-25
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780199270880
This new title in the popular Text, Cases, and Materials series provides students with a thorough understanding of environmental law while also encouraging critical reflection and pointing out areas of controversy and debate. The authors present an impressive range of extracts from UK and international cases, legislation, and articles, to help support learning and demonstrate how the law works in practice, clearly guiding students through key areas while providing insightful explanations and analysis. Topics have been carefully selected to support a wide range of environmental law courses and include pollution, conservation, town planning, and water regulation as well as considering environmental law in relation to the EU and from an international perspective. With its unique combination of extracts and author discussion, this new text provides a comprehensive and convenient guide to environmental law which can be relied upon throughout your course and career. This book is also accompanied by an Online Resource Centre which features updates to the law, further reading suggestions and useful weblinks.
Author : Luc Bodiguel,Michael Cardwell
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780199542482
The regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) continues to generate controversy. On the one hand, they are actively promoted by the biotechnology industry as vital to ensuring food security. Yet, on the other hand, consumer resistance persists, not least in the European Union, and such lack of confidence extends not just to GM food itself but also to the regulatory regime, where legal issues are inextricably linked with economics and politics. This edited collection provides a novel contribution to the ongoing debate, recognizing that the legislative environment is complicated by forces as varied as national public opinion and world trade commitments. The book is divided into four parts. The first of these addresses the influence in this context of both civil society and economic imperatives. The second part is directed more specifically to the measures that have been implemented in the European Union, considering multi-level governance, wider aspects of food law, co-existence with conventional and organic crops, and environmental liability. The third part is comparative in focus, with chapters covering the diverse regimes implemented in Africa, Australia, North America and South America. The book concludes with chapters on world trade and international considerations, including analysis of the Biotech case.
Author : Lord Nicholas Phillips,Nicholas Addison Phillips Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 178 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Beef cattle
ISBN : CHI:54875384
This volume describes the system of government administration within which Ministers and their civil servant operated during the period 1986 to 1996. It focuses in particular on the process of decision-making in the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) and the Department of Health (DH). It also looks at some of the managerial preoccupations of officials and Ministers during the period 1986-1996, as the policy on BSE was being made. A point repeatedly made by witnesses giving to the Inquiry was that decision-making was a 'collegiate' process involving both Ministers and officials. Some witnesses went on to argue from this that no individual should be regarded as responsible for the decisions taken. This view is not shared in this report but the report does consider that judgements about individual's responses to BSE require an understanding of the normal workings of government and of the expectations and constraints that these impose.There are 3 annexes to the report: annex 1 illustrates the structures of MAFF and of DH and how they changed over the period described, focusing on the units that were dealing with BSE and new variant CJD; annex 2 outlines the development of risk assessment and annex 3 outlines the development of the Government's Deregulation initiative from 1983 to 1996.
Author : Albert Weale
Publisher : British Academy Occasional Pap
Page : 170 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2002-11-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 019726283X
In recent years there has been growing concern about the effectiveness and legitimacy of public decision making about risk, sparked by a series of high profile issues that have made headline news. These ten essays analyse the public understanding of risk and the policy making process. BSE, vaccination, genetically modified crops and the regulation of chemicals are looked at as case studies. These essays will be of interest to general political scientists, sociologists and specialists in public policy, as well as those specifically working in the field of risk analysis.
Author : Canada. Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Civil service
ISBN : UIUC:30112078423255
Author : Catherine Althaus
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2013-11-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317973157
Calculating Political Risk is rich and illuminating, and much more than a political science treatise. Althaus draws on diverse literature, extensive interviews and intriguing case studies to offer interdisciplinary, practical and nuanced insight. This book provides new perspectives and more precise language for making sense of a critical dimension of politics, policy-making and public management. Evert Lindquist, Director and Professor, School of Public Administration, University of Victoria, Canada This powerful new book is the first ever examination of the hard edge of how political risk - something faced by all political actors innumerable times every day - is calculated and used in decision-making. It opens with an outline of the historical and linguistic origins of risk, the various disciplinary understandings of risk, the risk society concept, and how risk has come to be so prominent in the context of environmental disaster and terrorism. The book then defines political risk and looks at its manifestations in the public sector, from project to high-level political risk. It also looks at risk identification versus risk management and compares the concept of political risk with the private sector practice of risk management. Unique research findings from interviews with over 100 risk practitioners and politicians provide a detailed look at how political actors calculate political risk. Case study-based chapters look in-depth at neat and discrete examples: risk calculation in state development plans in Australia; political risk identification and management in the UK during the mad cow crisis; and US government risk calculation in the post-September 11 context. The final chapters draw together the experiences and lessons learned from the case studies and practitioner insights to formulate a better understanding of what political risk is and what its calculation means in political practice. The author shows how political risk calculation provides a fresh perspective on policy analysis and identifies how political risk is relevant to a broader understanding of politics and political science, as well as policy formulation and implementation on the ground.
Author : Jason Beer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 549 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2011-07-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780199287772
Public Inquiries is written and edited by expert practitioners who have appeared in some of the most significant public inquiry cases over the last decade. Bringing together their wealth of practical experience, this new work functions as a complete handbook for all practitioners in this field.
Author : Hilaire Barnett
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 1399 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-23
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781000468274
Hilaire Barnett’s Constitutional & Administrative Law has provided generations of students with reliable, accessible and comprehensive coverage of the Public Law syllabus. Mapped to the common course outline, the Thirteenth Edition equips students with an understanding of the UK constitution’s past, present and future by analysing and illustrating the political and socio-historical contexts that have shaped the major rules and principles of constitutional and administrative law, as well as ongoing constitutional reform. This edition has been fully updated and includes discussion of the implications of the United Kingdom's potential withdrawal from the European Union on the constitution, including the impact on the legislative supremacy of Parliament and the relationship between EU and domestic law after departure. Developments on the negotiations of the future relationship between the UK and the EU will be discussed in updates to the Companion Website. Ideal for students studying constitutional and administrative law for the first time, this book offers clear explanations of the challenging concepts and legal rules in public law.
Author : BSE Inquiry
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 248 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0105569836
Author : Peter Oosterveer
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2007-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 1782543899
The provision of food is undergoing radical transformations throughout the global community. Peter Oosterveer argues that, as a consequence, conventional national governmental regulations can no longer adequately respond to existing and emerging food risks and to environmental concerns. This book examines these challenges.