The Judge In A Democracy

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The Judge in a Democracy

Aharon Barak
The Judge in a Democracy Book PDF

Author : Aharon Barak
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 355 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2009-01-10
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781400827046

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The Judge in a Democracy by Aharon Barak Pdf

Whether examining election outcomes, the legal status of terrorism suspects, or if (or how) people can be sentenced to death, a judge in a modern democracy assumes a role that raises some of the most contentious political issues of our day. But do judges even have a role beyond deciding the disputes before them under law? What are the criteria for judging the justices who write opinions for the United States Supreme Court or constitutional courts in other democracies? These are the questions that one of the world's foremost judges and legal theorists, Aharon Barak, poses in this book. In fluent prose, Barak sets forth a powerful vision of the role of the judge. He argues that this role comprises two central elements beyond dispute resolution: bridging the gap between the law and society, and protecting the constitution and democracy. The former involves balancing the need to adapt the law to social change against the need for stability; the latter, judges' ultimate accountability, not to public opinion or to politicians, but to the "internal morality" of democracy. Barak's vigorous support of "purposive interpretation" (interpreting legal texts--for example, statutes and constitutions--in light of their purpose) contrasts sharply with the influential "originalism" advocated by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. As he explores these questions, Barak also traces how supreme courts in major democracies have evolved since World War II, and he guides us through many of his own decisions to show how he has tried to put these principles into action, even under the burden of judging on terrorism.

Making Our Democracy Work

Stephen Breyer
Making Our Democracy Work Book PDF

Author : Stephen Breyer
Publisher : Vintage
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2010-09-14
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780307594266

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Making Our Democracy Work by Stephen Breyer Pdf

The Supreme Court is one of the most extraordinary institutions in our system of government. Charged with the responsibility of interpreting the Constitution, the nine unelected justices of the Court have the awesome power to strike down laws enacted by our elected representatives. Why does the public accept the Court’s decisions as legitimate and follow them, even when those decisions are highly unpopular? What must the Court do to maintain the public’s faith? How can the Court help make our democracy work? These are the questions that Justice Stephen Breyer tackles in this groundbreaking book. Today we assume that when the Court rules, the public will obey. But Breyer declares that we cannot take the public’s confidence in the Court for granted. He reminds us that at various moments in our history, the Court’s decisions were disobeyed or ignored. And through investigations of past cases, concerning the Cherokee Indians, slavery, and Brown v. Board of Education, he brilliantly captures the steps—and the missteps—the Court took on the road to establishing its legitimacy as the guardian of the Constitution. Justice Breyer discusses what the Court must do going forward to maintain that public confidence and argues for interpreting the Constitution in a way that works in practice. He forcefully rejects competing approaches that look exclusively to the Constitution’s text or to the eighteenth-century views of the framers. Instead, he advocates a pragmatic approach that applies unchanging constitutional values to ever-changing circumstances—an approach that will best demonstrate to the public that the Constitution continues to serve us well. The Court, he believes, must also respect the roles that other actors—such as the president, Congress, administrative agencies, and the states—play in our democracy, and he emphasizes the Court’s obligation to build cooperative relationships with them. Finally, Justice Breyer examines the Court’s recent decisions concerning the detainees held at Guantánamo Bay, contrasting these decisions with rulings concerning the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. He uses these cases to show how the Court can promote workable government by respecting the roles of other constitutional actors without compromising constitutional principles. Making Our Democracy Work is a tour de force of history and philosophy, offering an original approach to interpreting the Constitution that judges, lawyers, and scholars will look to for many years to come. And it further establishes Justice Breyer as one of the Court’s greatest intellectuals and a leading legal voice of our time.

The Capacity To Judge

Jeffrey L. McNairn
The Capacity To Judge Book PDF

Author : Jeffrey L. McNairn
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 480 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2016-09-01
Category : History
ISBN : 9781442639164

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The Capacity To Judge by Jeffrey L. McNairn Pdf

By the mid-nineteenth-century, 'public opinion' emerged as a new form of authority in Upper Canada. Contemporaries came to believe that the best answer to common questions arose from deliberation among private individuals. Older conceptions of government, sociability and the relationship between knowledge and power were jettisoned for a new image of Upper Canada as a deliberative democracy. The Capacity to Judge asks what made widespread public debate about common issues possible; why it came to be seen as desirable, even essential; and how it was integrated into Upper Canada's constitutional and social self-image. Drawing on an international body of literature indebted to Jürgen Habermas and based on extensive research in period newspapers, Jeffrey L. McNairn argues that voluntary associations and the press created a reading public capable of reasoning on matters of state, and that the dynamics of political conflict invested that public with final authority. He traces how contemporaries grappled with the consequences as they scrutinized parliamentary, republican and radical options for institutionalizing public opinion. The Capacity to Judge concludes with a case study of deliberative democracy in action that serves as a sustained defense of the type of intellectual history the book as a whole exemplifies.

Judges in Contemporary Democracy

Justice Stephen Breyer,Robert Badinter
Judges in Contemporary Democracy Book PDF

Author : Justice Stephen Breyer,Robert Badinter
Publisher : NYU Press
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2004-06-01
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780814789711

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Judges in Contemporary Democracy by Justice Stephen Breyer,Robert Badinter Pdf

Law, politics, and society in the modern West have been marked by the increasing power of the judge: the development of constitutional justice, the evolution of international judiciaries, and judicial systems that extend even further into social life. Judges make decisions that not only enforce the law, but also codify the values of our times. In the summer of 2000, an esteemed group of judges and legal scholars met in Provence, France, to consider the role of the judge in modern society. They included Robert Badinter, former president of the Constitutional Council in France; Stephen Breyer, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; Antonio Cassese, the first president of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; Dieter Grimm, former vice president of the Constitutional Court of Germany; Gil Carlos Rodriguez, president of the Court of Justice of the European Union; and Ronald Dworkin, formerly of Oxford University, now professor of philosophy and law at the New York University Law School. What followed was an animated discussion ranging from the influence of the media on the judiciary to the development of an international criminal law to the judge's consideration of the judge's own role. Judges in Contemporary Democracy offers a rare and intimate glimpse into the powers and the role of judges in today's society.

Justice, Democracy and the Jury

James Gobert
Justice Democracy and the Jury Book PDF

Author : James Gobert
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780429676093

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Justice, Democracy and the Jury by James Gobert Pdf

First published in 1997, this volume recognises that on trial in every criminal case heard by a jury is not only the defendant but the democratic premise that ordinary citizens are capable of sitting in judgement on that defendant. The jury is a quintessential democratic institution, the lay cog in a criminal justice machine dominated by lawyers, judges and police. Today, however, the jury finds itself under attack – on the right, for perverse verdicts, and, on the left, for miscarriages of justice. Justice, Democracy and the Jury is an attempt to place the jury within a historical, political and philosophical framework, and to analyse the decision-making processes at work on a jury. The book also examines whether the model of the jury can be adapted to other decision-making contexts and whether "citizens juries" can be used to revive a flagging democracy and to empower the people on issues of public concern.

Civil Justice, Privatization, and Democracy

Trevor C.W. Farrow
Civil Justice Privatization and Democracy Book PDF

Author : Trevor C.W. Farrow
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 400 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2014-04-30
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781442695030

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Civil Justice, Privatization, and Democracy by Trevor C.W. Farrow Pdf

Privatization is occurring throughout the public justice system, including courts, tribunals, and state-sanctioned private dispute resolution regimes. Driven by a widespread ethos of efficiency-based civil justice reform, privatization claims to decrease costs, increase speed, and improve access to the tools of justice. But it may also lead to procedural unfairness, power imbalances, and the breakdown of our systems of democratic governance. Civil Justice, Privatization, and Democracy demonstrates the urgent need to publicize, politicize, debate, and ultimately temper these moves towards privatized justice. Written by Trevor C.W. Farrow, a former litigation lawyer and current Chair of the Canadian Forum on Civil Justice, Civil Justice, Privatization, and Democracy does more than just bear witness to the privatization initiatives that define how we think about and resolve almost all non-criminal disputes. It articulates the costs and benefits of these privatizing initiatives, particularly their potential negative impacts on the way we regulate ourselves in modern democracies, and it makes recommendations for future civil justice practice and reform.

Can Courts be Bulwarks of Democracy?

Jeffrey K. Staton,Christopher Reenock,Jordan Holsinger
Can Courts be Bulwarks of Democracy Book PDF

Author : Jeffrey K. Staton,Christopher Reenock,Jordan Holsinger
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 173 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2022-03-31
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781316516737

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Can Courts be Bulwarks of Democracy? by Jeffrey K. Staton,Christopher Reenock,Jordan Holsinger Pdf

This book argues that independent courts can defend democracy by encouraging political elites to more prudently exercise their powers.

A Federal Right to Education

Kimberly Jenkins Robinson
A Federal Right to Education Book PDF

Author : Kimberly Jenkins Robinson
Publisher : NYU Press
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2023-06-13
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781479825899

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A Federal Right to Education by Kimberly Jenkins Robinson Pdf

How the United States can provide equal educational opportunity to every child The United States Supreme Court closed the courthouse door to federal litigation to narrow educational funding and opportunity gaps in schools when it ruled in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez in 1973 that the Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Rodriguez pushed reformers back to the state courts where they have had some success in securing reforms to school funding systems through education and equal protection clauses in state constitutions, but far less success in changing the basic structure of school funding in ways that would ensure access to equitable and adequate funding for schools. Given the limitations of state school funding litigation, education reformers continue to seek new avenues to remedy inequitable disparities in educational opportunity and achievement, including recently returning to federal court. This book is the first comprehensive examination of three issues regarding a federal right to education: why federal intervention is needed to close educational opportunity and achievement gaps; the constitutional and statutory legal avenues that could be employed to guarantee a federal right to education; and, the scope of what a federal right to education should guarantee. A Federal Right to Education provides a timely and thoughtful analysis of how the United States could fulfill its unmet promise to provide equal educational opportunity and the American Dream to every child, regardless of race, class, language proficiency, or neighborhood.

Are Judges Political?

Cass R. Sunstein,David Schkade,Lisa M. Ellman,Andres Sawicki
Are Judges Political Book PDF

Author : Cass R. Sunstein,David Schkade,Lisa M. Ellman,Andres Sawicki
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2007-02-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0815782357

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Are Judges Political? by Cass R. Sunstein,David Schkade,Lisa M. Ellman,Andres Sawicki Pdf

Over the past two decades, the United States has seen an intense debate about the composition of the federal judiciary. Are judges "activists"? Should they stop "legislating from the bench"? Are they abusing their authority? Or are they protecting fundamental rights, in a way that is indispensable in a free society? Are Judges Political? cuts through the noise by looking at what judges actually do. Drawing on a unique data set consisting of thousands of judicial votes, Cass Sunstein and his colleagues analyze the influence of ideology on judicial voting, principally in the courts of appeal. They focus on two questions: Do judges appointed by Republican Presidents vote differently from Democratic appointees in ideologically contested cases? And do judges vote differently depending on the ideological leanings of the other judges hearing the same case? After examining votes on a broad range of issues--including abortion, affirmative action, and capital punishment--the authors do more than just confirm that Democratic and Republican appointees often vote in different ways. They inject precision into an all-too-often impressionistic debate by quantifying this effect and analyzing the conditions under which it holds. This approach sometimes generates surprising results: under certain conditions, for example, Democrat-appointed judges turn out to have more conservative voting patterns than Republican appointees. As a general rule, ideology should not and does not affect legal judgments. Frequently, the law is clear and judges simply implement it, whatever their political commitments. But what happens when the law is unclear? Are Judges Political? addresses this vital question.

The Judge as Political Theorist

David Robertson
The Judge as Political Theorist Book PDF

Author : David Robertson
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 433 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2010-07-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781400836871

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The Judge as Political Theorist by David Robertson Pdf

The Judge as Political Theorist examines opinions by constitutional courts in liberal democracies to better understand the logic and nature of constitutional review. David Robertson argues that the constitutional judge's role is nothing like that of the legislator or chief executive, or even the ordinary judge. Rather, constitutional judges spell out to society the implications--on the ground--of the moral and practical commitments embodied in the nation's constitution. Constitutional review, in other words, is a form of applied political theory. Robertson takes an in-depth look at constitutional decision making in Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Canada, and South Africa, with comparisons throughout to the United States, where constitutional review originated. He also tackles perhaps the most vexing problem in constitutional law today--how and when to limit the rights of citizens in order to govern. As traditional institutions of moral authority have lost power, constitutional judges have stepped into the breach, radically altering traditional understandings of what courts can and should do. Robertson demonstrates how constitutions are more than mere founding documents laying down the law of the land, but increasingly have become statements of the values and principles a society seeks to embody. Constitutional judges, in turn, see it as their mission to transform those values into political practice and push for state and society to live up to their ideals.

Democracy and Distrust

John Hart Ely
Democracy and Distrust Book PDF

Author : John Hart Ely
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 1981-08-15
Category : Law
ISBN : 9780674263291

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Democracy and Distrust by John Hart Ely Pdf

This powerfully argued appraisal of judicial review may change the face of American law. Written for layman and scholar alike, the book addresses one of the most important issues facing Americans today: within what guidelines shall the Supreme Court apply the strictures of the Constitution to the complexities of modern life? Until now legal experts have proposed two basic approaches to the Constitution. The first, “interpretivism,” maintains that we should stick as closely as possible to what is explicit in the document itself. The second, predominant in recent academic theorizing, argues that the courts should be guided by what they see as the fundamental values of American society. John Hart Ely demonstrates that both of these approaches are inherently incomplete and inadequate. Democracy and Distrust sets forth a new and persuasive basis for determining the role of the Supreme Court today. Ely’s proposal is centered on the view that the Court should devote itself to assuring majority governance while protecting minority rights. “The Constitution,” he writes, “has proceeded from the sensible assumption that an effective majority will not unreasonably threaten its own rights, and has sought to assure that such a majority not systematically treat others less well than it treats itself. It has done so by structuring decision processes at all levels in an attempt to ensure, first, that everyone’s interests will be represented when decisions are made, and second, that the application of those decisions will not be manipulated so as to reintroduce in practice the sort of discrimination that is impermissible in theory.” Thus, Ely’s emphasis is on the procedural side of due process, on the preservation of governmental structure rather than on the recognition of elusive social values. At the same time, his approach is free of interpretivism’s rigidity because it is fully responsive to the changing wishes of a popular majority. Consequently, his book will have a profound impact on legal opinion at all levels—from experts in constitutional law, to lawyers with general practices, to concerned citizens watching the bewildering changes in American law.

Making Our Democracy Work

Stephen Breyer
Making Our Democracy Work Book PDF

Author : Stephen Breyer
Publisher : Vintage
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2011-09-13
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780307390837

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Making Our Democracy Work by Stephen Breyer Pdf

Charged with the responsibility of interpreting the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the awesome power to strike down laws enacted by our elected representatives. Why does the public accept the Court’s decisions as legitimate and follow them, even when those decisions are highly unpopular? What must the Court do to maintain the public’s faith? How can it help make our democracy work? In this groundbreaking book, Justice Stephen Breyer tackles these questions and more, offering an original approach to interpreting the Constitution that judges, lawyers, and scholars will look to for many years to come.

Appointing Judges in an Age of Judicial Power

Peter H. Russell,Kate Malleson
Appointing Judges in an Age of Judicial Power Book PDF

Author : Peter H. Russell,Kate Malleson
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
Page : 489 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2006-01-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780802093813

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Appointing Judges in an Age of Judicial Power by Peter H. Russell,Kate Malleson Pdf

The main aim of this volume is to analyse common issues arising from increasing judicial power in the context of different political and legal systems, including those in North America, Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

Active Liberty

Stephen Breyer
Active Liberty Book PDF

Author : Stephen Breyer
Publisher : Vintage
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2007-12-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780307424617

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Active Liberty by Stephen Breyer Pdf

A brilliant new approach to the Constitution and courts of the United States by Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer.For Justice Breyer, the Constitution’s primary role is to preserve and encourage what he calls “active liberty”: citizen participation in shaping government and its laws. As this book argues, promoting active liberty requires judicial modesty and deference to Congress; it also means recognizing the changing needs and demands of the populace. Indeed, the Constitution’s lasting brilliance is that its principles may be adapted to cope with unanticipated situations, and Breyer makes a powerful case against treating it as a static guide intended for a world that is dead and gone. Using contemporary examples from federalism to privacy to affirmative action, this is a vital contribution to the ongoing debate over the role and power of our courts.

The Judge, the Judiciary and the Court

Gabrielle Appleby,Andrew Lynch
The Judge the Judiciary and the Court Book PDF

Author : Gabrielle Appleby,Andrew Lynch
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 341 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2021-04-29
Category : Law
ISBN : 9781108494618

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The Judge, the Judiciary and the Court by Gabrielle Appleby,Andrew Lynch Pdf

Revealing analysis of how judges work as individuals and collectively to uphold judicial values in the face of contemporary challenges.