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The Genus Betula by Kenneth Ashburner,Hugh A. McAllister Pdf
Birches or Betula are among the most attractive and common trees in the landscape and in gardens. The Genus Betula is the first monograph published on this plant group, the species of which have been notoriously difficult to identify. Accounts are given of all known birches found in Europe, Asia and North America, both white and brown barked, and a key for their identification. An invaluable tool for arboriculturalists and professional and amateur gardeners, and will also appeal to lovers of botanical art.
This is the first monograph to cover the commercially, ecologically, and horticulturally important genus Betula. The highly ornamental and hardy birch species are fully detailed with botanical and horticultural information that is accessible to both the general reader and the specialist.
The genus Betula is a hugely important one, commercially, ecologically and horticulturally. The majority of species are highly ornamental and hardy in temperate gardens, providing year-round interest, with ornamental bark, attractive foliage, excellent autumn colour and a variety of sizes and habits. Detailed botanical and horticultural information is given, accessible to both the general reader and the specialist. The book includes: - The genus Betula in the wild: Geography, ecology, reproduction and conservation - Birch and man: Ethnobotany, economic uses and garden uses - Cultivation and propagation: Choosing birch species, cultivation, propagation, combining birch with other plants, pests and diseases - Betula species: Over 50 species covered, including information on naming, description, geography and ecology, cultivation and propagation - Appendices: Suppliers, societies, glossary and bibliography
The genus Betula, generally known as birch, belongs to the family Betulaceae. There are about 83 recognized species of Betula, all of which are essential ecological components of northern temperate and boreal woodlands in many parts of the world. The species of this genus have a good tolerance to freezing temperature and water deficit, as well as high sensitivity to UV-B exposure. The chemical composition of Betula pubescens Ehrh. and Betula pendula Roth. buds is assessed, providing data on their biological activities. Betula species show antiarthritic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activities, and the authors propose that it is important to consider the biopharmaceutical properties of the secondary metabolites for further development.
A Taxonomic Study of Western Canadian Species in the Genus Betula by Janet Rogge Dugle Pdf
Five western North American birches, Betula fontinalis . B. glandulosa , B. pumila var. glandulifera , B. resinifera and B. papyrifera are studied taxonomically. Synonymy, descriptions, distribution and representative specimens examined are included. Four hybrid taxa, B. x winteri , B. x sargentii , B. x arbuscula, and B. x uliginosa , are described for the first time and three additional hybrids, B>. x utahensis , B. x eastwoodae and B. x sandbergii are also included. When birch species are in contact, they often hybridize. The populations so formed have been analyzed and the nature of several hybrid entities determined. The methods of analysis applied are as follows: chromatography of leaves and bark; hybrid index; polygonal graphs; chromosome numbers; pollen size, morphology and stainability; stomatal size; germination data; and pictorialized scatter diagrams. Betula x uliginosa (2n = 28-56) is the result of hybridization between B. resinifera and B. pumila var. glandulifera . In the population analyzed, introgression was in the direction of B. pumila var. glandulifera , the birch with the higher chromosome number. When B. pumila var. glandulifera is in contact with B. glandulosa , B. x sargentii (2n = 28-56) is produced. Introgression seems to be in both directions, although most of the gene flow is in the direction of the taxon with the higher chromosome number, B. pumila var. glandulifera . B. x eastwoodae (2n = 28) is the result of hybridization between B. glandulosa and B. fontinalis . Introgression was influenced very little by environmental selection, and B. x eastwoodae seemed to be as common as either of the parental species; and any gene flow was in either direction. B. x utahensis (2n = 28-84 with a concentration at 2n = 56) is the result of hybridization between B. papyrifera and B. fontinalis . In populations of these birches, introgression is mainly from B. fontinalis into B. papyrifera . Hybridization of B. x sargentii and B. papyrifera results in B. x arbuscula (2n = 28-84), a rare hybrid. Tentative conclusions are that introgression is in the direction of B. papyrifera , the taxon with the higher chromosome number. Hybridization of B, resinifera and B. papyrifera produces B. x winteri (2n = 28-84 with a concentration of individuals at 2n = 56). In the populations of these birches which were analyzed, introgression was in both directions. B. x sandbergii (2n = 56-84) results from hybridization of B. papyrifera and B. pumila var. glandulifera . As contrasted with the above, and probably as a result of strong environmental influence in the area in which this cross was analyzed, introgression was in the direction of J3. pumila var. glandulifera , the parental taxon with the lower chromosome number.
Elegant, rich in history, and supremely useful, birches have played an extraordinary yet largely unrecognized part in shaping both our natural environment and the material culture and beliefs of millions of people around the world. Exploring birches’ many uses, the ancient beliefs and folklore we associate with them, their abiding portrayal in literature and art, and their biology, Birch presents a fascinating overview of the cultural and ecological significance of these versatile trees. For thousands of years, birches have given the people of northern temperate forests and beyond raw materials in the form of leaves, twigs, branches, bark, wood, and sap—materials used not simply to survive, but to flourish and express identity in practical and spiritual ways. Tough, waterproof, and flexible, birch bark has been used for everything from basketry and clothing to housing, transport, musical instruments, and medicines, and even to communicate and record sacred beliefs: some of our most ancient Buddhist texts and other historic documents are written on birch bark. Birches have not only shaped regional indigenous cultures—for example, in the form of the Native American wigwam and the birch bark canoe—they also continue to be of global economic importance today. Featuring an arbor of illustrations and rich analyses, Birch is an enlightening look into the history and possible future of these beautiful trees.
Cypripediums, the lady slipper orchids, are the showiest and undoubtedly the most collectable of all terrestrial orchids. This monograph examines the history, biology, conservation, cultivation and classification of the temperate slipper orchids. With 26 colour paintings, 98 colour photographs, 51 line drawings and 22 maps.
Frankia Symbiosis by P. Normand,K. Pawlowski,J.O. Dawson Pdf
The 12th meeting on Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants that took place in Carry-le-Rouet, France in June 2001 was the opportunity for scientists to communicate about latest developments on this symbiosis that concerns a wide range of dicotyledonous plants, initiates ecological successions and is used in a number of countries to protect crops from winds or improve soil status. Selected papers on plant ecology, Frankia's genetics or physiology, and host plants' genetics or physiology are published in this special Plant & Soil issue.
This is the first complete and illustrated monograph of the genus Lachenalia, a horticulturally important and botanically diverse plant group. Lachenalia ranks with Gladiolus as one of the two most popular genera of South African bulbous plants worldwide, and next to Ornithogalum is the second-largest member of the family Hyacinthaceae in southern Africa.The flowers of some species have exceptionally showy blooms that occur in numerous interesting colours, shapes and sizes, and their fascinating leaves, many of which are attractively spotted or barred, or covered with attractive hairs or pustules. The flowers of many species are attractive in another dimension in that they emit distinctive aromas, ranging from spicy (like cloves) to various degrees of sweet (like a mixture of carnations and orchids), while one species is strongly coconut-scented.All species are described, classified and illustrated, with detailed text on history, morphology, phylogeny, phytogeography, pollination biology, cultivation and propagation. This book includes many highly attractive species which have never been illustrated in colour before, with 11 new taxa, ten of which are new species.This will become the standard reference work on all aspects of the genus and will appeal to botanists and taxonomists, bulb-growers, horticulturalists, gardeners, collectors of fine botanical works, ecologists and nature conservationists, as well as libraries and universities.
The Genus Jasminum in Cultivation by Peter Shaw Green,Diana Miller Pdf
A new publication fromthe Botanical MagazineMonograph series,Hardy Heathers is afully illustratedmonograph thatdescribes all Calluna,Daboecia and thoseErica species that grownaturally in thenorthern hemisphere.Distribution, history,conservation, classification and cultivation arecovered in detail, making this an indispensable bookfor the heather enthusiast, professional nurseryman,landscape architect, gardener, botanist, ecologist andconservationist with interests in heaths and heathlands. The close collaboration between the authorand the renowned botanical artist Christabel Kingmake this book an outstanding contribution to the artof botanical illustration.
