The Impact Of Oportunidades On Human Capital And Income Distribution

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The Impact of Oportunidades on Human Capital and Income Distribution

Dario Debowicz,Jennifer Golan
The Impact of Oportunidades on Human Capital and Income Distribution Book PDF

Author : Dario Debowicz,Jennifer Golan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2013-04-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Impact of Oportunidades on Human Capital and Income Distribution by Dario Debowicz,Jennifer Golan Pdf

In an effort to inform social policy in Mexico, this paper analyzes the effects of a major social program on school attendance and household income distribution, accounting for its partial and general equilibrium effects. Linking a microeconometric simulation model and a general equilibrium model in a bidirectional way, the paper explicitly takes spillover effects of the Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program into account. Our results suggest that partial equilibrium analysis alone may underestimate the distributional effects of the program. Extending the coverage of the program leads to a significant increase in school attendance, which reduces labor supply and increases the equilibrium wages of the children who remain at work. This general equilibrium effect indirectly reduces income inequality and poverty at the national level.

Poverty, Inequality, and Human Capital Development in Latin America, 1950-2025

Juan Luis Londoño de la Cuesta
Poverty Inequality and Human Capital Development in Latin America 1950 2025 Book PDF

Author : Juan Luis Londoño de la Cuesta
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 62 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UCSD:31822023666910

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Poverty, Inequality, and Human Capital Development in Latin America, 1950-2025 by Juan Luis Londoño de la Cuesta Pdf

Presents and analyzes data on extent of and trends in poverty from 1950-94. Uses these trends to project poverty to 2025. Concludes that rapid decreases in poverty will occur only if region devotes significantly more resources to education--Handbook ofLatin American Studies, v. 57.

Human Capital versus Basic Income

Fabian A Borges
Human Capital versus Basic Income Book PDF

Author : Fabian A Borges
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
Page : 293 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2022-02-23
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780472902774

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Human Capital versus Basic Income by Fabian A Borges Pdf

Latin America underwent two major transformations during the 2000s: the widespread election of left-leaning presidents (the so-called left turn) and the diffusion of conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs)—innovative social programs that award regular stipends to poor families on the condition that their children attend school. Combining cross-national quantitative research covering the entire region and in-depth case studies based on field research, Human Capital versus Basic Income: Ideology and Models for Anti-Poverty Programs in Latin America challenges the conventional wisdom that these two transformations were unrelated. In this book, author Fabián A. Borges demonstrates that this ideology greatly influenced both the adoption and design of CCTs. There were two distinct models of CCTs: a “human capital” model based on means-tested targeting and strict enforcement of program conditions, exemplified by the program launched by Mexico’s right, and a more universalistic “basic income” model with more permissive enforcement of conditionality, exemplified by Brazil’s program under Lula. These two models then spread across the region. Whereas right and center governments, with assistance from international financial institutions, enacted CCTs based on the human capital model, the left, with assistance from Brazil, enacted CCTs based on the basic income model. The existence of two distinct types of CCTs and their relation to ideology is supported by quantitative analyses covering the entire region and in-depth case studies based on field research in three countries. Left-wing governments operate CCTs that cover more people and spend more on those programs than their center or right-wing counterparts. Beyond coverage, a subsequent analysis of the 10 national programs adopted after Lula’s embrace of CCTs confirms that program design—evaluated in terms of scope of the target population, strictness of conditionality enforcement, and stipend structure—is shaped by government ideology. This finding is then fleshed out through case studies of the political processes that culminated in the adoption of basic income CCTs by left-wing governments in Argentina and Bolivia and a human capital CCT by a centrist president in Costa Rica.

Population Density, Migration, and the Returns to Human Capital and Land

Yanyan Liu,Futoshi Yamauchi
Population Density Migration and the Returns to Human Capital and Land Book PDF

Author : Yanyan Liu,Futoshi Yamauchi
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2013-06-07
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Population Density, Migration, and the Returns to Human Capital and Land by Yanyan Liu,Futoshi Yamauchi Pdf

Rapid population growth in many developing countries has raised concerns regarding food security and household welfare. To understand the consequences of population growth on in the general equilibrium setting, we examine the dynamics of population density and its impacts on household outcomes using panel data from Indonesia. More specifically we explicitly highlight the importance of migration to urban sectors in the analysis. Empirical results show that human capital in the household determines the effect of increased population density on per capita household consumption expenditure. The effect of population density is positive if the average educational attainment is high (above junior high school), while it is negative otherwise. On the other hand, farmers with larger holdings maintain their advantage in farming regardless of population density. The paper concludes with some potential lessons for African countries from Indonesia’s more successful rural development experiences.

Inequality of Opportunity

Juan Gabriel Rodríguez
Inequality of Opportunity Book PDF

Author : Juan Gabriel Rodríguez
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
Page : 259 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2011-10-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781780520346

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Inequality of Opportunity by Juan Gabriel Rodríguez Pdf

Eight papers, both theoretical and applied, on the concept of equality of opportunity which says that a society should guarantee its members equal access to advantage regardless of their circumstances, while holding them responsible for turning that access into actual advantage by the application of effort.

An Ex Ante Analysis of the Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Biofortified High-Provitamin A and High-Iron Banana in Uganda

John L. Fiedler,Enoch M. Kikulwe,Ekin Birol
An Ex Ante Analysis of the Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Biofortified High Provitamin A and High Iron Banana in Uganda Book PDF

Author : John L. Fiedler,Enoch M. Kikulwe,Ekin Birol
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2013-07-16
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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An Ex Ante Analysis of the Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Biofortified High-Provitamin A and High-Iron Banana in Uganda by John L. Fiedler,Enoch M. Kikulwe,Ekin Birol Pdf

Uganda has made notable progress in reducing micronutrient deficiencies in recent years, but the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and anemia among children under 5 remain unacceptably high. According to World Health Organization criteria, VAD remains a public health problem in Uganda, and anemia is a severe problem. In this paper we explore the potential contribution to reducing both of these deficiencies using a genetically modified, high–provitamin A and high-iron banana (HPVAHIB) that is currently being developed. We present an ex ante analysis of the costs and nutritional benefits of HPVAHIB. Using the Ugandan National Household Survey of 2005/06, we analyzed the production and consumption patterns of highland cooking banana (nakinyika) and sweet banana (sukalindizi). Informed by the empirical findings, we developed geographically differentiated adoption, production, consumption, and diffusion patterns for several types of HPVAHIB. Based on households’ reported quantities of each type of banana currently consumed, we estimated the number of people consuming each banana and the quantities they consume, and then simulated the additional intakes of vitamin A and iron and estimated the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved attributable to each. Combining the health impacts with the estimated costs of the project, three impact measures of the HPVAHIB are developed: the cost per DALY saved, the benefit–cost ratio, and the internal rate of return. Eighteen scenarios are estimated. The base scenario, which includes only the biofortification of cooking banana with provitamin A at a level equal to 400 percent its intrinsic provitamin A content, estimates that the net present cost per DALY saved of HPVAHIB is US$62, its benefit–cost ratio is 16, and its internal rate of return is 31 percent. According to criteria established by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, the HPVAHIB project is a “very cost-effective” health intervention.

Ex-Post impact assessment review of IFPRI’s research program on social protection, 2000–2012

Nelson, Suzanne,Frakenberger, Tim,Brown, Vicky,Presnall, Carrie,Downen, Jeanne
Ex Post impact assessment review of IFPRI s research program on social protection 2000 2012 Book PDF

Author : Nelson, Suzanne,Frakenberger, Tim,Brown, Vicky,Presnall, Carrie,Downen, Jeanne
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2015-09-04
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Ex-Post impact assessment review of IFPRI’s research program on social protection, 2000–2012 by Nelson, Suzanne,Frakenberger, Tim,Brown, Vicky,Presnall, Carrie,Downen, Jeanne Pdf

This report assesses the impact of IFPRI’s social-protection research program (GRP28) from 2000 to 2012 (including its predecessor, MP18). The assessment includes an extensive review of public goods produced by the program, stakeholder perceptions of the program’s public goods and research activities, case studies (Bangladesh, London, Mexico, Rome, and Washington, DC), and policy or programming changes that resulted from IFPRI-sponsored research, capacity strengthening, and research-policy linkages between 2000 and 2012. Over 40 interviews were conducted with national stakeholders, donors, IFPRI staff, government officials, and individuals who participated in or had knowledge of IFPRI’s activities regarding social protection during this timeframe. IFPRI’s social-protection research activities conducted under the GRP28 are ongoing and extend beyond the 2012 endline of this assessment. GRP28 research activities initiated during the latter part of the 12-year timeframe (that is, in 2010, 2011, or 2012) are limited or absent from this assessment if results had not been published at the time the study was initiated early in the summer of 2014.

The Impact of Alternative Input Subsidy Exit Strategies on Malawi’s Maize Commodity Market

Mariam A. T. J. Mapila
The Impact of Alternative Input Subsidy Exit Strategies on Malawi s Maize Commodity Market Book PDF

Author : Mariam A. T. J. Mapila
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 32 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2013-07-16
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Impact of Alternative Input Subsidy Exit Strategies on Malawi’s Maize Commodity Market by Mariam A. T. J. Mapila Pdf

This study has been conducted in order to generate evidence of the visibility of exit from farm input subsidies in an African context. The study simulates the impact of alternative exit strategies from Malawi’s farm input subsidy program on maize markets. The simulation is conducted using a multiequation partial equilibrium model of the national maize market, which is sequentially linked via a price-linkage equation to local rural maize markets. The model accounts for market imperfections prevailing in the country that arise from government price interventions. Findings show that some alternative exit strategies have negative and sustained impacts on maize yields, production, and acreage allocated to maize over the simulation period. Market prices rise steadily as a result of the implementation of different exit strategies. Despite higher maize prices, domestic maize consumption remains fairly stable, with a slow but increasing trend over the simulation period. Results further suggest that exit strategies that are coupled with improvements in agricultural extension services have the potential to offset the negative impacts of the removal or scaling down of agricultural input subsidies. The study findings demonstrate the difficulty of feasibly removing farm input subsidies. Study recommendations are therefore relevant for policymakers and development partners debating removal or implementation of farm input subsidies.

Targeting Technology to Reduce Poverty and Conserve Resources

Travis J. Lybbert,Nicholas Magnan,David J. Spielman,Anil Bhargava,Kajal Gulati
Targeting Technology to Reduce Poverty and Conserve Resources Book PDF

Author : Travis J. Lybbert,Nicholas Magnan,David J. Spielman,Anil Bhargava,Kajal Gulati
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2013-07-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Targeting Technology to Reduce Poverty and Conserve Resources by Travis J. Lybbert,Nicholas Magnan,David J. Spielman,Anil Bhargava,Kajal Gulati Pdf

Demand heterogeneity often makes it profitable for firms to price and promote goods and services differently in different market segments. When private consumption brings public benefits, this same heterogeneity can be used to target public subsidies. We explore the design of public–private targeting and segmentation strategies in the case of a resource-conserving agricultural technology in India. To understand farmers’ heterogeneous demand for laser land leveling (LLL), we conducted an experimental auction for LLL services with an integrated randomized controlled trial to estimate the private benefits of the technology. We use graphical and econometric approaches to characterize farmer demand for LLL. We then add detailed cost data from LLL providers to simulate and evaluate several potential targeted delivery strategies based on measures of (1) the cost-effectiveness of expanding LLL dissemination, (2) water savings, and (3) market surplus in a welfare framework. These simulations demonstrate inherent tradeoffs between increasing the amount of land that is leveled and expanding the number of farmers who adopt the technology, and between adoption and water savings. While segmenting and targeting are popular elements of many public–private partnerships to develop and disseminate agricultural technologies, formulating and implementing effective delivery strategies requires a rich understanding of costs, benefits, and demand. Our experimental approach generates such an understanding and may be relevant in other contexts.

Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis

Oluyemisi Kuku-Shittu,Astrid Mathiassen,Amit Wadhwa,Lucy Myles,Akeem Ajibola
Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis Book PDF

Author : Oluyemisi Kuku-Shittu,Astrid Mathiassen,Amit Wadhwa,Lucy Myles,Akeem Ajibola
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2013-07-30
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis by Oluyemisi Kuku-Shittu,Astrid Mathiassen,Amit Wadhwa,Lucy Myles,Akeem Ajibola Pdf

The Nigerian Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) provides an in-depth assessment of the food security situation within Nigeria. This is very important as it equips policymakers with timely and relevant information that will aid the targeting of interventions. Some of the most pertinent findings of the study are listed below: • Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked. Some 29 percent of households in the poorest wealth quintiles have unacceptable diets (9 percent poor and 20 percent borderline) compared with 15 percent in the wealthiest (2 percent poor and 13 percent borderline). • The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture. Seventy-seven percent of subsistence farmers are found in the two poorest wealth quintiles, as are 70 percent of mixed or cash crop farmers. • The general state of water and sanitation facilities available to households in all wealth categories is very poor, with consequent health implications. Forty-five percent of respondents do not have access to decent toilets, and 85 percent have no proper means of refuse disposal. • The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria. • Most households in all regions and at all wealth levels purchase food, but rural households and poorer households (by wealth and livelihood) also rely heavily on own food production. Households in the poorest quintiles in both rural and urban areas rely on own production (32 percent rural and 24 percent urban). Wealthier urban households rely mostly on purchases, whereas own production is common at varying levels across all wealth levels for rural households. • Nigerians generally consume a starchy diet, but wealthier households can afford more nutrient-rich foods (including animal-based proteins) than poorer households. For instance, the wealthiest households consume meat, fish, and eggs an average of four days a week compared with only two days for the poorest households. • Most households protect vulnerable household members in terms of food allocations (women and children), but that may not hold in the poorest households where some difficult allocation decisions may have to be made. • Poorer households are more likely to engage in extreme coping strategies (like going a whole day without food) to deal with food shortages.

Local Warming and Violent Conflict in North and South Sudan

Margherita Calderone,Jean-Francois Maystadt,Liangzhi You
Local Warming and Violent Conflict in North and South Sudan Book PDF

Author : Margherita Calderone,Jean-Francois Maystadt,Liangzhi You
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 78 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2013-07-15
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Local Warming and Violent Conflict in North and South Sudan by Margherita Calderone,Jean-Francois Maystadt,Liangzhi You Pdf

Weather shocks and natural disasters, it has been argued, represent a major threat to national and international security. Our paper contributes to the emerging micro-level strand of the literature on the link between local variations in weather shocks and conflict by focusing on a pixel-level analysis for North and South Sudan at different geographical and time scales between 1997 and 2009. Temperature anomalies are found to strongly affect the risk of conflict. In the future the risk is expected to magnify in a range of 21 to 30 percent under a median scenario, taking into account uncertainties in both the climate projection and the estimate of the response of violence to temperature variations. Extreme temperature shocks are found to strongly affect the likelihood of violence as well, but the predictive power is hindered by substantial uncertainty. Our paper also sheds light on the vulnerability of areas with particular biophysical characteristics or with vulnerable populations.

The Impact of Irrigation on Nutrition, Health, and Gender

Laia Domenech
The Impact of Irrigation on Nutrition Health and Gender Book PDF

Author : Laia Domenech
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2013-04-11
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Impact of Irrigation on Nutrition, Health, and Gender by Laia Domenech Pdf

Agriculture in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) is still largely rainfed. SSA also exhibits the lowest crop yields for major staples in the world, largely due to low use of irrigation and fertilizer. Rainfed agriculture poses growing production risks with increased climate variability and change. At the same time, smallholder irrigation in the region developed rapidly over the past decade, albeit starting from very low levels. In addition to largely demand-driven irrigation development by smallholders, there is a significant push by donors for large-scale irrigation development, as well as some push for smallholder irrigation. There has also been a long-standing debate about whether irrigation in SSA should be large scale or small scale to achieve its potential. However, given the potentially high rewards, but also high possibility of failure, the assessment of irrigation potential must go beyond large scale versus small scale to integrate concerns regarding environmental sustainability, resource use efficiency, nutrition and health impacts, and women’s empowerment. The hypothesis underlying this review paper is that how irrigation gets deployed in SSA will be decisive not only for environmental sustainability (such as deciding remaining forest cover in the region) and poverty reduction, but also for health, nutrition, and gender outcomes in the region. The focus of this paper is on the health, nutrition, and gender linkage. We find that to date, few studies have analyzed the impact of irrigation interventions on nutrition, health, and women’s empowerment, despite the large potential of irrigation to affect these important variables. Irrigation interventions may have differential effects on different members in the household and in the community, such as irrigators, non-irrigators, children, and women. Measuring and understanding such differences, followed by improving design and implementation to maximize gender, health, and nutrition outcomes, could transform irrigation programs from focusing solely on increased food production toward becoming an integral component of poverty-reduction strategies.

Progress Against Poverty

Santiago Levy
Progress Against Poverty Book PDF

Author : Santiago Levy
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 184 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2007-08-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780815752226

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Progress Against Poverty by Santiago Levy Pdf

In 1997, Mexico launched a new incentive-based poverty reduction program to enhance the human capital of those living in extreme poverty. This book presents a case study of Progresa-Oportunidades, focusing on the main factors that have contributed to the program's sustainability, policies that have allowed it to operate at the national level, and future challenges.

Dynamics of Transformation

Hiroyuki Takeshima,Kipo Jimah,Shashidhara Kolavalli,Xinshen Diao,Rebecca Lee Funk
Dynamics of Transformation Book PDF

Author : Hiroyuki Takeshima,Kipo Jimah,Shashidhara Kolavalli,Xinshen Diao,Rebecca Lee Funk
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2013-06-21
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Dynamics of Transformation by Hiroyuki Takeshima,Kipo Jimah,Shashidhara Kolavalli,Xinshen Diao,Rebecca Lee Funk Pdf

Agriculture in African South of the Sahara (SSA) can be transformed if the right public support is provided at the initial stage, and it can sustain itself once the enabling environment is put in place. Successes are also specific to the location of projects. In Ghana, interesting insights are obtained from the successful Kpong Irrigation Project (KIP), contrasted with other major irrigation projects in the country. Through an exploratory review, we describe how a productive system evolved in KIP and how public support for critical aspects (accumulation of crop husbandry knowledge, selection and supply of profitable varieties, and mechanization of land preparation) might have created a productive environment that the private sector could enter and fill in the market for credit, processing, mechanization of harvesting, and other institutional voids that typically have constrained agricultural transformation in the rest of SSA. Slower progress in other projects also raises a number of questions. We conclude by summarizing those questions and some testable hypotheses for future research.

The Logic of Adaptive Sequential Experimentation in Policy Design

Haipeng Xing,Xiaobo Zhang
The Logic of Adaptive Sequential Experimentation in Policy Design Book PDF

Author : Haipeng Xing,Xiaobo Zhang
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2013-06-26
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Logic of Adaptive Sequential Experimentation in Policy Design by Haipeng Xing,Xiaobo Zhang Pdf

Inspired by the wide adoption of rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in medical research, economists and other social scientists have increasingly used RCTs in their research. As researchers pick up projects amenable to the RCT methodology, they likely leave out important questions to which RCTs cannot be directly applied. As a result, RCTs have been criticized for the proclivity of addressing trivial questions. As a matter of fact, in medical research RCTs are an integral part of adaptive sequential experiment design—a few steps must be taken to screen out drugs that have toxins and strong side effects before running any RCTs on humans. In this paper, we argue that economists can learn a great deal from the design principles implemented in medical research. We develop a theoretical model to show the logic of adaptive sequential experiment design in the presence of uncertainty over negative effects and discuss how to choose samples in a population to minimize the experiment cost. We also point out the applications of our proposed framework in the economic domain, such as economic reforms and new product design.