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Author : Maurice W. Schiff,Alberto Valdés Publisher : World Bank Publications Page : 19 pages File Size : 52,7 Mb Release : 1990 Category : Economic development ISBN : 8210379456XXX
The Link Between Poverty and Malnutrition by Maurice W. Schiff,Alberto Valdés Pdf
Past studies have identified nutrition exclusively with nutrient intake. A better definition of nutrition (as the one used here) would critically affect the link between poverty and malnutrition and would affect the implications for policies designed to improve the nutritional status of the poor.
The Link between Poverty and Malnutrition by Maurice Schiff Pdf
Past studies have identified nutrition exclusively with nutrient intake. A better definition of nutrition would critically affect the link between poverty and malnutrition and would affect the implications for policies designed to improve the nutritional status of the poor. This paper focuses on the relationship between household income and their nutritional and health status. It presents new evidence on these interactions and suggests a framework for the analysis of the interactions between income transfers, the publicly provided inputs, and the household's response, as reflected in the effect on nutrition and health. Such framework can be applied in the evaluation of public policies designed to reduce malnutrition and improve the health status among the poor in urban and rural areas.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development ,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Children's Fund
Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development ,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Children's Fund Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org. Page : 239 pages File Size : 55,8 Mb Release : 2019-07-15 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9789251315705
The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,International Fund for Agricultural Development ,World Food Programme,World Health Organization,United Nations Children's Fund Pdf
This year’s report presents evidence that the absolute number of people who suffer from hunger continues to slowly increase. The report also highlights that food insecurity is more than just hunger. For the first time, the report provides evidence that many people in the world, even if not hungry, experience moderate food insecurity as they face uncertainties about their ability to obtain food and are forced to compromise on the quality and/or quantity of the food they consume. This phenomenon is observed globally, not only in low- and middle-income countries but also in high income countries. The report also shows that the world is not on track to meet global nutrition targets, including those on low birthweight and on reducing stunting among children under five years. Moreover, overweight and obesity continue to increase in all regions, particularly among school-age children and adults. The report stresses that no region is exempt from the epidemic of overweight and obesity, underscoring the necessity of multifaceted, multisectoral approaches to halt and reverse these worrying trends. In light of the fragile state of the world economy, the report presents new evidence confirming that hunger has been on the rise for many countries where the economy has slowed down or contracted. Unpacking the links between economic slowdowns and downturns and food insecurity and malnutrition, the report contends that the effects of the former on the latter can only be offset by addressing the root causes of hunger and malnutrition: poverty, inequality and marginalization.
Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie
Author : Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst Page : 80 pages File Size : 42,9 Mb Release : 2013-11-01 Category : Social Science ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Womens Empowerment and Nutrition by Mara van den Bold,Agnes R. Quisumbing,Stuart Gillespie Pdf
Many development programs that aim to alleviate poverty and improve investments in human capital consider womens empowerment a key pathway by which to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Despite this, womens empowerment dimensions are often not rigorously measured and are at times merely assumed. This paper starts by reflecting on the concept and measurement of womens empowerment and then reviews some of the structural interventions that aim to influence underlying gender norms in society and eradicate gender discrimination. It then proceeds to review the evidence of the impact of three types of interventionscash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programson womens empowerment, nutrition, or both. Qualitative evidence on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs generally points to positive impacts on womens empowerment, although quantitative research findings are more heterogenous. CCT programs produce mixed results on long-term nutritional status, and very limited evidence exists of their impacts on micronutrient status. The little evidence available on unconditional cash transters (UCT) indicates mixed impacts on womens empowerment and positive impacts on nutrition; however, recent reviews comparing CCT and UCT programs have found little difference in terms of their effects on stunting and they have found that conditionality is less important than other factors, such as access to healthcare and child age and sex. Evidence of cash transfer program impacts depending on the gender of the transfer recipient or on the conditionality is also mixed, although CCTs with non-health conditionalities seem to have negative impacts on nutritional status. The impacts of programs based on the gender of the transfer recipient show mixed results, but almost no experimental evidence exists of testing gender-differentiated impacts of a single program. Agricultural interventionsspecifically home gardening and dairy projectsshow mixed impacts on womens empowerment measures such as time, workload, and control over income; but they demonstrate very little impact on nutrition. Implementation modalities are shown to determine differential impacts in terms of empowerment and nutrition outcomes. With regard to the impact of microfinance on womens empowerment, evidence is also mixed, although more recent reviews do not find any impact on womens empowerment. The impact of microfinance on nutritional status is mixed, with no evidence of impact on micronutrient status. Across all three types of programs (cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs), very little evidence exists on pathways of impact, and evidence is often biased toward a particular region. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings and remaining evidence gaps and an outline of recommendations for research.
Nutrition and Poverty by Siddiqur Rahman Osmani Pdf
This volume deals with an ongoing debate relating to the definition and measurement of nutritional status. It focuses on the problems of measuring undernutrition and its links with poverty, both as a cause and an effect.
A review of studies examining the link between food insecurity and malnutrition by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf
A review of 120 studies published since 2006 was undertaken to examine the relationship between food insecurity at the household or individual level and the following nutrition indicators: child stunting, child wasting, low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding of infants < 6 months of age, anaemia in women of reproductive age, child overweight and adult obesity. While there is some evidence of a direct association between food insecurity and stunting for children in lower-middle and upper-middle income countries, evidence of links between food insecurity and either child wasting or overweight is almost absent, with the exception of an association with overweight among girls in middle- and high-income countries. The obesity–food insecurity link is most predominant among women in high-income countries, while it is almost absent in men. In addition, food insecurity increases the risk for low birth weight in infants and anaemia in women. Methodological concerns that pose challenges for valid comparison of results relate to study design, data analysis techniques, use of different indicators of household/individual food security and malnutrition, and the limited availability of high-quality micro-level data from large-scale surveys. Most studies report correlation rather than causal associations between food insecurity and nutrition indicators; longitudinal micro-level data from large-scale surveys can help establish causal association and capture the dynamic nature of food insecurity. Food insecurity emerges as a predictor of undernutrition as well as overweight and obesity, highlighting the need for multisectoral strategies and policies to combat food insecurity and multiple forms of malnutrition.
Revitalizing Indian Agriculture and Boosting Farmer Incomes by Ashok Gulati,Ranjana Roy,Shweta Saini Pdf
This open access book provides an evidence-based roadmap for revitalising Indian agriculture while ensuring that the growth process is efficient, inclusive, and sustainable, and results in sustained growth of farmers’ incomes. The book, instead of looking for global best practices and evaluating them to assess the possibility of replicating these domestically, looks inward at the best practices and experiences within Indian states, to answer questions such as -- how the agricultural growth process can be speeded up and made more inclusive, and financially viable; are there any best practices that can be studied and replicated to bring about faster growth in agriculture; does the prior hypothesis that rapid agricultural growth can alleviate poverty faster, reduce malnutrition, and augment farmers’ incomes stand? To answer these questions, the book follows four broad threads -- i) Linkage between agricultural performance, poverty and malnutrition; ii) Analysing the historical growth performance of agricultural sector in selected Indian states; iii) Will higher agricultural GDP necessarily result in higher incomes for farmers; iv) Analysing the current agricultural policy environment to evaluate its efficiency and efficacy, and consolidate all analysis to create a roadmap. These are discussed in 12 chapters, which provide a building block for the concluding chapter that presents a roadmap for revitalising Indian agriculture while ensuring growth in farmers’ incomes.
Education, Poverty, Malnutrition and Famine by Lorraine Pe Symaco Pdf
Education, Poverty, Malnutrition and Famine provides an overview of education response – what it is and how it can be improved in relation to one of the more persistent issues globally. Poverty, famine and/or malnutrition exist in variant degrees among developing and developed nations and the issue figures prominently in international development. This book provides a global overview of education and such issues through case study samples of countries within various regions and offers insights and proposes solutions on how educational response can help alleviate this challenge. Each chapter contains contemporary questions to encourage active engagement with the material and an annotated list of suggested reading to support further exploration.
Care and Nutrition by Patrice L. Engle,Purnima Menon,Lawrence James Haddad Pdf
List of tables; Education of caregiver; Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of caregiver; Physical health and nutritional status of caregiver; Mental health, self-confidence, and lack of stress of caregiver; Autonomy and control of resources in the household by caregiver; Workload and time availability of caregiver; Social support for caregiver; Estimates of time spent on child care from observation and recall; Feeding practices: caregiver-child interactions; Feeding practices: child variables; Psychosocial care: child and caregiver interactions; Psychosocial care: child variables; Illustrations; The unicef conceptual model; The extended model of care; The transactional model of care; Pathways of interaction of education with caregiving; Possible pathways of interaction of maternal health and caregiving; Summary; Introduction; Developments in conceptualizing care; Resources for care; Care practices.
Malnutrition and Poverty in Guatemala by Michele Gragnolati,Alessandra Marini Pdf
The objective of this paper is to document the extent and distribution of child and adult malnutrition in Guatemala; to analyze the relationship between selected child, maternal, household and community characteristics and children's nutritional status; and to outline the implications of the most important findings for nutritional policy. The prevalence of chronic malnutrition among Guatemalan children in 2000 was the highest in Latin America and among the highest in the world. The data show very strong socioeconomic and geographic inequality. The econometric analysis reveals a strong impact of income and of intergenerational effects. Education of adults in the household and the availability of infrastructure are other important determinants of children's growth attainment. Finally, even controlling for income and other household and community characteristics, ethnicity remains an important determinant of child nutritional status. The study also reveals an increasing prevalence of excess weights and obesity among children and adults. Overnutrition tends to be higher among individuals living in urban areas and among non-poor and non-indigenous households. This paper-a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to study poverty and human development processes.
Leveraging food systems to reduce poverty and malnutrition by Raza, A and Soares, F. Pdf
Even though substantial progress has been achieved worldwide in reducing both poverty and malnutrition, much is yet to be done. There are signs that the progress made in both dimensions has stalled in recent years. Poor-quality diets have become a major driver for overweight and obesity and associated non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, and some types of cancers. Conflict and climate vulnerability have been identified as major obstacles to reaching Sustainable Development Goal targets related to malnutrition by 2030. In 2019, economic downturns and slowdowns hindered efforts even further. More recently, the COVID-19 crisis has imposed even harsher conditions to countries.Poverty and malnutrition are inevitably linked, and therefore addressing one can help address the other. Given that most of the world’s extremely poor people and stunted children live primarily in rural areas and rely mostly on agriculture, the agriculture and food systems approach can offer an opportunity to reduce both poverty and malnutrition. The food systems approach places equal emphasis on both the supply and demand dimensions that are critical for ensuring healthier diets and better nutrition for poor and vulnerable groups.This special issue of Policy in Focus is dedicated to answering a crucial question: How can a food systems approach be used to design and implement policies and investments that reach those most vulnerable to poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and suboptimal diets? We hope that the contributions contained in this volume, by leading academics and development practitioners, exploring the linkages between nutrition, food systems, and poverty, can help stakeholders and policymakers make inroads towards the promotion of food and nutrition security and the reduction of rural poverty.
Hunger and Shame by Mary Theresa Howard,Ann V. Millard Pdf
First Published in 1998. In discussing the moral and practical dilemmas posed by the malnourished children in Mount Kilimanjaro, the authors explore the shame associated with child hunger in relation to social organization, colonial history and global economy.
According to research, almost one billion people suffer from undernutrition in developing countries. This book provides a detailed study of undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the worst affected areas.
Hidden Hunger by H.K. Biesalski,R.E. Black,B. Koletzko Pdf
Malnutrition caused by deficiencies of vitamins and minerals - also called hidden hunger - impairs both the intellectual and physical development of a child. Due to the absence of clinical symptoms and assessments, no intervention can be staged. The tragedy is that this, in turn, decreases the child’s chance to escape from poverty. This book looks at malnutrition in high-income countries, the nutrition transition and nutritional deficiencies in low-income countries, consequences of hidden hunger, and interventions to improve nutrition security. Written by leading experts in the field, it clearly stresses that national governments and international organizations must make malnutrition one of their top priorities in order to provide children with optimal conditions for a healthy future.
Failure to Thrive and Malnutrition by Joyee Goswami Vachani Pdf
Failure to Thrive (FTT) is a multifactorial illness requiring the systematic application of evidence in conjunction with a multidisciplinary team-based approach. Evidence suggests most cases of FTT can be diagnosed using key elements of the patient history and physical examination including appropriate growth assessment, and that laboratory testing is usually unhelpful in determining an etiology. Despite this, there is wide variation in the definition, evaluation, treatment, costs, and outcomes of FTT patients, with subsequent burdens on the healthcare system. A suggested approach to the differential diagnosis and management of FTT is to review calories – inadequate caloric intake, excessive calorie losses, and/or increased caloric intake (i.e. increased metabolic demand) – while acknowledging the available resources along the continuum of patient care. Implementing evidence-based practice for FTT provides improvement opportunities for providers and potentially has significant impact on the healthcare system. This book is designed to present a practical and concise handbook on the diagnosis and management of failure to thrive (FTT)/ malnutrition for quick reference by trainees and practitioners by using case examples and available evidence in the current literature. This book is divided into 7 chapters in a logical progression of defining, diagnosing, and managing FTT with cases in each chapter to further illustrate evidence-based care.
