The Container Security Initiative And The Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
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The Container Security Initiative and the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Pdf
Port and Maritime Security by Jonathon P. Vesky Pdf
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 heightened awareness about the vulnerability to terrorist attack of all modes of transportation. Port security has emerged as a significant part of the overall debate on US homeland security. The overarching issues for Congress are providing oversight on current port security programs and making or responding to proposals to improve port security. The US maritime system consists of more than 300 sea and river ports with more than 3,700 cargo and passenger terminals. However, a large fraction of maritime cargo is concentrated at a few major ports. Most ships calling at US ports are foreign owned with foreign crews. Container ships have been the focus of much of the attention on seaport security because they are seen as vulnerable to terrorist infiltration. More than 9 million marine containers enter US ports each year. While the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) analyses cargo and other information to target specific shipments for closer inspection, it physically inspects only a small fraction of the containers. The Coast Guard and CBP are the federal agencies with the strongest presence in seaports. In response to September 11, 2001, the Coast Guard created the largest port-security operation since World War II. The Coast Guard has advanced its 24- hour Notice of Arrival (NOA) for ships to a 96-hour NOA. The NOA allows Coast Guard officials to select high risk ships for boarding upon their arrival at the entrance to a harbor. CBP has also advanced the timing of cargo information it receives from ocean carriers. Through the Container Security Initiative (CSI) program, CBP inspectors pre-screen U.S.-bound marine containers at foreign ports of loading. The Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) offers importers expedited processing of their cargo if they comply with CBP measures for securing their entire supply chain. To raise port security standards, Congress passed the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-295) in November 2002. The focus of debate in Congress has been about whether current efforts to improve port security are adequate in addressing the threat. While many agree that Coast Guard and CBP programs to address the threat are sound, they contend that these programs represent only a framework for building a maritime security regime, and that significant gaps in security still remain.
Foreign ports and cargo carried by vessels from these ports are critical to the U.S. economy, but can be exploited by terrorists. Within the Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Coast Guard are responsible for maritime security. Through the Container Security Initiative (CSI), CBP identifies and examines U.S.-bound cargo that may conceal weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and through the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), CBP partners with international trade community members to secure the flow of U.S.-bound goods. Under the International Port Security (IPS) program, Coast Guard officials visit foreign ports to assess compliance with security standards. This report addresses (1) the extent to which DHS has assessed the foreign ports that pose the greatest risk to the global supply chain and focused its maritime container security programs to address those risks; and (2) actions DHS has taken to help ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of its maritime security programs. Tables and figures. This is a print on demand report.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for ensuring the security of cargo containers shipped into the U.S. CBP oversees the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism, or C-TPAT program which aims to secure the supply chain through partnerships with international trade co. Member co. agree to allow CBP to validate their security practices and, in exchange, they are awarded benefits, such as reduced scrutiny of their cargo. This report assesses the progress CBP has made in the last 3 years in : (1) improving its benefit-award policies for C-TPAT members; (2) addressing challenges in validating members¿ security practices; and (3) addressing mgmt. and staffing challenges. Includes recommendations. Illustrations.
Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply Chain by Henry H. Willis,David Santana Ortiz Pdf
Much worldwide cargo, from raw materials to finished products, travels via containerized shipping. For the shippers, the main concern has always been losses from theft or accident. But shipping containers are as attractive to terrorists as they are to thieves and smugglers. New security measures have therefore proliferated. This report defines a framework for assessing the effects of these measures, reviews the balance of current container security risk-reduction efforts, and lays out directions for further research.
Protecting Our Ports by Suzette R. Grillot,Rebecca J. Cruise Pdf
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, there has been much discussion of the security of borders and ports of entry in the United States and around the world. Ports of entry, particularly sea ports, are viewed as one of the most defenceless targets for a terrorist attack. In response to this perceived vulnerability, a number of port security initiatives have been implemented both on both a domestic and international level. This timely project investigates a number of issues surrounding the container security issue. It examines the scope of containerized freight security, analyzes cooperation between agents in the United States and abroad, explores the politics of port security, and provides an assessment of 17 of the world's sea ports. The work sheds light on the container security threat and the domestic and international responses that have emerged, as well as those steps that still must be taken.
Supply Chain Security by United States Government Accountability Office Pdf
The economic well-being of the United States depends on the movement of millions of cargo shipments throughout the global supply chain-the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers or other end users. However, cargo shipments can present security concerns. CBP is responsible for administering cargo security and facilitating the flow of legitimate commerce. CBP has implemented several programs as part of a risk-based approach to supply chain security. One such program, C-TPAT, is a voluntary program in which CBP staff validate that members' supply chain security practices meet minimum security criteria. In return, members are eligible to receive benefits, such as a reduced likelihood their shipments will be examined. This report assesses the extent to which (1) CBP is meeting its security validation responsibilities, and (2) C-TPAT members are receiving benefits. GAO reviewed information on security validations, member benefits, and other program documents. GAO also interviewed officials at CBP headquarters and three C-TPAT field offices chosen for their geographical diversity; as well as select C-TPAT members and trade industry officials.
Container Security by Ola Dahlman,Jenifer Mackby,Bernard Sitt,Andre Poucet,Arend Meerburg Pdf
Approximately 95 percent of the world's trade moves by containers, primarily on large ships, but also on trains, trucks, and barges. The system is efficient and economical, but vulnerable. Until recently, theft and misuse have been as accepted as a cost of doing business. However, the rise of terrorism and the possibility that a container could be used to transport or actually be the delivery vehicle for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or high explosives have made it imperative that the security of the shipping container system be greatly improved. Aside from the direct effects of an attack, the economic, social, and political consequences of a significant disruption in the transport chain would be staggering. In response to recent terrorist attacks the United States, the European Union, and international organizations and industry have instituted new measures to improve security in the shipping trade, including some procedures on containers. These include bilateral agreements involved in the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). These measures are useful, but shipping containers remain vulnerable. The authors, building on work done by the National Defense University Center for Technology and National Security Policy that formed the basis for the CSI, recommend a comprehensive multilateral agreement on the use of containers in international trade rather than numerous bilateral agreements. Such a comprehensive solution requires a worldwide approach, including improved tools, better information, and cooperation among all stakeholders. Key components of the system that need improving include th e bill of lading, seals, controls and sensors at borders, ports, and other transfer points, and the verification and sharing of information. The key objective must be to verify more reliably the contents of containers, in particular the absence of WMD, as well as their travel history This paper recommends, as a key step in this approach, the development and adoption of a comprehensive Code of Conduct that would be globally recognized and enforced for such an important component of global commerce. The implementation measures should provide incentives for the industry involved to comply with the obligations of the Code. The G8 and China, or the World Customs Organization, could take the lead in negotiating a global agreement on container security. A draft outline of such a Code is presented in the Annex to this Report.
Best Business Practices for Securing America's Borders by United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee on Infrastructure and Border Security Pdf
The Implementation of the Maritime Transportation Security Act by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Pdf
