The Cognitive Underpinnings Of Anthropomorphism

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The Cognitive Underpinnings of Anthropomorphism

Gabriella Airenti,Marco Cruciani,Alessio Plebe
The Cognitive Underpinnings of Anthropomorphism Book PDF

Author : Gabriella Airenti,Marco Cruciani,Alessio Plebe
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2019-10-04
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9782889630387

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The Cognitive Underpinnings of Anthropomorphism by Gabriella Airenti,Marco Cruciani,Alessio Plebe Pdf

The attribution of human traits to non-humans - animals, artifacts or even natural events - is an attitude, deeply grounded in human mind. It is frequent to see children addressing dolls and figures as if they were alive. Adults often attribute mental states and emotions to animals. In everyday life humans speak of events such as fires as if they possessed some form of intentionality, a behavior sometimes shared also by scientists. Furthermore, a systematized form of anthropomorphism underlies most religions. The pervasiveness of this phenomenon makes it a particularly interesting object of psychological enquiry. Psychologists have set out to understand which aspects of human mind are involved in this behavior, its motivations and the circumstances favoring its enactment. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate among scientists about the merits or harm of anthropomorphism in the scientific study of animal behavior and in scientific discourse. Despite the interest and the specificity of the topic most of the relevant studies are scattered across disciplines and have not built a systematic research framework. This observation has motivated the collection of articles presented here, under the unifying perspective of the cognitive underpinnings of anthropomorphism. Within this general umbrella, the authors included in this e-book have explored the issues mentioned above from different points of view. From their work it emerges that far from being the result of naive beliefs, the exercise of anthropomorphism involves a multiplicity of mental abilities including perception and imagination. They also show that the context and the interactive situation are crucial to understanding this phenomenon. Some authors analyze the relationship between anthropomorphization and theory of mind abilities both in typical and atypical populations. Finally, others contributions have identified possible benefits deriving from the natural attitude to anthropomorphize, as a design philosophy for robots and artifacts in general, or as a useful heuristic in the scientific study of animal behavior.

The AI Commander

James Johnson
The AI Commander Book PDF

Author : James Johnson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2024-01-11
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780198892182

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The AI Commander by James Johnson Pdf

This book addresses the largely neglected question of how the fusion of machines into the war machine will affect the human condition of warfare. It emphasizes the "mind" and the mechanisms of thought (intelligence, consciousness, emotion, memory, experience, etc.) to consider the effects of AI and autonomy on the human condition of war.

Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes, and Animals

Robert W. Mitchell,Nicholas S. Thompson,H. Lyn Miles
Anthropomorphism Anecdotes and Animals Book PDF

Author : Robert W. Mitchell,Nicholas S. Thompson,H. Lyn Miles
Publisher : SUNY Press
Page : 552 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 1997-01-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 0791431258

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Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes, and Animals by Robert W. Mitchell,Nicholas S. Thompson,H. Lyn Miles Pdf

People commonly think that animals are psychologically like themselves (anthropomorphism), and describe what animals do in narratives (anecdotes) that support these psychological interpretations. This is the first book to evaluate the significance and usefulness of the practices of anthropomorphism and anecdotalism for understanding animals. Diverse perspectives are presented in thoughtful, critical essays by historians, philosophers, anthropologists, psychologists, behaviorists, biologists, primatologists, and ethologists. The nature of anthropomorphism and anecdotal analysis is examined; social, cultural, and historical attitudes toward them are presented; and scientific attitudes are appraised. Authors provide fascinating in-depth descriptions and analyses of diverse species of animals, including octopi, great apes, monkeys, dogs, sea lions, and, of course, human beings. Concerns about, and proposals for, evaluations of a variety of psychological aspects of animals are discussed, including mental state attribution, intentionality, cognition, consciousness, self-consciousness, and language.

New Religious Movements and Comparative Religion

Olav Hammer,Karen Swartz
New Religious Movements and Comparative Religion Book PDF

Author : Olav Hammer,Karen Swartz
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2024-02-28
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9781009034029

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New Religious Movements and Comparative Religion by Olav Hammer,Karen Swartz Pdf

This Element provides an introduction to a number of less frequently explored approaches based upon the comparative study of religions. New religions convey origin myths, present their particular views of history, and craft Endtime scenarios. Their members carry out a vast and diverse array of ritual activities. They produce large corpuses of written texts and designate a subset of these as a sacrosanct canon. They focus their attention on material objects that can range from sacred buildings to objects from the natural world that are treated in ritualized fashion. The reason for this fundamental similarity between older and newer religions is briefly explored in terms of the cognitive processes that underlie religious concepts and practices. A final section returns to the issue of how such shared processes take specific shapes in the context of modern, Western societies.

The Origins of Religion in the Paleolithic

Gregory J. Wightman
The Origins of Religion in the Paleolithic Book PDF

Author : Gregory J. Wightman
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 307 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2014-12-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781442242906

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The Origins of Religion in the Paleolithic by Gregory J. Wightman Pdf

How did religion emerge—and why? What are the links between behavior, environment, and religiosity? Diving millions of years into the past, to a time when human ancestors began grappling with issues of safety, worth, identity, loss, power, and meaning in complex and difficult environments, GregoryJ. Wightman explores the significance of goal-directed action and the rise of material culture for the advent of religiosity and ritual. The book opens by tackling questions of cognitive evolution and group psychology, and how these ideas can integrate with archaeological evidence such as stone tools, shell beads, and graves. In turn, it focuses on how human ancestors engaged with their environments, how those engagements became routine, and how, eventually, certain routines took on a recognizably ritualistic flavor. Wightman also critically examines the very real constraints on drawing inferences about prehistoric belief systems solely from limited material residues. Nevertheless, Wightman argues that symbolic objects are not merely illustrative of religion, but also constitutive of it; in the continual dance between brain and behavior, between internal and external environments, lie the seeds of ritual and religion. Weaving together insights from archaeology; anthropology; cognitive and cultural neuroscience; history and philosophy of religions; and evolutionary, social, and developmental psychology, Wightman provides an intricate, evidence-based understanding of religion’s earliest origins.

The New Anthropomorphism

John S. Kennedy
The New Anthropomorphism Book PDF

Author : John S. Kennedy
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1992-07-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521422671

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The New Anthropomorphism by John S. Kennedy Pdf

In this 1992 book, John Kennedy's point is that explicit anthropomorphism was well-nigh killed by fierce criticism from the radical Behaviourists, but that we have to recognize that today there is a new anthropomorphism which is much harder to avoid because it is unintended and largely unconscious. For that reason even those who if they were asked would firmly reject anthropomorphism nevertheless unwittingly slip into it from time to time. This book contains nineteen essays on behavioural concepts which have seldom been identified as anthropomorphic but in fact bear that connotation and lead to mistakes. Some of these, such as search images in birds and the learning of grammatical language by apes, have been seen through as errors after a time. A greater number, such as efference copy, goal-directedness, cognition and suffering in animals, are still current though not yet regarded as erroneous. The final chapter outlines things we can do to minimise the damage it does to the causal analysis of animal behaviour.

Cognitive Ethology

Carolyn A. Ristau,Peter Marler
Cognitive Ethology Book PDF

Author : Carolyn A. Ristau,Peter Marler
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 383 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2014-02-25
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317785323

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Cognitive Ethology by Carolyn A. Ristau,Peter Marler Pdf

This collection of essays was written by former students, associates, admirers, critics and friends of Donald R. Griffin -- the creator of cognitive ethology. Stimulated by his work, this volume presents ideas and experiments in the field of cognitive ethology -- the exploration of the mental experiences of animals as they behave in their natural environment during the course of their normal lives. Cognitive Ethology discusses the possibility that animals may have abilities to experience, communicate, reason, and plan beyond those usually ascribed to them in a "black box" or "stimulus-response" interpretation of their behavior. Contributions from scientists who have been associated with or influenced by Griffin offer a lively array of views, some disparate from one another and some especially selected to present approaches contrary to his.

Extimate Technology

Ciano Aydin
Extimate Technology Book PDF

Author : Ciano Aydin
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 315 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2021-01-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781000357967

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Extimate Technology by Ciano Aydin Pdf

This book investigates how we should form ourselves in a world saturated with technologies that are profoundly intruding in the very fabric of our selfhood. New and emerging technologies, such as smart technological environments, imaging technologies and smart drugs, are increasingly shaping who and what we are and influencing who we ought to be. How should we adequately understand, evaluate and appreciate this development? Tackling this question requires going beyond the persistent and stubborn inside-outside dualism and recognizing that what we consider our "inside" self is to a great extent shaped by our "outside" world. Inspired by various philosophers – especially Nietzsche, Peirce and Lacan –this book shows how the values, goals and ideals that humans encounter in their environments not only shape their identities but also enable them to critically relate to their present state. The author argues against understanding technological self-formation in terms of making ourselves better, stronger and smarter. Rather, we should conceive it in terms of technological sublimation, which redefines the very notion of human enhancement. In this respect the author introduces an alternative, more suitable theory, namely Technological Sublimation Theory (TST). Extimate Technology will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of technology, philosophy of the self, phenomenology, pragmatism, and history of philosophy. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003139409, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Faces in the Clouds

Stewart Elliott Guthrie
Faces in the Clouds Book PDF

Author : Stewart Elliott Guthrie
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 335 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 1995-04-06
Category : Religion
ISBN : 9780195356809

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Faces in the Clouds by Stewart Elliott Guthrie Pdf

Religion is universal human culture. No phenomenon is more widely shared or more intensely studied, yet there is no agreement on what religion is. Now, in Faces in the Clouds, anthropologist Stewart Guthrie provides a provocative definition of religion in a bold and persuasive new theory. Guthrie says religion can best be understood as systematic anthropomorphism--that is, the attribution of human characteristics to nonhuman things and events. Many writers see anthropomorphism as common or even universal in religion, but few think it is central. To Guthrie, however, it is fundamental. Religion, he writes, consists of seeing the world as humanlike. As Guthrie shows, people find a wide range of humanlike beings plausible: Gods, spirits, abominable snowmen, HAL the computer, Chiquita Banana. We find messages in random events such as earthquakes, weather, and traffic accidents. We say a fire "rages," a storm "wreaks vengeance," and waters "lie still." Guthrie says that our tendency to find human characteristics in the nonhuman world stems from a deep-seated perceptual strategy: in the face of pervasive (if mostly unconscious) uncertainty about what we see, we bet on the most meaningful interpretation we can. If we are in the woods and see a dark shape that might be a bear or a boulder, for example, it is good policy to think it is a bear. If we are mistaken, we lose little, and if we are right, we gain much. So, Guthrie writes, in scanning the world we always look for what most concerns us--livings things, and especially, human ones. Even animals watch for human attributes, as when birds avoid scarecrows. In short, we all follow the principle--better safe than sorry. Marshalling a wealth of evidence from anthropology, cognitive science, philosophy, theology, advertising, literature, art, and animal behavior, Guthrie offers a fascinating array of examples to show how this perceptual strategy pervades secular life and how it characterizes religious experience. Challenging the very foundations of religion, Faces in the Clouds forces us to take a new look at this fundamental element of human life.

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Technology

Shannon Vallor
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Technology Book PDF

Author : Shannon Vallor
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 697 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2022
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190851187

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The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Technology by Shannon Vallor Pdf

The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Technology gives readers a view into this increasingly vital and urgently needed domain of philosophical understanding, offering an in-depth collection of leading and emerging voices in the philosophy of technology. The thirty-two contributions in this volume cut across and connect diverse philosophical traditions and methodologies. They reveal the often-neglected importance of technology for virtually every subfield of philosophy, including ethics, epistemology, philosophy of science, metaphysics, aesthetics, philosophy of language, and political theory. The Handbook also gives readers a new sense of what philosophy looks like when fully engaged with the disciplines and domains of knowledge that continue to transform the material and practical features and affordances of our world, including engineering, arts and design, computing, and the physical and social sciences. The chapters reveal enduring conceptual themes concerning technology's role in the shaping of human knowledge, identity, power, values, and freedom, while bringing a philosophical lens to the profound transformations of our existence brought by innovations ranging from biotechnology and nuclear engineering to artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and robotics. This new collection challenges the reader with provocative and original insights on the history, concepts, problems, and questions to be brought to bear upon humanity's complex and evolving relationship to technology.

Consciousness and Cognition

Henri Cohen,Brigitte Stemmer
Consciousness and Cognition Book PDF

Author : Henri Cohen,Brigitte Stemmer
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2011-10-10
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780080471198

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Consciousness and Cognition by Henri Cohen,Brigitte Stemmer Pdf

What were the circumstances that led to the development of our cognitive abilities from a primitive hominid to an essentially modern human? The answer to this question is of profound importance to understanding our present nature. Since the steep path of our cognitive development is the attribute that most distinguishes humans from other mammals, this is also a quest to determine human origins. This collection of outstanding scientific problems and the revelation of the many ways they can be addressed indicates the scope of the field to be explored and reveals some avenues along which research is advancing. Distinguished scientists and researchers who have advanced the discussion of the mind and brain contribute state-of-the-art presentations of their field of expertise. Chapters offer speculative and provocative views on topics such as body, culture, evolution, feelings, genetics, history, humor, knowledge, language, machines, neuroanatomy, pathology, and perception. This book will appeal to researchers and students in cognitive neuroscience, experimental psychology, cognitive science, and philosophy. Includes a contribution by Noam Chomsky, one of the most cited authors of our time

Minding Animals in the Old and New Worlds

Steven Wagschal
Minding Animals in the Old and New Worlds Book PDF

Author : Steven Wagschal
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 358 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2018-10-16
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9781487503321

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Minding Animals in the Old and New Worlds by Steven Wagschal Pdf

Minding Animals in the Old and New Worlds employs current research in cognitive science and the philosophy of animal cognition to explore how humans have understood non-human animals in the Iberian world, from the Middle Ages through the early modern period. Using texts from European and Indigenously-informed sources, Steven Wagschal argues that people tend to conceptualize the minds of animals in ways that reflect their own uses for the animal, the manner in which they interact with the animal, and the place in which the animal lives. Often this has little if anything to do with the actual cognitive abilities of the animal. However, occasionally early authors made surprisingly accurate assumptions about the thoughts and feelings of animals. Wagschal explores a number of ways in which culture and human cognition interact, including: the utility of anthropomorphism; the symbolic use of animals in medieval Christian texts; attempts at understanding the minds of animals in Spain's early modern farming and hunting books; the effect of novelty on animal conceptualizations in "New World" histories, and how Cervantes navigated the forms of anthropomorphism that preceded him to create the first embodied animal minds in fiction.

The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition

Allison B. Kaufman,Josep Call,James C. Kaufman
The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition Book PDF

Author : Allison B. Kaufman,Josep Call,James C. Kaufman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 1032 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2021-07-22
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781108561259

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The Cambridge Handbook of Animal Cognition by Allison B. Kaufman,Josep Call,James C. Kaufman Pdf

This handbook lays out the science behind how animals think, remember, create, calculate, and remember. It provides concise overviews on major areas of study such as animal communication and language, memory and recall, social cognition, social learning and teaching, numerical and quantitative abilities, as well as innovation and problem solving. The chapters also explore more nuanced topics in greater detail, showing how the research was conducted and how it can be used for further study. The authors range from academics working in renowned university departments to those from research institutions and practitioners in zoos. The volume encompasses a wide variety of species, ensuring the breadth of the field is explored.

The New Anthropomorphism

John S. Kennedy
The New Anthropomorphism Book PDF

Author : John S. Kennedy
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 1992-07-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521410649

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The New Anthropomorphism by John S. Kennedy Pdf

John Kennedy's thesis is that anthropomorphism is not necessarily dead, but is lurking under different disguises. In fact, it still affects research, but is often unintended and therefore it goes unrecognized. He provides ample documentary evidence of the way researchers unconsciously slip into anthropomorphism. The book contains nineteen essays on behavioral concepts that have seldom been identified as anthropomorphic, but in fact bear that connotation and lead to mistakes. Some of these, such as search images in birds and the learning of grammatical language by apes, have been seen as errors after a time. A greater number, such as efference copy, goal-directedness, cognition, and suffering in animals, are still current though not yet regarded as erroneous. We can hardly hope to cure ourselves altogether of thinking anthropomorphically, and it can be very useful as a metaphor. The final chapter outlines things we can do to minimize the damage anthropomorphism does to the casual analysis of animal behavior.

Humanness and Dehumanization

Paul G. Bain,Jeroen Vaes,Jacques Philippe Leyens
Humanness and Dehumanization Book PDF

Author : Paul G. Bain,Jeroen Vaes,Jacques Philippe Leyens
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136275098

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Humanness and Dehumanization by Paul G. Bain,Jeroen Vaes,Jacques Philippe Leyens Pdf

What does it mean to be human? Why do people dehumanize others (and sometimes themselves)? These questions have only recently begun to be investigated in earnest within psychology. This volume presents the latest thinking about these and related questions from research leaders in the field of humanness and dehumanization in social psychology and related disciplines. Contributions provide new insights into the history of dehumanization, its different types, and new theories are proposed for when and why dehumanization occurs. While people’s views about what humanness is, and who has it, have long been known as important in understanding ethnic conflict, contributors demonstrate its relevance in other domains, including medical practice, policing, gender relations, and our relationship with the natural environment. Cultural differences and similarities in beliefs about humanness are explored, along with strategies to overcome dehumanization. In highlighting emerging ideas and theoretical perspectives, describing current theoretical issues and controversies and ways to resolve them, and in extending research to new areas, this volume will influence research on humanness and dehumanization for many years.