The Cuno Government And Reparations 1922 1923

Author : H.J. Rupieper
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 299 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9789400992849

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The Cuno Government and Reparations 1922–1923 by H.J. Rupieper Pdf

When the First World War ended, the political and economic system of prewar Europe lay in ruins. Though Allied politicians tried at various post war conferences to create a new and stable European order they failed because of conflicting and competing national interests. The peace settle ments neither established security from renewed attacks by the defeated nations nor did they lay the groundwork for a reconstruction of Europe's devastated economic system, because the members of the Allied war coali tion could not agree on the goals to be pursued by the treaties or on the means to enforce their settlement. In this context, reparations played a most signi ficant role. The conflict between the European protagonists France, Great Britain and Germany reached its peak at the beginning of 1923 when Franco Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr district in a last attempt to implement strategies developed in 1919 for a control ofthe German economic potential until reparations had been paid and to show to the Anglo-Saxon powers that any modification of Allied policy toward Germany could not be attained against French objections or without a simultaneous adjustment of French war debts. By focusing on the reparation issue during the period of the Cuno Cabinet, this book attempts to contribute both to the literature on Cuno and to the interrelationship of political and economic problems after W orId War I.

Author : Hermann-Josef Rupieper
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 1052 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 1974
Category : France
ISBN : STANFORD:36105025646386

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Politics and Economics: the Cuno Government and Reparations, 1922-1923 by Hermann-Josef Rupieper Pdf

Author : Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2013-02-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9783110860078

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The German Inflation 1914-1923 by Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich Pdf

Author : Volker Ullrich
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
Page : 540 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2023-09-26
Category : History
ISBN : 9781324093473

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Germany 1923: Hyperinflation, Hitler's Putsch, and Democracy in Crisis by Volker Ullrich Pdf

From the New York Times best-selling historian comes a gripping account of the crisis of the Weimar Republic, when hyperinflation and political upheaval threatened to unravel a new experiment in democracy. As the great Austrian writer Stefan Zweig confided in his autobiography, written in exile, “I have a pretty thorough knowledge of history, but never, to my recollection, has it produced such madness in such gigantic proportions.” He was referring to the situation in Germany in 1923. It was a “year of lunacy,” defined by hyperinflation, a political system on the verge of collapse, and separatist movements that threatened Germany’s territorial integrity. Most significantly, Adolf Hitler launched his infamous Beer Hall Putsch in Munich—a failed coup that nonetheless drew international attention and demonstrated the Nazis’ ruthless determination to seize power. In Germany 1923, award-winning historian Volker Ullrich draws on letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, and other sources from the time to present a captivating new history of those explosive twelve months. The crisis began when the French invaded the Ruhr Valley in January to force Germany to pay the reparations it owed under the Treaty of Versailles, which had ended the Great War. For years, German leaders had embraced inflationary policies to finance the costs of defeat, and, as Ullrich demonstrates, the invasion utterly destroyed the value of the German mark. Before the war, the exchange rate was 4.2 marks to the dollar. By November 20, 1923, a dollar was worth an incomprehensible 4.2 trillion marks, and a loaf of bread cost 200 billion. Facing the abyss, many ordinary Germans called for a national messiah. Among the figures to vie for that role was Hitler, a thirty-four-year-old veteran who possessed a uniquely malevolent personal magnetism. Although the Nazi coup in November was put down and Hitler arrested, the putsch showed just how tenuous the first German democracy, the Weimar Republic, was at its core. As Ullrich’s panoramic narrative reveals, other Germans responded to the successive crises by launching a cultural revolution: 1923 witnessed the emergence of a multitude of new movements, from Dada to Bauhaus, and of such iconoclasts as Bertolt Brecht, George Grosz, and Franz Kafka. Yet most observers were amazed that the Weimar Republic was able to survive, and the more astute realized that the feral undercurrents unleashed could lead to much worse. Publishing a century after that fateful year, Germany 1923 is a riveting chronicle of one of the most challenging times any modern democracy has faced, one with haunting parallels to our own political moment.

Author : Larry Eugene Jones
Publisher : UNC Press Books
Page : 679 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2017-10-10
Category : History
ISBN : 9781469619682

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German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933 by Larry Eugene Jones Pdf

Jones offers a detailed and comprehensive overview of the development and decline of the German Democratic party and the German People's party from 1918 to 1933. In tracing the impact of World War I, the runaway inflation to the 1920s, and the Great Depression of the 1930s upon Germany's middle-class electorate, the study demonstrates why the forces of liberalism were ineffective in preventing the rise of nazism and the establishment of the Third Reich. Originally published in 1988. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

Author : Carole Fink,Axel Frohn,Jürgen Heideking
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2002-08-08
Category : History
ISBN : 0521522803

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Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 by Carole Fink,Axel Frohn,Jürgen Heideking Pdf

A unique international collaboration, presenting various perspectives on the Genoa Conference of 1922.

Author : Jeffrey Stephen Dunn
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Page : 275 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2013-07-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781443851138

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The Crowe Memorandum by Jeffrey Stephen Dunn Pdf

As we approach the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, students of history will revisit the causes, conduct and aftermath of the war. In each of these, Sir Eyre Crowe played a very significant role. Yet, outside academic and diplomatic circles, his name is little known. An “outsider” in the Foreign Office, he neither attended an English public school nor university. He was born and educated in Germany. Yet he rose because of his unique expertise to be the Permanent Under-Secretary from 1920 until his death in 1925, during which time he worked, not always amicably, with prime ministers and foreign secretaries such as Lloyd George, Curzon, Ramsay Macdonald and Austen Chamberlain. On his death, Stanley Baldwin called him “our ablest public servant.” Eyre Crowe was a participant in events that led to the 1914–1918 war, was one of the main organisers of the blockade of Germany, helped to end the Ruhr crisis of 1923–24, and played a major role in the acceptance of the Dawes Plan at the 1924 London Conference. Shortly before he died, he persuaded a sceptical Cabinet to accept a policy that culminated in the Locarno Pact. Yet, Crowe played a strange role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Britain’s most knowledgeable expert on Germany, he was marginalised by Lloyd George prior to the signing of the Versailles Treaty, but then played a leading part as Ambassador Plenipotentiary. Crowe’s Memorandum of 1907 had a profound influence upon Foreign Office perceptions of Germany for more than forty years. The “Crowe line” on Germany was opposed by Neville Chamberlain and the British Ambassador in Berlin, Neville Henderson, prior to the Second World War. Crowe had believed that Germany was a great nation, but that Britain had made too many concessions to its government when it needed to stand firm. Foreign Office diplomats were even seen waving copies of the memorandum (by then a published document) in the faces of journalists from the pro-appeasement Times newspaper. This book focuses mainly on the 1907 Memorandum and Crowe’s career after the war, but it provides many insights into the characters, talents and failings of a number of players in this extraordinary period of history.

Author : Christoph M. Kimmich
Publisher : Scarecrow Press
Page : 343 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2013-03-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9780810884465

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German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945 by Christoph M. Kimmich Pdf

Christoph Kimmich’s German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Current Research and Resources is the most comprehensive guide to archival resources and published materials on the foreign policy of Weimar and Nazi Germany. It lists the archives, libraries, and research institutes, public and private, that hold important collections. While Kimmich’s survey emphasizes archives in Germany, it also covers archives in Europe and in the United States, describing their holdings, terms of access and use, and the guides and inventories available. German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945 also includes a substantial bibliography of published sources, from documentary series to significant contemporary accounts, from the memoir literature to secondary works, with annotations appearing for the more important and the more obscure. This select bibliography concentrates only on works that are serious, innovative, and accessible. It describes the various series of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial Records and the original trial documents available in archives and libraries. Particular attention is given to the vast and ever increasing availability of materials on the Web, ranging from digitized print materials to archival inventories and source materials. Moreover, in order to facilitate work in the archives, the guide explains the organization and functioning of the German foreign ministry between 1918 and 1945 and notes how it kept and stored its records. This third edition differs from its predecessor by offering new and critical information on German archives that have since been consolidated and relocated after German reunification, on archival sources of hitherto unknown provenance, and on materials available on the Web. It is a reference source for both the established scholar and the novice planning research and a guide for their visits to archives and libraries, enabling them to find their way quickly and efficiently through the voluminous research and research materials that have come to light in recent years.

Author : Nicholas Mulder
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 449 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2022-01-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780300262520

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The Economic Weapon by Nicholas Mulder Pdf

The first international history of the emergence of economic sanctions during the interwar period and the legacy of this development Economic sanctions dominate the landscape of world politics today. First developed in the early twentieth century as a way of exploiting the flows of globalization to defend liberal internationalism, their appeal is that they function as an alternative to war. This view, however, ignores the dark paradox at their core: designed to prevent war, economic sanctions are modeled on devastating techniques of warfare. Tracing the use of economic sanctions from the blockades of World War I to the policing of colonial empires and the interwar confrontation with fascism, Nicholas Mulder uses extensive archival research in a political, economic, legal, and military history that reveals how a coercive wartime tool was adopted as an instrument of peacekeeping by the League of Nations. This timely study casts an overdue light on why sanctions are widely considered a form of war, and why their unintended consequences are so tremendous.

Author : Geoff Eley,James Retallack
Publisher : Berghahn Books
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2003-05-01
Category : History
ISBN : 9780857457110

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Wilhelminism and Its Legacies by Geoff Eley,James Retallack Pdf

What was distinctive—and distinctively "modern"—about German society and politics in the age of Kaiser Wilhelm II? In addressing this question, these essays assemble cutting-edge research by fourteen international scholars. Based on evidence of an explicit and self-confidently "bourgeois" formation in German public culture, the contributors suggest new ways of interpreting its reformist potential and advance alternative readings of German political history before 1914. While proposing a more measured understanding of Wilhelmine Germany's extraordinarily dynamic society, they also grapple with the ambivalent, cross-cutting nature of German "modernities" and reassess their impact on long-term developments running through the Wilhelmine age.

Author : Anne Orde
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 372 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2002-04-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521892570

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British Policy and European Reconstruction After the First World War by Anne Orde Pdf

This book is a study of the political economy of Europe after 1919.

Author : Anthony McElligott
Publisher : A&C Black
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2013-12-19
Category : History
ISBN : 9781849660273

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Rethinking the Weimar Republic by Anthony McElligott Pdf

“McElligott's impressive mastery of an enormous body of research guides him on a distinctive path through the dense thickets of Weimar historiography to a provocative new interpretation of the nature of authority in Germany's first democracy.” Sir Ian Kershaw, Emeritus Professor of Modern History at the University of Sheffield, UK This study challenges conventional approaches to the history of the Weimar Republic by stretching its chronological-political parameters from 1916 to 1936, arguing that neither 1918 nor 1933 constituted distinctive breaks in early 20th-century German history. This book: - Covers all of the key debates such as inheritance of the past, the nature of authority and culture - Rethinks topics of traditional concern such as the economy, Article 48, the Nazi vote and political violence - Discusses hitherto neglected areas, such as provincial life and politics, the role of law and Republican cultural politics

Author : ALESSANDRO ROSELLI
Publisher : Springer
Page : 259 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2014-10-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781137327000

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Money and Trade Wars in Interwar Europe by ALESSANDRO ROSELLI Pdf

This books explains, on the basis of archival evidence and a simple economic model, why and how the gold standard collapsed in the interwar period. It also reveals how bilateralism and dirigisme in international financial relations emerged from the collapse of the universal gold standard, and how this poisoned international relations.

Author : Spencer R. Weart
Publisher : Yale University Press
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 1998-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0300082983

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Never at War by Spencer R. Weart Pdf

This lively survey of the history of conflict between democracies reveals a remarkable--and tremendously important--finding: fully democratic nations have never made war on other democracies. Furthermore, historian Spencer R. Weart concludes in this thought-provoking book, they probably never will. Building his argument on some forty case studies ranging through history from ancient Athens to Renaissance Italy to modern America, the author analyzes for the first time every instance in which democracies or regimes like democracies have confronted each other with military force. Weart establishes a consistent set of definitions of democracy and other key terms, then draws on an array of international sources to demonstrate the absence of war among states of a particular democratic type. His survey also reveals the new and unexpected finding of a still broader zone of peace among oligarchic republics, even though there are more of such minority-controlled governments than democracies in history. In addition, Weart discovers that peaceful leagues and confederations--the converse of war--endure only when member states are democracies or oligarchies. With the help of related findings in political science, anthropology, and social psychology, the author explores how the political culture of democratic leaders prevents them from warring against others who are recognized as fellow democrats and how certain beliefs and behaviors lead to peace or war. Weart identifies danger points for democracies, and he offers crucial, practical information to help safeguard peace in the future.

Author : Richard F. America
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 381 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2024-01-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783031328046

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Accounting for Colonialism by Richard F. America Pdf

This book examines qualitatively and quantitatively the exploitation of African through colonialism and imperialism. The contribution included build on previous qualitative analyses of the effects of imperialism and colonialism in Africa. Chapters expand on that body of work and introduce new ways to measure some of the benefits that accrued to Europe and North America through centuries of systematic underpayments and overcharges that one can consider abuse of dominance. The collection also adds to an ongoing process that is related to the growing work related to reparations. This book, thereby, contributes to a process of changing international development assistance policy. It helps to create a basis for officially estimating the continuing gains from past and current actions against African economic, social, and political institutions and systems. This edited volume, which showcases a diversity of scholars and their perspectives, attempts to establish wrongful benefits and damages from almost 600 years of international harm to the African continent.