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The Laws of Imitation - Scholar's Choice Edition by Gabriel De Tarde,Elsie Worthington Clews Parsons Pdf
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Laws of Imitation - Scholar's Choice Edition by Tarde Gabriel De Pdf
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author : Dennis Klimchuk,Irit Samet,Henry E. Smith Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA Page : 401 pages File Size : 52,8 Mb Release : 2020-02-13 Category : Law ISBN : 9780198817659
Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Equity by Dennis Klimchuk,Irit Samet,Henry E. Smith Pdf
The law of Equity, a latecomer to the field of private law theory, raises fundamental questions about the relationships between law and morality, the nature of rights, and the extent to which we are willing to compromise on the rule of law ideal to achieve social goals. In this volume, leading scholars come together to address these and other questions about underlying principles of Equity and its relationship to the common law: What relationships, if any, are there between the legal, philosophical, and moral senses of 'equity'? Does Equity form a second-order constraint on law? If so, is its operation at odds with the rule of law? Do the various theories of Equity require some kind of separation of law and equity-and, if they do, what kind of separation? The volume further sheds light on some of the most topical questions of jurisprudence that are embedded in the debate around 'fusion'. A noteworthy addition to the Philosophical Foundations series, this volume is an important contribution to an ongoing debate, and will be of value to students and scholars across the discipline.
The Scholars Guide from the Accidence to the University: Or, Short, Plain and Easie Rules for Performing All Manner of Exercise in the Grammar-school, &c by Ralph Johnson Pdf
Drawing on both religious and secular sources, this challenging book argues that divinely ordained law is frequently misinterpreted by Muslim authorities at the expense of certain groups, including women. Khaled Abou El Fadl cites a series of injustices in Islamic society and ultimately proposes a return to the original ethics at the heart of the Muslim legal system.
A History of the Muslim World to 1405 by Vernon O Egger Pdf
Muslims first appeared in the early seventh century as members of a persecuted religious movement in a sun-baked town in Arabia. Within a century, their descendants were ruling a vast territory that extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River valley in modern Pakistan. This region became the arena for a new cultural experiment in which Muslim scholars and creative artists synthesized and reworked the legacy of Rome, Greece, Iran, and India into a new civilization. A History of the Muslim World to 1405 traces the development of this civilization from the career of the Prophet Muhammad to the death of the Mongol emperor Timur Lang. Coverage includes the unification of the Dar a1-Islam (the territory ruled by Muslims), the fragmentation into various religious and political groups including the Shi'ite and Sunni, and the series of catastrophes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that threatened to destroy the civilization. Features: Balanced coverage of the Muslim world encompassing the region from the Iberian Peninsula to South Asia. Detailed accounts of all cultures including major Shi'ite groups and the Sunni community. Primary sources. Numerous maps and photographs featuring a special four-color art insert. Glossary, charts, and timelines.
Instructions for Conducting a School, through the agency of the scholars themselves: comprising the analysis of an Experiment in Education ... Extracted from Elements of Tuition, Part 2, the English School ... Fourth edition, greatly enlarged. With an historical introduction and appendix by Andrew BELL (Prebendary of Westminster.) Pdf
Replete with a cast of giants in Islamic thought and philosophy, Ahmad S. Dallal's pathbreaking intellectual history of the eighteenth-century Muslim world challenges stale views of this period as one of decline, stagnation, and the engendering of a widespread fundamentalism. Far from being moribund, Dallal argues, the eighteenth century--prior to systematic European encounters--was one of the most fertile eras in Islamic thought. Across vast Islamic territories, Dallal charts in rich detail not only how intellectuals rethought and reorganized religious knowledge but also the reception and impact of their ideas. From the banks of the Ganges to the shores of the Atlantic, commoners and elites alike embraced the appeals of Muslim thinkers who, while preserving classical styles of learning, advocated for general participation by Muslims in the definition of Islam. Dallal also uncovers the regional origins of most reform projects, showing how ideologies were forged in particular sociopolitical contexts. Reformists' ventures were in large part successful--up until the beginnings of European colonization of the Muslim world. By the nineteenth century, the encounter with Europe changed Islamic discursive culture in significant ways into one that was largely articulated in reaction to the radical challenges of colonialism.
Marxism and Sociology: A Selection of Writings by Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz by Anonim Pdf
This selection of writings, published for the first time in English, focuses on Kelles-Krauz as a historian of ideas. While a Marxist at heart, he linked idealism, positivism, and contemporary sociology to ask about constructing traditions, social norms, and art.
Author : Mustafa Abdul Rahman,Abdul-Rahman Mustafa Publisher : Oxford University Press Page : 253 pages File Size : 50,5 Mb Release : 2013-04-25 Category : History ISBN : 9780199937516
On Taqlid by Mustafa Abdul Rahman,Abdul-Rahman Mustafa Pdf
Abdul-Rahman Mustafa offers a deft new translation of a large extract from the book I'lam al Muwaqqi'in 'An Rabb al 'Alamin, by the thirteenth-century Islamic scholar, Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya. The I'lam comprises an extensive discussion of the subject of taqlid, or legal imitation. It is one of the most comprehensive treatments of Islamic legal theory and even today serves as a manual for mujtahids and muftis. In the portion of the I'lam Mustafa has translated, Ibn Qayyim introduces the nature of taqlid and divides it into several categories. He then provides an account of a debate between a critic of the view that taqlid of a particular school or a scholar is a religious duty and this critic's interlocutor. Among the topics discussed are the different kinds of taqlid, the differences between taqlid and ittibi', the infallibility of religious scholars, the grounds on which one legal opinion might be preferred over another, and whether or not laymen can be expected to perform ijtihad. Ibn Qayyim's legal theory is a formidable reformulation of traditionalist Hanbalism, a legal-theological tradition that has always maintained a distinctive character in Islamic history and that is now growing more influential due to modern interest in the Wahhabi movement and in Ibn Taymiyya, whose legal and theological thought was edited and refined by his student, Ibn Qayyim. In his introduction to the translation, Mustafa critically reviews the scholarship on taqlid and outlines Ibn Qayyim's legal theory and the importance of taqlid within it. Taqlid continues to generate controversy amongst educated Muslims and particularly academics, as Salafi interpretations of Islam, which are generally 'anti-taqlid,' come into conflict with the generally 'pro-taqlid' stance of traditional schools such as the Hanafis. Mustafa's translation of a classic account of Islamic legal theory and strong critique of the dominant legal culture are timely contributions to an increasingly heated debate.
Ancient Scholars about the Turks and the Turkic Nations. The Mega-Edition. (2 volumes in one) by A. Sanducci Pdf
Primarily based on the genetic findings, backed by the archeological, historical, linguistic facts and testimonies of the ancient scholars, historians, and geographers, this work brings a fresh perspective into a stagnated view of the Turkic nations and their past. The book has an abundance of new discoveries about many historical facts and artifacts, including the Median text of the Behistun inscription, the ancient Armenians and their Phrygian language, the origins of Alexander the Great, Hercules, and Achilles, the participants of the Trojan War. The research provides an extensive analysis of the ancient Turkic alphabet in comparison to 19 other ancient scripts, and puts in full display Turkic symbols, called Tamga, detected worldwide from Gobekli Tepe to Native American artifacts, and discusses the true architects of the Kurgan culture that became a worldwide cultural phenomenon. CONTENTS: Preface. VOLUME 1. Chapter I. §1. The biblical origins of the Turkic nations. §2. The ancient Turkic nation of Az and the biblical land of Uz. §3. The biblical Tyrians and the Medes are the ancient Turks. §4. The Turkic origin of the biblical Hittites, the Kheta, the Khitai of Central Asia and China. §5. The Akkadians, the Sumerians, the Susians, the Kassites, the Caanites – the Turkic nations of biblical proportions. §6. The biblical Philistines' ties to the Turkic nations. Chapter II. §1. The Turkic pedigree of the Arian nations. §2. The Turkic origin of Odin–the god of all gods. §3. Troy, the same as Asgard–the ancient land of the Turks. §4. The Turkic nations— Az, Asir, Azeri, and Azerbaijanis. §5. The striking similarities between the Germanic and Turkic peoples. Chapter III. §1. The Tatars and the Mongols are closely related to each other Turkic nations. §2. The genetic research that established the Turkic forefather of a billion humans worldwide. Chapter IV. §1. The Medes and Media. §2. The Turkic names of the Median cities with the capital of Media–Agbatana. §3. The nations and tribes of Media. §4. The Turkic names of the Medes. §5. The Median language of Turkic origin–the analysis based on the Behistun inscription. §6. 65 grammatical pointers, attesting that Median was a Turkic language. Chapter V. §1. The Scythians and Scythian tribes. §2. The primary Scythian tribes, located in Scythia. §3. The As tribe and its derivatives. §4. The Sacai and their derivative tribes. §5. The Parthians, the Bactrians, and their subsidiary tribes. §6. The Huns. §7. The Sarmatai and the Sarmatian tribes, including the Turcae. §8. The Getai family. §9. The Celts, the Gauls, the Iberians, and the Germanic tribes. §9-1. The Celtic, the Iberian, the Kelto-Scythian tribes and nations. §9-2. The Gauls, aka the Galliae, aka the Galli. §9-3. The Germanic tribes. §10. The Thracians. VOLUME 2. §11. The Trojan nations. §11-1. The Dardanii and the Illyrian tribes. §11-2. The Teucri and their derivatives. §11-3. The Leleges and their derivatives. §11-3-1. 45 grammatical pointers, attesting that Etruscan was a Turkic language. §11-4. The Phrygians and their derivative tribes. §11-4-1. The lexico-grammatical similarities between the Phrygian and the Turkic languages. §11-4-2. 37 grammatical pointers, attesting that Phrygian was a Turkic language. §11-4-3. The Phrygian tribes: the Berecyntes, Cerbesii, Peloponnesians, Dorians, Leucadians, Lacedemonians, Armenians. §11-5. The Pelasgi and their posterity. §11-5.1. Pelasgian cities and districts. §11-5.2. Pelasgian origins of Theseus, Hercules, Achilles, and Alexander the Great. §11-5-3. Pelasgian mythology and pantheon of gods. §11-5-4. The Turkic word Tatar or Tartar, used by the Greeks, Romans, Hittites, Armenians. §11-6. The Solymi, Milyae, Termilae, Lycians, Xanthioi, Aphneii. §11-7. The Paphlagonians, Cauconians, Mariandyni, Ligues, Matienoi, Cappadocians, Heneti. §11-8. The Halizones, Chalybes, Armenochalybes, Amazones. §11-9. The Cilicians, or Hypachaeans, Tracheiotae, Pisidians, Selgeis, Sagalasseis, Clitae. §11-10. The DNA results connect the Trojans, the Scythians, the Etruscans, the Turrenians, the Pelasgians to the Turkic nations. Chapter VI. The ancient Turkic alphabet and its close similarity to the Pelasgian, Lydian, Lycian, Phrygian, Carian, Etruscan, Scythian scripts. Chapter VII. §1. The ancient Turkic tamgas. §2. The political tamgas, indicating statehood, the level of independence of a state, and its subjects. §3. The religious tamgas, indicating mystical, magical, spiritual signs. §4. The tamgas, indicating military and state attributes. §5. The tamgas, representing nature and animals. Chapter VIII. §1. The Turkic Nations in the Americas. §2. The names of the Native American Tribes that have a Turkic origin. §3. Religion and the kurgan building culture of the Native Americans. §4. The geographical names of Turkic origin in the Americas. §5. The Turkic etymology of the Mayan vocabulary. §6. The Native American words of Turkic origin. §7. The Turkic tamgas, petroglyphs and Native American artifacts.
Islamic Law and International Commercial Arbitration by Maria Bhatti Pdf
This book examines the intersection between contemporary International Commercial Arbitration and Shari?a law in order to determine possible tensions that may arise between the two systems. It develops evidentiary and procedural rules under Shari?a, as well as examining the consequences of stipulating qualifications of arbitrators based on gender and/or religion. The author extensively analyses the prohibition against interest (riba) and uncertainty (gharar) under Shari?a and its impact on arbitration agreements, arbitral awards and public policy. The book also explores the prohibition against riba in light of international conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Case studies in the book include the Asian International Arbitration Centre, formerly the Kuala Lumpur Regional Centre for Arbitration, and the International Islamic Centre for Reconciliation and Arbitration, as well as the ‘Shari’a Standards’ developed by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions. The book will be a valuable resource for academics, students and practitioners working in the areas of Islamic law and the Islamic finance industry.
Ibadi Theology. Rereading Sources and Scholarly Works by Ersilia Francesca Pdf
Ziel dieses Band ist, verschiedene Themen der ibaditischen Religion von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart zu untersuchen. Der Ibadismus entstand in der frühen islamischen Epoche und spielte eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der islamischen Rechts- und Glaubenslehre. Bis heute hat er einen großen Einfluss auf den Mittleren Osten und Nordafrika. Trotz seiner langen Tradition ist der Ibadismus und vor allem die ibaditische Glaubenslehre noch immer wenig bekannt und vielfach auch verkannt. Da bis jetzt nur wenige bedeutende umfangreiche Arbeiten zur Ibaditischen Glaubenslehre in europäischen Sprachen vorliegen, versucht dieser Band Abhilfe zu schaffen, indem er die charakteristische theologische Lehre dieser einflussreichen islamischen Strömung einem breiten Publikum bekannt macht und sich sowohl an Fachleute als auch an Laien wendet. Anhand vieler Beispiele aus verschiedenen Epochen und Quellen und mit einem interdisziplinären Ansatz behandeln die Autoren Fragen zu Dogma und Bekenntnis, Glaubensverständnis, theologischen Kontroversen, Neubewertung theologischer Quellen und zum ibaditischen „Modernismus“ im Oman und Nordafrika des vergangenen Jahrhunderts. Mittelalterliche ibaditische Quellen sind ausschlaggebend, um die frühe Entwicklung der Bewegung und die Dispute über Lehre und Politik zu verstehen, die die ibaditische Glaubenslehre vom sunnitischen Islam unterscheiden. Auf der anderen Seite unterstreicht der vorliegende Band auch, dass es wichtig ist, die ibaditischen Quellen aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in den Blick zu nehmen, als die ibaditische Reformbewegung begann, sich um eine Annäherung zwischen dem Islam und der Moderne zu bemühen. The aim of this volume is to explore different issues of Ibadi theology from the early beginnings until the present day. Ibadi Islam emerged in the early Islamic period and played a pivotal role in the development of Islamic law and theology. Today, it continues to be an influential force in the contemporary Middle East and North Africa. Despite its antiquity, Ibadi Islam – and particularly Ibadi theology – remains little known and has often been misunderstood. Up to now only few prominent book-length works devoted to Ibadi theology in European language; this volume aims at redressing this gap by introducing the distinctive theological teachings of this influential Islamic school to a broad public, specialists and non-specialists alike. Dealing with a series of cases, from different periods and different sources and using an interdisciplinary approach, the authors address questions such as dogma and creed, conception of faith, theological controversies, reassessment of theological sources, the Ibadi “modernism” in last century Oman and North Africa. Medieval Ibadi sources are crucial to understand the early development of the movement and the doctrinal and political disputes which differentiate Ibadi doctrine from Sunni Islam, on the other hand the volume emphasize the importance of also focusing on the 19th and 20th centuries Ibadi sources, when the Ibadi reform movement started looking for reconciliation between Islam and modernity.
Religion, Law and Learning in Classical Islam by George Makdisi Pdf
This second selection of articles by George Makdisi concentrates on the schools of religious thought and legal learning in the medieval Islamic world and their defence of ’orthodoxy’. The author aims to review and re-assess the implications of the conflict between, first, the ’rationalist’ and the ’traditional’ theologians (the one accepting the influence of Greek philosophy, the other rejecting it), and then between one of these traditionalist schools - the Hanbali school of law - and Sufi mysticism. One of the most important consequences of the first of these confrontations, he contends, was the emergence of the schools of law as the guardians of the faith and theological orthodoxy. The final section of the book also looks at the structure of legal learning, at the institutions themselves, their organization and the principles upon which they operated. As well as entering the debate over the existence of corporations and guilds of law in classical Islam - maintaining that they did exist - these articles further suggest links between such institutions and the evolution of universities in the medieval West, and the Inns of Court in England, and discuss the Islamic and Arabic contribution to the concepts of academic amd intellectual freedom and to the development of scholasticism and humanism. Cette deuxième sélection d'articles de George Makdisi se concentre sur les écoles de pensée religieuse et d'apprentissage juridique dans le monde islamique médiéval et leur défense de « l'orthodoxie ». L'auteur entend passer en revue et réévaluer les implications du conflit entre d'abord les théologiens « rationalistes » et « traditionnels » (l'un acceptant l'influence de la philosophie grecque, l'autre la rejetant), puis entre l'un d'eux écoles traditionalistes - l'école de droit Hanbali - et le mysticisme soufi. L'une des conséquences les plus importantes de la première de ces confrontations, soutient-il, a été l'émergence des écoles de droit en tant que gardiennes de la foi et de l'orthodoxie théologique. La dernière section du livre examine également la structure de l'apprentissage juridique, les institutions elles-mêmes, leur organisation et les principes sur lesquels elles fonctionnent. En plus d'entrer dans le débat sur l'existence des corporations et des guildes de la loi dans l'Islam classique - maintenant qu'elles existaient - ces articles suggèrent en outre des liens entre de telles institutions et l'évolution des universités dans l'Occident médiéval, et les Inns of Court en Angleterre. , et discuter de la contribution islamique et arabe aux concepts de liberté académique et intellectuelle et au développement de la scolastique et de l'humanisme.